Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline "Cyborgs and Space" In The Cyborg Handbook; edited by Chris Hables Gray, Heidi Figueroa-Sarriera, and Steven Mentor; New York: Routledge, 1995 (pp. 29-34) In the September 1960 issue of 'Astronautics,' Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline responded to NASA's challenge of space travel by coining the term 'cyborg' to designate "self-regulating man-machine systems," or cybernetic organisms. In this article, 'cyborg' signifies a human astronaut with an enhanced homeostatic system, as the authors suggest: "for the exogenously extended organizational complex functioning as an integrated homeostatic system unconsciously, we propose the term, 'cyborg.'" The essay primarily emphasizes the importance of synchrony between a homeostatic system and its environmental conditions. Rather than question the mismatch between homo sapiens and space, the authors invoke traditional metaphors of adaptation and evolution, suggesting that man will 'conquer' space in the same way that ichthyostega conquered land. The authors do however, provide a strict taxonomy for the cyborg, categorizing its man-machine interface as an unconscious homeostatic control, an autonomous self-regulation, and distinctly separate from detachable prosthetics. Specifically, they focus on an altered homeostasis through extensive wakefulness, autonomic-prescribed pharmaceuticals, metabolic reduction, hypothermia, arespiration, urea shunts, and enzyme control. Interestingly, the two authors always presume the humanity and self-identity of the cyborg, regarding it as a benevolent superhuman: "[the cyborg] may well provide a new and larger dimension for man's spirit as well." The idea of the posthuman is remarkably absent from this essay. L.E. Fazen