Gareth Branwyn
"The Desire to be Wired"


In Virtual Dimension, edited by John Beckman, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1998, p. 322-333


Branwyn explores the contemporary trends in neural interfacing, from computers driven by thoughts to implanted memory chips, bionic limbs, and neural prosthesis. Branwyn divides neural prosthetics into three categories: "auditory and visual prosthesis, functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS), and prosthetic limb control via implanted neural interfaces." In this regard, he notes the research done on 'cochlear ear implants' and visual cortex interfaces by Terry Hambrecht, chief researcher in neural prosthetics at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He also discusses the work of Richard Alan Norman at University of Utah, who has been working towards the development of artificial eyes. Besides this basic history of neural interfaces, however, Branwyn also discusses 'basement nuerohackers,' who experiment with neural stimulation outside of academic settings.


L.E. Fazen