PhD Theses in Portuguese Universities (2010-2018)

Prepared by the editors of e-JPH with the assistance of Elsa Lorga Vila (Graduate of University of Evora; Master’s Degree in History-Nova University of Lisbon)

AFONSO, António Jorge Ferreira, Portuguese Captives in the Maghreb Baths (1769-1830): Islam, Privateering and Geostrategy in the Western Mediterranean, PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva Tavim and José da Silva Horta, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27986)

Keywords: Captives; Islam; Maghrib; Ransoms; Privateering

Abstract: During the second half of the eighteenth century and the first decades of nineteenth, more than a thousand of Portuguese captives remained in the Algerian “bagno” as a result of permanent struggles between European powers and the political realities that were the Regencies of Tripoli, Tunes, Algiers and the Moroccan Empire. More than eight hundred of Portuguese captives stayed, between 1754 and 1812, in the Regency of Algiers. Portugal was often attacked by Algerian corsairs and the loss of two important war ships - the brigantine Lebre pequeno and the frigate Cisne - was needed as well as the arrival to the Algerian “bagno” about more than three hundred captives to the Regency Governors in Lisbon began to think in the urgency of a Treaty Peace and Truce with the Turkish rulers in Algiers. For this purpose was important to the Portuguese kingdom English mediation and the Treaty that release 615 captives signed in July 1810. This dissertation aims to study, considering the international situation at the end of eighteen century and first decades of nineteenth, the permanence of Portuguese captives in Algiers. The practice of “corso” and corsair strategy by France and the Order of Malta has been studied as well as the activity of the corsairs of Moroccan Empire and Regency of Algiers. At last we researched the role played by the Jewish communities of Maghrib and Gibraltar in the Portuguese financial effort for the release of their captives; the existence of Muslim captives in Portugal; the daily lives of Portuguese in the Algerian regency during the captivity; the conflicts that frequently erupted under cover of false ideological reasons and captives reintegration into Portuguese society of the early nineteenth century.

ALBERTO, Edite Maria Conceição Martins, A Pious Business: the ransoming of captives in Early Modern Portugal, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Augusta Lima Cruz, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/13440)

Keywords: Christianism; Islamism; Captive ransoming; Holy Trinity Order; Mesa de Consciência e Ordens (Table of Conscience and Orders); Privateering; Piracy; Morocco; Algiers

Abstract: The arrest and imprisonment of individuals for future ransoming appears in Portuguese History as an inherent factor for the conflicts between Christians and Muslims. Along the reigns of successive kings, the process of captive ransoming was structured and organized by specific legislation with the aim of improving the release actions, taking into account the new terrestrial and maritime frontiers, consequence of the Portuguese expansion. The danger of privateers and pirates attacks, imminent at sea for both the large oceanic vessels as well as for smaller fishing vessels was also felt by the coastal populations, which were attacked for several times, as demonstrated by the local folklore and religious traditions. The Holy Trinity Order instituted by São João da Mata with the specific aim of ransoming Christians in Muslim territories appeared in Portugal already in the beginning of the XIIIth century. Excepting for a period of eighty years during which ransoms were treated by the Tribunal da Redenção de Cativos (Captives Redemption Court), a court created by king D. Afonso V for this very specific purpose, it will be the trinity friars who will be in charge of the organization and negotiation of the ransoms in North African territories. Along common borders and seas, Christians and Muslims religiously legitimated the apprehension of infidels as an exchange currency as well as an income source. Regarding this last case, Argel and Salé are examples of cities that prospered due to privateering and the selling of Christian captives. The Trinity friars were always present for the religious support during captivity times and responsible for the ransom negotiation as a religious order instituted for this effect and mandated by the Monarchs for ransom execution. In this dissertation we aim to study the structure and proceedings inherent to the executions of fourteen general ransoms which took place between the reigns of D. João IV and the end of the XVIIIth century. Our study is based, fundamentally, in the documentation from the Provedoria dos Cativos da Mesa da Consciência e Ordens (Captives Purveyor’s Office of the Table of Conscience and Orders) and from the Cartório dos Conventos da Ordem da Santissíma Trindade (Notary’s office of the convents of the Holy Trinity Order). The data and information provided by the documentation, in particular: the nomination of redeeming priests and officials of the Mesa de Consciência e Ordens (Table of Conscience and Orders), requests for safe-conducts and passports for the Muslim rulers, donations collection, diplomatic gifts, ship freights and the specific ransoming action of the Portuguese captives in the territories of Morocco and Algiers, is of fundamental importance to the analysis of this problematic for the history of modern Portugal. In these fourteen general ransoms around two thousand and five hundred captives were released whose nationality, occupation, age, captivity time and ransom value will be treated in order to have a better knowledge of this reality, which associated with the captivity itself affected, in last consequence, all the Portuguese society until the signature of the Peace Treaties with Morocco in 1774 and with Algiers in 1810.

AL-BUSAIDI, Ibrahim Yahya Zahran, Oman and Portugal (1650-1730): Politics and economics, PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by António Dias Farinha, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/3525)

Keywords: Oman; Omanis; Portuguese; Estado da India; Imam; Muscat; Mombasa; Goa; Indian Ocean; Arabian Gulf; East Africa; West Indian Coast

Abstract: The Omani-Portuguese relationships had contributed during the period from 1650 to 1730 in changing the balance of power in the Indian Ocean and affected, of course, the Omani relations with the other regional and European forces. After the fall of Muscat in 1650 into Omani hands, the concept of conflict moved from the local context to the overseas conflict required from Oman to have a powerful fleet capable to meet the Portuguese navy. The relationships between Oman and Portuguese have been characterized by competitive form in the willingness of Oman to have a leading role in the Indian Ocean as a maritime nation since old time, and had outstanding contributions in both commercial and civilizational activities in the Medieval Age. There were two historical stages where the luso-omani relations passed through formed as a turning point: 1650 was from the end of the Portuguese political presence in the coast of Oman. While in 1698 was figured in the end of the Portuguese influence in the coast of East Africa. However, despite the intensity rivalry between the two sides, but multiple attempts to have peaceful relations permeated the conflict. The competition has extended into several geographic areas in the western coast of India, the Arabian Gulf, and the Eastern African coasts. While, the competition in India has been illustrated by the Omani yearning to participate in trade with the Indian ports and to make the port of Muscat as a focal point connecting the Indian ports with the Gulf, the clash between the two sides was inevitable because some of these ports were under the Portuguese control. This situation prompted each side to look for means to dwindle the other party, whether by military ways or alliances with other local or European powers. In addition of the Omani aspiration to control the trade route between India and the Gulf, the struggle expanded to the Gulf, where many cooperation efforts were made between Persians and Portuguese in order to devastate the Omani power. In East Africa, the rivalry has taken an expansionist dimension due to historical, cultural and economical factors. Hence, through a half century of contest the “Yaariba” were able to remove the Portuguese from Mombasa, the most important positions in the region in 1698 which paved the way for political, economical and cultural relations with the African nation.

ALESSANDRINI, Nunziatella, Italians in Lisbon from 1500 to 1680: from the Florentine to the Genoese hegemonies, PhD in History submitted to the Department of Social Sciences and Management of the Universidade Aberta, supervised by Ana Paula Avelar, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/1486)

Keywords: History of Portugal; Early Modern age; Portuguese society; Economy; Politics; Trade; Diplomacy; Merchants; Italians; Lisbon

Abstract: The importance of the Italian presence in the Iberian Peninsula was studied by Portuguese and foreign historiography, which focused on the economic and cultural influences of these foreigners since early on to the seventeenth century. The research we developed around this community allowed us to move forward with new data. They complete and deepen the relations network of families and between individuals of Italians living in Lisbon (16th and 17th centuries) with renowned Portuguese families, and analyze the life paths of merchants who have never been studied before. Keeping a constant connection with the past and verifying the reasons underlying the development of the various events, we seek in this work to fit the Italian families and their activity within the Portuguese society of the centuries in question, focusing attention on the passage of the Florentine hegemony of the first decades of the 16th century, to the Genoese hegemony, whose apogee is affirmed from the last quarter of the 16th century. It also presents the profiles of the Italian protagonists in order to unveil the weight of this community in the Portuguese society of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

ALMEIDA, Bruno José M. G. Pereira de, The influence of the work of Pedro Nunes on nautical procedures of the 16th and 17th centuries: A study of transmission of knowledge, PhD in History and Philosophy of Science submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Henrique José Sampaio Soares de Sousa Leitão, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6699)

Keywords: Pedro Nunes; Art and science of Navigation; Sixteenth and seventeenth century; Knowledge transmission

Abstract: This dissertation aimed to evaluate the transmission of the ideas and of the work on navigation carried out by the cosmographer and mathematician Pedro Nunes. It is known that the texts he had published in 1537 and 1566 had a good acceptance and were acknowledged among erudite circles of Europe. However, due to the theoretical nature of these texts and because they were mostly written in Latin, historiography raised questions about its real impact and diffusion amongst the less lettered, particularly in what regarded pilots and other practical professions. These questions led to issues that had to be clarified in order to better understand the impact of the work of Nunes on of the navigation and seamanship of his time. This thesis sought to evaluate the existence of evidence of such transmission; acknowledge what channels, mechanisms, contexts and people that were responsible for these phenomena, to investigate the kind of knowledge that was disseminated, transmitted and assimilated, and even estimate the extent to which the scientific contributions of Pedro Nunes were integrated in the practice of sailors. Two paths of investigation were followed in order to answer these questions. The first focused on the evaluation of the direct action of Nunes as a cosmographer. Only a few records have survived from this performance. Nevertheless, with the identified evidence and new sources, it was possible to build a more complete image of the impact of his activities. The second path sought to assess in what extent and how the ideas, techniques and results of Pedro Nunes were embedded in the work of others - namely in the work of cosmographers, navigation teachers and mathematicians - and in what contexts of practical cosmography and educational settings in Portugal, Spain and England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

ALMEIDA, Nilton Melo, New Christians and their descendants in Ceará Grande: the inquisition in the outback hinterlands, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ana Isabel Buescu and Anita Waingort Novinsky, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/24455)

Keywords: Ceará; Inquisition; New Cristians

Abstract: The presence of the New Christians and their descendants in Ceara Grande, a peripheral captaincy considered a “no man's land” in the first two centuries of Portuguese colonization, and as such, an ideal refuge, apparently unreachable by the claws of the Inquisition, is the focus of this inquiry. The research starts out from the racial character, as the vital element of hatred, intolerance and anti-Semitism that swept from Portugal one of the most organized social groups in the nation. At that point, it makes a reflection on the ideas of Benedict Espinosa whose philosophy leaves a lesson of freedom and tolerance to mankind, as current as in the troubled 1600. The study explores and makes an in-depth analysis of cases of descendants of the "nation people”, living in these regions of northeastern Brazil and brings to light an intriguing quarrel resulting from the epithet "Jew and New Christian" wrongfully attributed to the "good men" on Earth, even when the distinction between New Christians and Old Christians was already extinct, emphasizing how "fame" in itself, serves as a weapon to besmirch the honor of others. In this line of investigation, it analyzes the presence of agents of the Holy Office in the hinterlands and enters a twist of fate that takes a victim of inquisitorial persecution, Josefa Maria dos Reis, living in the same village of the family member who boasts of his father's wanton action in Paraiba. This is Antonio Jose Victoriano Borges da Fonseca, Captain-General and Governor of the captaincy of Ceara Grande, son of Portuguese citizen Antonio Borges da Fonseca. The research interprets how and why the mentality transplanted from the Iberian Peninsula on the myth of purity of blood is invoked in the hinterlands as an instrument of the complex power game among those who dispute the privileged spaces in Colony. In the Greater Ceara Captaincy of the seventeen hundreds, the descendants of Jews and New Christian, albeit from a long line of ascendancy and nevertheless professing a Catholic faith, belonged to “families without merit”, as is emblematic the case of Captain-General Jose Xerez Furna Uchoa. The survey runs through traces of a Portuguese family of New Christians torn apart by the Holy Office. One branch of the family leaves Veiros, Fronteira and Abrantes, goes to Lisbon, purges the exile in Rio de Janeiro, returns to the prisons of Lisbon, receives a permit to live in Abrantes and resurfaces in Lisbon. One of the descendants migrates to Ribeira do Acaraú, where he plants definitive roots and produces large offspring. Finally, the investigation reveals the anussim awakening moved by reminiscences evoked in the 21st century and watered by a persistent imaginary of belonging to the Sephardic-Maran nation that amalgamate with the common people of the region.

ALVES, Ana Maria Mendes Ruas, “The Kingdom of God and His Righteousness”. D. Frei Inácio de Santa Teresa (1682-1751), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Pedro de Matos Paiva, 2013 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/23062)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: D. frei Inácio de Santa Teresa was born in 1682, in Porto. He took the cloth of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine at the Grijó monastery. He joined the College of Santa Cruz and then the University, where he would earn a doctorate in theology in 1711. The environment in which he lived provided him with contacts with an intellectual elite who upheld a rigorous and mystical life, under the aegis of the jacobeia, a renewal movement of religious life that emerged at the dawn of the eighteenth century, in Coimbra. The leadership and ingenuity that he showed in his practice soon contributed to have frei Gaspar da Encarnação influence king D. João V to nominate him for the Archdiocese of Goa (December 6, 1720). He was consecrated by Pope Clement XI on February 3, 1721. D. frei Inácio de Santa Teresa owned a 197 books library which rendered him the archetype of a cultured, pious man, connected with mysticism. His readings made him a remarkable canonical jurist and, at the same time, a shrewd theologian. The archbishop of Goa chose as his mottos the perfective values of penance and mental prayer, that is to say, those of the jacobeia, which he applied in his jurisdiction. The remaining of gentile rites shows the constant difficulties in evangelising the Hindus although the archbishop’s governance was characterised by intolerance and continuing attempts to eradicate those rites. Wanting to eradicate gentile rites was not enough: political communion was needed, which was not available, and above all a strong presence of the king, unreachable. The way in which he modelled his sacred eloquence and exerted his jurisdiction raised many conflicts among the clergy, missions, especially the Jesuits, the Franciscans, the Sisters of Santa Monica and the Bishop of Malacca. The quarrelling relationship between D. frei Inácio de Santa Teresa and the various ecclesiastical officials were to culminate in an inquisitorial process. Accused of blasphemy, Rome had to intervene. In Goa the archbishop had most qualifiers with him, unlike Lisbon’s General Council of the Holy Office and Cardinal D. Nuno da Cunha. Eventually D. frei Inácio had the support of the Goa Inquisition and of the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition at Rome, who exonerated him in 1737. Conflicts also involved the political power, namely the viceroys who took part for the missions. The ruin he found in the Estado da Índia made him take severe measures. The action of D. frei Inácio was not unlike that of other bishops, such as those of Olinda, Angra, and Funchal. His catechetical intention became apparent on his visits that prompted a considerable amount of pastorals. In those he used the coercive style of a vigilant shepherd whose speech is full of orders, mandates and decrees. His subjects were the administration of sacraments, especially confession through which Christians reconciled with God - souls were to be put on the way to Heaven -; baptism, which meant the conversion of more gentiles and the consolidation of Catholic rites; matrimony, where a lot of deviations were found. He was very worried with the teaching of the Portuguese language because its misunderstanding encumbered the missions and the spiritual and temporal reform of the Res Publica. D. frei Inácio eventually was promoted to the Faro diocese in 1740 where he was also not welcome because of his unchanging attitude. In the Algarve he followed the same rigorist ethics in his visits and pastorals but he experienced the greatest conflicts with the canons of the See, who did not appreciate the new bishop’s demeanour, and with the Inquisition due to the overlap of both jurisdictions. Here the conflicts with the Inquisition were even deeper than in Goa: they related to the breach of the secrecy of confession (sigilism) and to whose jurisdiction did that crime belong. D. frei Inácio de Santa Teresa joined forces with the bishops of Elvas and Coimbra, and the archbishop of Évora, all jacobeus. These bishops issued several pastorals against the edicts of the General Inquisitor and the Patriarch, forcing Pope Benedict XIV to intervene by decreeing a brief and three bulls to resolve this Portuguese issue: the “schism” of sigilism. The bishops were alone in the struggle to defend ordinary jurisdiction. Confession became a tool of power being, as it was, at the source of the conflicts among Portuguese religious institutions, forcing them into a polyhedral debate: Bishops - Inquisition - Roman Curia - Patriarchy - King. The issues raised by D. frei Inácio de Santa Teresa outsized the disorders that he solved. Nevertheless, his praxis allowed a greater control by the sovereign for, in the end, the monarch was the ultimate referee.

AMORIM, Maria Adelina de Figueiredo Batista, The Franciscan mission in the state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão (1622-1750): Agents, structures and dynamics, PhD in History: History and Culture of Brazil submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by António Dias Farinha, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/5393)

Keywords: Colonial Amazonia; Grão-Pará and Maranhão State; Evangelization; Franciscan Order; Indians; Missions; Descending; Indigenous Politics; Friar Cristóvão de Lisboa; Historiography

Abstract: The organics of the Mendicant Order are systematized in presence of an abundant and unpublished documentation, as well as its principal agents (i.e. Friar Cristovão de Lisboa) and historical way in the Portuguese colonial Amazonia. The mechanisms and dynamics used by the Minor Friars during their apostolate are explained, in particular those from the Province of Santo Antonio - the first one responsible on this process - relating them with other institutions and agents, both in ground (from the inhabitants, Indian or White, to the members of local management and other regular orders and secular clergy) and in Kingdom (from the Crown to the instances that regulate the ecclesiastic life and evangelization). Thus, the sense of Mission of the Franciscan Order in its arcane roots and the organics of the subsequent structures are studied, starting from the presupposition that if there isn‘t that founding matrix, the desideratum of evangelizing, propagate the Christian faith, divulge the message, preach the Gospel, the existence of this very organization in the old colonial State of the Northern part of Brazil would be endangered. Following the exportation of evangelizing practices and pedagogical patterns, the action of the Antonian Franciscans in the Amazonian space, in XVII and XVIII centuries, was an 15 history marked by two distinct and complementary forms: the fidelity to identity values and to a place of presence, i.e., an institution with Rule, its own statutes, jurisdiction and its application, so many times applied in a contradictory and contentious way. This explains the identitary role of the Antonians and also the conflicts with the colonial governing structures, among the several laic and religious groups, and even within the existing structures among the three branches of the Franciscan family, with the arriving of Piedade friars (1693) and the separation of those of Conceição (1706). The history of this institution must be understood not only from its actuation inside the colonial space where it was integrated, but also within the dynamics of the Seraphic Order, which was always a decisive factor, asserting its privileges, prerogatives and jurisdictions in any place of the Portuguese Empire. It matters to understand the way the Franciscans acted, which are the methods they used and what are the differences in relation to other similar institutions. What identitary mark allowed them to distinguish themselves from the other agents in the ground? What difference? Is there a difference? And if History needs to interpret the subjacent memorable vestiges, this study will demonstrate that the Franciscans did not write their History in the sand, and that is possible to inscribe a new chapter in the Luso-Brazilian historiography. The present dissertation deals with this historical, ideological, cultural and artistic legacy built by the Franciscans of Santo Antonio, since 1621, in harmony with the formation of the Pará and Maranhão State.

ARAÚJO, Ana Paula Azevedo Duarte de, Health, disease and assistance to the rural populations in Portugal in the 18th century. The minhoto frame: realities and representations, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by José Viriato Capela and Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/46007)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The aim of this work was to analyze the health conditions, diseases and the assistance to the rural Portuguese populations from Minho of the 18th century. On an initial approach, and taking into account the debate, the scientific progress and the evolution of knowledge, the comprehension of religious manifestations and practices, which are subjacent to the help request, fight disease and to the community search for the divine help as a relief for their conditions was attempted. Therefore, the focus was on the religious and psychological universe of this period, where the representations of the disease and its cure, the patron saints and the miracles were studied. Furthermore, it was intended to perceive the divine’s contribution to the treatment of illness in the overall framework of the minhoto devotional, based on the data in Memórias Paroquiais de 1758. Subsequently, there was a pursuit to the understanding of the main saints’ impact on the ill population. On a second stage of this investigation, the interest was on the study of water, its therapeutic properties and the way it constituted an alternative to the pharmacological treatment of the epoch. The nature of this healing method was essentially popular, religious and magical, and remained constant until the 19th century, when the scientific recognition of the scientific healing properties of thermal water happened, with the rise of hydrotherapy and its regulation by the medical sector. There was also an intention to enhance the overview regarding the important role that water played in the welfare of Minho’s population during the 18th century, along with the religious phenomenon and the experiences and mindset of this community, using Memórias Paroquiais de 1758 and Aquilégio Medicinal as structural works. On the third and last stage, the institutional responses to diseases were analyzed, not only in an administrative point of view, but also in the one of counties, towns and parishes. The network of charity institutions and hospitals established in Minho’s region were studied, their development level, and their responses of assistance to the population. Moreover, it was also intended to comprehend the duty of the Benedictine monastery on this assistance in Minho’s rural regions during the 18th century.

BARBOSA, António Francisco Dantas, Times of Festivity in Ponte de Lima (17th-19th centuries), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/34701)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The object of study of this work focus on the characterization and analyzis of the festivities taking place in Ponte de Lima between the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. Therefore, trying to understand all these expressions of joy, catharsis, and anamnesis, we focus on the Mother Church, on Igreja dos Terceiros de São Francisco of Ponte de Lima, and at the village municipality as promoters of these solemn festivities, which broke the daily routine of the people from Ponte de Lima, in the study period. In the village church there was a great variety of brotherhood associations that not only provided it with a great artistic and cultural heritage, but also transformed it into a stage for the performance of many festive celebrations. The cult of Virgin Mary was an important part of these festivities worshiping Nossa Senhora das Dores, Nossa Senhora da Expectação, Nossa Senhora da Assunção and Nossa Senhora do Carmo. Although some of these festivities were only attached to merely devotional practices, excluding fun and profane activities, others joined the sacred and the profane. The peoples’ beliefs, full of rituals and gestures, had at those festive occasions a significant role with a greater stability and vitality Not less important was Igreja dos Terceiros de São Francisco that, just like the Mother Church, organized several festivities such as Procissão de Cinzas, which started the Lenten Period, a moment of great symbolism for the Catholics. To achieve this purpose the members of the institution stepped up efforts to make this event brighten up and to have such a great visibility as the other festivities organized by the other institutions. But could the members of Ordem Terceira of Ponte de Lima have other purposes making these festive celebrations? The answer to this issue has also been enlightened throughout this work. Ponte de Lima carried about and was responsible for “Corpus Christi” that, according to the lunar calendar, made part of the group of festivities with not fixed starting date. This event praised the village with the magnificent and splendid procession, what was an example for all the others. Although it had the municipality and the village church as the main driving forces, all the craftsmen guilds, brotherhoods and individuals made their contribution too. This way, this procession mirrored the everyday reality of Ponte de Lima, the people`s beliefs and also the social and political life, as well as the customs and traditions. However, not only these festivities, taking place according to the Seasons, transformed this Alto Minho village. Also those connected to the biological cycle of the main family: births, weddings, deaths, as well as those of political interest, which were visible in the first half of the 19th century, provided great moments of joy to the inhabitants of Ponte de Lima. It was in these three different places that this great diversity of festivities was expressed. Although being independent from one another, they joined together during these moments to make their festivities glamorous. The village city hall, as a means of communication between the authorities and the citizens, played a leading and controlling role of Ponte de Lima society. These festivals not only gave legal force to the royal and the local power, but were also a good moment for the most ambitious to assert their power and interests. These celebrations, which involved the whole society, were during this study period, a target of changes made by the new political and social situation, mainly in the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.

BOSCARIOL, Mariana Amabile, Two sides of the same coin: The Jesuit mission in Brazil and in Japan (1549-1597), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/35960)

Keywords: Jesuits; Brazil; Japan

Abstract: The period in which the territory under the Portuguese Patronage reached its greatest amplitude was the middle of the sixteenth century, having as limits Brazil and Japan. The Society of Jesus, founded in the year 1540, was promptly absorbed by the Portuguese expansionist project and, consequently, by the Patronage. In this scenario, the thesis focused on the period from 1549, year of foundation of a Jesuit mission in Brazil and in Japan, until 1597, year of death of two of its most iconic figures, being José de Anchieta in the Brazilian territory and Luis Fróis among the Japanese. Besides them, Manuel da Nóbrega and Alessandro Valignano were the missionaries elected to the investigation. From this, the research intended to work on the hypothesis that, during the sixteenth century, the development of the Jesuit missionary activity, and the consequent direction it took, depended much more on individual initiatives of the missionaries then on a normative determined by the Order, the Church or the Crown. Thus, in both cases we can find among the Jesuits those who were more conservative and resistant to the new strategies of evangelization, as well as others who were more open and innovative. The four missionaries selected here supported in some measure the adaptation to the native world, coming to confront those who had objections to their work. The circulation of people, thoughts and experiences eventually had an impact inside Europe, which inevitably made the Society of Jesus and the Catholic Church to reevaluate and adjust some of their guidelines to the new dimension they faced. From the analysis of these two cases, the edges of the Jesuit campaign under the authority of the Portuguese Patronage, we can verify how it was a global project that still intended to be harmonious and uniform, but which demanded different responses and investments, generating differentiated forms of the missionary activity and of a Christendom.

BRACHT, Fabiano, At the Rhythm of the Monsoons. Medicine, Pharmacy, Natural History and Knowledge Production in Portuguese India in the 18th Century, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Amélia Maria Polónia da Silva, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/105813)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

BRACHT, Gisele Cristina da Conceição, Nature Illustrated. Processes of Construction of Philosophical-Natural Knowledge on Brazil in the Second Half of the 18th Century, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Amélia Maria Polónia da Silva, 2017

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

BRITO, Cristina Maria Ribeiro da Silva, Marine mammals in the Atlantic maritime journeys from the 15th to the 18th century: Evolution of science and knowledge, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2010

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

CABRAL, Maria Luísa Rosendo, Bibliographic heritage and libraries in the construction of collective identity. Between a concept and its development, 1750-1800, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ana Isabel Buescu, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11407)

Keywords: Libraries; 18th Century; Cultural heritage responsibility; Collective identity; State modernization

Abstract: Studies about Portuguese libraries, and their history seem to have forgotten issues relating them to cultural heritage responsibility and collective identity. Furthermore, libraries went through a very distinctive affirmation process from the one archives also met; it becomes then relevant to gather information allowing us to understand the moment libraries started being considered by the royal authority as an important tool to build the modern state. The analysis, and evaluation of historical sources indicates that change has happened in Portugal during the second half of the Eighteenth century. During that same period, other institutions within the cultural area are launched, and their common main goal is to support the State while contributing to its modernization. The Royal Public Library is one of these institutions, and the coordination of its mission, structure and means aim at this broader goal. Nevertheless the creation and success of the Royal Library does neither rely upon the linear application of a legal document, nor upon individual wills. The Royal Library reflects a thought, and a will which are carried out by different personalities, following distinct patterns according to their own interests, academic and intellectual education, and personal background. Three unique personalities in Portuguese cultural and political life put forward into the Royal Library their own vision for an institution with this scale. During their intervention, undoubtedly confirmed by historical sources, a change in procedures and priorities takes place. In the period between 1796 and 1802, at the peak of changes, the Royal Library crossed the line of modernity, and a new paradigm is enforced. During that same period, the Royal Library has incorporated several bibliographical collections from various origins, introduced a classification scheme, and got ready to open the reading service to the public following regulations specially prepared. Frei Manuel do Cenáculo has been in favour of a public library since the time he was chairman of the Mesa Censória; Doutor António Ribeiro dos Santos managed to organize the collections gathered whether coming from other institutions or bought; D. Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho never faded, and hard legislated in defense of the institution. The Royal Library then found support and gained recognition based upon this joint effort.

CALDEIRA, João Luís Cabral Picão, The Morgadio (Entail) and the Expansion in the Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde), PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Universidade Lusíada, supervised by Luís Manuel Aguiar de Morais Teixeira, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/11067/550)

Keywords: Inheritance; Succession; Portugal; Azores; Madeira; Cape Verde; Genealogy

Abstract: The main goal of the present thesis is the study of the entail from an institutional point of view and the comparison of the entail in Portugal and the Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde). The analysis of the entail system in continental Portugal is not only justified by the need to explain the origins of the entail system, but also to serve as a comparative model. In conclusion, despite some specific details, the system of entail from both Azores and Madeira is similar to that of continental Portugal, from both jurisdictional and institutional point of views (the figure of the founder of the entail, the heir, the main house of the entail, the church, where the founder had its tomb on a privileged location, estate, document of foundation, and family documents - livro de tombo (book of estate registration), book of the entail and chronicles). In what concerns the Cape Verde archipelago, considering some of its characteristics and entails (quality of the founder, link between entail and slavery, geographical dispersion of the estate, language - crioulo, and a particular culture), the entails in this archipelago, though inspired by those of continental Portugal, show a formal similitude and not the similarity mentioned in the case of Azores and Madeira, especially in what refers to the most relevant foundation elements. Finally, focusing on the dates of beginning and end of the entail system in these territories some differences also stand out. In continental Portugal the first entails date from early fourteenth century, in Azores from late fifteen century, in Madeira from the last quarter of the fifteen century, and in Cape Verde from early sixteen century. In all territories, the extinction of the entail system was a consequence of the Law of 19th May, 1863. Nevertheless, this Law only became effective in Santiago (Cape Verde) on the 10th May, 1864.

CAMPOS, Fernanda Maria Alves da Silva Guedes de, Libraries of History: Aspects of books’ ownership and use by religious institutions in Lisbon at the end of 18th century, PhD in History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ana Isabel Buescu, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11396)

Keywords: Religious libraries; Lisbon; 18th century; Reading practices; Ownership and use of books; Books of History; Cultural History

Abstract: The presence of books in religious institutions is recognized as evidence in the Rules of different orders and acknowledged in inventories and catalogues prepared in distinct moments of their history. Reading is integrated in the activities of monastic life and there is confirmation that the largest quantity of books and number of readers were concentrated in those institutions, during the Old Regime. Our aim was to study particular aspects regarding the ownership and use of books in Lisbon’s religious houses at the end of 18th century. The reason for choosing the capital is the fact that it concentrated a large number of monasteries and convents both masculine and feminine of various dimensions and affiliated to different religious orders. As to the chronological span, consideration was given to institutions founded from the beginnings of the Portuguese monarchy to the times of queen Maria the first, providing they still existed by the end of the century. The chosen title of this thesis - Libraries of History - identifies an option for a specific subject of interest with the objective of identifying what was the role of History in the collections of those libraries and what were the reading orientations in this respect. Data collecting to identify the History books of religious provenance was performed at the National Library of Portugal which is the most prominent receiver of the religious libraries extinguished after 1834. The study provides the contexts and circumstances regarding the establishment of religious orders in Lisbon and its outskirts and their evolution until extinction. Within this structural framework, the libraries were investigated in order to understand the extent of their collections and especially those of History, by using primary sources of the 18th century and applying a comparative methodological approach. The contact with the real books both from institutional and private religious provenances remained a preferred source for determining reading practices in this specific environment because many of them bear evidences of ownership and use. The books thus found were treated as a series and studied through a quantitative method in order to highlight the main tendencies in the reading of History books, which included language, date and place of publication, and detailed topics within History, in relation to the convents where these books did exist. The next stage was to analyze authors and titles either to confirm the existence of a canon, whenever they occurred in a number of institutions or to emphasize certain singularities, especially regarding the presence of works that were significant at the time. In order to better understand reading orientations, an enhanced research about the books originating from the libraries of S. Vicente de Fora, S. Francisco da Cidade and Santo Alberto was developed by using their catalogues as primary sources and the results are presented as case studies. With this research we aimed at building a reference framework presenting a new vision about reading practices in religious houses and wider perspectives for the study of cultural history in Portugal at the end of 18th century.

CAMPOS, Nuno Luís de Vila-Santa Braga, The House of Atouguia, the last Avis and the Empire: Crossing dynamics in the career of D. Luís de Ataíde (1516-1581), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Alexandra Pelúcia, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12269)

Keywords: Nobility; Vice-Roy; Estado da Índia; Morroco; Court; D. Sebastião; Philip II; Dynastic Crisis

Abstract: Twice Vice-roy of India (1568-1571; 1578-1581), a general nominated and kept away, in 1577, from what was to become the Alcazar-Quibir journey and the personage to whom has been attributed the intention of supporting D. António, Prior do Crato, with military aid, from India, in his struggle against Philip II, in 1580-81, D. Luís de Ataíde is a key personage for the understanding of the Realm and the Empire dynamics. Thus, the present work attempts to study the social, political and military path of his figure, linking it to the main events that took place during the reigns of D. Sebastião, D. Henrique and the period of the dynastic crisis. This analysis is done departing from the three main dynamics along the career of Ataíde whose relevance justifies the study of his figure and his times: the House of nobility from which he came, his action as a governor of the Empire in the sixteenth century, mainly through a detailed review of his governments in India as well as of the generelship, and his role in the courts of kings John III, D. Sebastião, D. Henrique and of Philip II. Aiming since the beginning at rebuilding the hole career of D. Luís de Ataíde, the goal is to put in context and debate about the relevance of his action along the several conjunctions of his life. So, the work is divided into three main sections. In the first one, mainly chapters I and II, trying to frame the evolution of the House of Atouguia from its foundation in the fifteenth century until the moment when D. Luís assumed it. For this purpose analysis is made of the ambience of his birth as well as of his first military experiences in the Indean Ocean and at Muhlberg, for the occasion of his embassy to Emperor Charles V in 1547, with contextual minutiae. In the second seccion, embrassing chapters III and IV, the career of this nobleman is detailed for the reigns of D. Sebastião, D. Henrique and for the period of dynastic crisis. Beginning with the study of Ataíde ́s rapport with the main protagonists in power, we revisit his nominations as vice-roy and general, in 1568 and 1577, and debate minuciously about his policies during the governments of India and his generalship. Focus is also placed on the evolution of his House during this time. In the third section, mainly the V chapter, we analyse the images of D. Luís that have been implanted along the centuries, debating in the Conclusion the pertinancy and correspondence of those images with the historical facts. Thefore, this works aims contributing not only to the knowledge of the career of D. Luís de Ataíde but also at revisiting and digging deep into a period of transition, the reigns of D. Sebastião, D. Henrique, and the period of the dynastic crisis, mainly in the Empire, hoping to achieve a better knowledge of the historic period that succedded: the philipine Portugal.

CANAS, António José Duarte Costa, The nautical work of João Baptista Lavanha (c. 1550-1624), PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6140)

Keywords: Chief cosmographer; Lavanha; Magnetic variation; Mathematics; Nautical science

Abstract: The main objective of this thesis is to examine the nautical texts of João Baptista Lavanha. Lavanha lived in the transition from the sixteenth to the seventeenth century, carring out most of his intellectual activity after the establishment of «União Ibérica». Multifaceted character, he wrote texts on naval architecture, cosmography, genealogy, history and nautical science. This analysis will start with a biographical note about Lavanha. We also intend to write about the most important moments of his life, and to understand to what extent the environment surrounding him interfered in the way his career developed. Regarding the study of his contributions to nautical, it begins with a chapter dedicated to all the texts which have identified issues of navigation, even in an indirect way. After we have three chapters, each dedicated to one individual text. The first is the text of the Tratado del arte de navegar. It contains notes from classes he taught at the Academy of Mathematics, in Madrid. Its content is essentially theoretical, based on Pedro Nunes, for the most part of the issues presented. The second text is the Regimento náutico. We are in the presence of a work printed by Lavanha shortly after being appointed chief cosmographer of Portugal. The text provides pilots with the knowledge needed to performing their jobs. Finally, the third text contains tables amplitude calculated by Lavanha. The amplitude was used to obtain the variation of the magnetic compass, observing the Sun at sunrise or at sunset.

CAPELÃO, Rosa Maria dos Santos, The cult of relics in Portugal in the 16th-17th centuries. Context, norm, functions and symbolism, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Amélia Maria Polónia da Silva, 2011

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

CARVALHO, Maria Teresa Homem Ferreira Martins da Cunha Nobre de, The Asian natural world in the eyes of the West: Contribution of the 16th century Iberian texts to the construction of a new European consciousness about Asia, PhD in History and Philosophy of Science submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Henrique José de Sampaio Soares Sousa Leitão and Rui Manuel Taveira Sousa Loureiro, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/8316)

Keywords: Garcia de Orta; Colóquios dos Simples; Asian natural world; Botany of the XVIth century; Iberian Empires

Abstract: In this dissertation we analyze the contribution of XVIth century Iberian texts on the raising of a new conscience about the Asian natural resources in Europe. We inspect a variety of texts (letters, reports and “diarios de bordo”) written by Portuguese travelers since the beginning of the XVIth century, that included important novelties and descriptions about the Indian nature. Some of these reports remained manuscript but others were validated and divulged by the Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta in his treatise, Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da India (Goa, 1563). This medical-¬botanical compendium, entirely devoted to the Oriental natural products, became the center of our analysis. Despite the relevance of this work, the main researches on Orta continue to rely on Count of Ficalho’s XIX century studies, in particular his authoritative biography on the Garcia de Orta and the first critical edition of the Colóquios dos Simples. In our study we propose new perspectives of interpretation of Orta’s treatise. We inquire how Orta represented himself and question how this image evolved along the years. We try to understand Garcia de Orta’s working method; we identify his manuscript and printed sources; list the books of his own library and try to verify whether experience or texts were more important in his project of reconstruction of scientific knowledge. We recognize in this treatise the innovative elements that characterize the Natural History approach revealed in the Iberian Empires. As defended by the modern Historiography, these compendiums dictated a change in the methods of prospection, observation and description of the natural world used afterwards.

CRUZ, Miguel Dantas da, The Overseas Council and the military administration of Brazil (from Restoration to Pombalism): Politics, finance and bureaucracy, PhD in History: Change and Continuity in a Global World (PIUDHist - Inter-university Doctoral Programme in History) submitted to the School of Sociology and Public Policy of ISCTE-IUL, supervised by José Vicente Serrão, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6765)

Keywords: Imperial history; Military history; Political history; Institutional history; Appointments; War funding; Colonial wars; Colonial politics; Colonial policy; Jurisdictional conflicts; Polissinodal system; Overseas Council; Brazil

Abstract: This study addresses the military attributions and roles carried out by the Overseas Council in the defense of colonial Brazil. In a related way, it also deals with the political and institutional backdrop of the military administration of the same territory. Throughout the study we follow with utmost attention the ability shown by Overseas counselors in their pursuit to impose a leadership-kind of role over this area of the colonial administration. At the same time, we try to unveil in what way this general posture conditioned the Council relations with other political authorities, metropolitan or colonial. The study shows that despite its exclusion from the top political circles, where Portuguese shaped their colonial policy regarding the treats to the Brazilian territory, the Overseas Council was extremely influential in other areas of the colonial administration, militarily wise. For several decades, the Overseas counselors were a predominant force in the management of the financial resources applied in the defense of Brazil. Simultaneously, they were able to exert a significant influence in the touchy subject of the military appointments. Despite the prevailing resistance of the governors-general and viceroys, the counselors were able to control the ground rules of the bureaucratic procedures involved in the selection of regular army officers to all the major captaincies. In addition, the study also shows how the novelties introduced by the crown in overseas administration at the beginning of the eighteenth century (like the repeated appointment of viceroys to Bahia) had an instant negative impact in the Overseas Council jurisdictions. Therefore, it is stressed that the well-known decline of the Overseas Council was triggered several decades before the arrival of the Marquis of Pombal.

DANTAS, Vinícius Orlando de Carvalho, The Count of Castelo Melhor and the question of valor in the Post-Restauration Portugal (1662-1667), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Pedro Cardim, 2017

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

DAVID, Elisabetta Colla Rosado Coelho, Xiangshan xianzhi 香山縣誌 and Aomen Jilüe 澳門紀略: local Chinese sources for a cultural history of Macao (1661-1796), PhD in International Doctoral Program in Culture Studies submitted to the Faculty of Human Sciences of Universidade Católica Portuguesa, supervised by Jorge Manuel dos Santos Alves and Roderich Ptak, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/10126)

Keywords: Local gazetteers; Aomen Jilüe; Xiangshan xianzhi; Macao; Cultural History

Abstract: This work is part of a project funded by the Science and Technology Foundation, names - Tomás Pereira S. J. Life, Works and Era‖, coordinated by Professor Luís Filipe Barreto, Director of the Scientific and Cultural Centre of Macau, a public institution. The aim of this thesis is that it will be part of historical and cultural framework of this project insofar as it will provide data on Macau and the Xiangshan district for the period from 1661 to 1796 as they emerge in Chinese language sources of the time, namely in local gazetteers of the Xiangshan district (Xiangshan Xianzhi 香山縣誌) and in the Macau Monograph (Aomen Jilüe 澳門記略).

DÁVILA, Maria Barreto, Governing the Atlantic: The Infanta D. Beatriz and the House of Viseu (1470-1485), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21878)

Keywords: Atlantic History; Portugal; Nobility; Women’s History

Abstract: When the Duke of Viseu and Beja died in 1470, his wife, the infanta Dona Beatriz, took over the administration of the vast heritage of the House of Viseu, in the name of her children. Imposing herself in a man’s world, she managed their domain with skill, especially that of the Atlantic archipelagos, which occupied a prominent place in the Iberian politics of the time. Analysing in detail the overseas policy of the House of Viseu during this period, as well as Beatriz’s key role in the occupation and colonisation of the Atlantic islands and the pressing need to study the relation between noble women and power at the dawn of Early Modern period, supports the main topic/subject for this project. Our goal is to understand the ruling of the infant Dona Beatriz whilst head of the House of Viseu, taking into special consideration the spatial boundary of the Atlantic domain.

DIAS, Érika Simone de Almeida Carlos, «As pessoas mais distintas em qualidade e negócio»: political relations and Commerce Company in Pernambuco in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ângela M. V. Domingues and Pedro A. A. Cardim, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13665)

Keywords: Governance; Reforms of Pombal; Pact; Commerce Company; Political communication; Negotiation; Conflicts

Abstract: This study analyzes the reforms implemented by the Portuguese crown in Brazil in the second half of the eighteenth century, with emphasis on what occurred in the captaincy of Pernambuco during the call «time pombalina» and under King Maria I. Among them, we emphasize the creation and performance of the Company General of Pernambuco and Paraíba - because we believe that Pombal was the main measure for that part of the empire - and its political significance and economic relations between rulers, elites and the two main organs of central government for the "achievements of the government ': the Overseas Council and the State Department of Navy and Overseas. The main concerns of vassals at the time of the institution pombalina were also analyzed and found to be in direct communication with the Crown, the vassals recovered speeches that evoked the ancient covenant relationship that bound them to the king. In addition to negotiating conflict, the concern with the colonial trade and the expansion of agriculture - frequent themes in the correspondence between the regional government and the institutions of central power - gave prominence to political communication between Pernambuco and Lisbon, in order to realize circuits of information between the two sides of the Atlantic, the speeches and actions - political, economic and defense of the empire - which emanated from the central government for the captaincy. Also to understand if the orders proceeded from the political center have been fulfilled in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century.

ENCARNAÇÃO, Marcelo Augusto Flores Reis da, The battle of Toro, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Luís Miguel Duarte and Maria Isabel del Val Valdivieso, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62447)

Keywords: Portugal; Castile; 15th century; Alphonse V; Catholic Kings; Enrique IV; Juana; Battle; Toro

Abstract: This dissertation aims to study how King Alphonse V’s army entered Castile in 1475. This fact will be analyzed from both a political and military point of view and comparing sources from Portugal, Castile and Aragon. In this sense the work will focus on the complexity of different perceptions of the reality of the time, particularly from chronicles of that period. When Enrique IV died on 12th December 1474, Alphonse V believed himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne because he thought this was the late king’s desire. Furthermore, he married Juana, who was Enrique’s daughter and thus gathered support in Portugal and Castile. Initially this military campaign was successful when Ferdinand I of Castile besieged Toro and failed to expel Alphonse V; when the cities of Toro and Zamora declared their commitment to Alphonse and Juana’s cause; or when Alphonse V, the African won the battle of Baltanás. However, as the Catholic Kings ensured more support to their cause, the Portuguese cause was walking towards its demise, which reached the point of no return after the battle of Toro, on 1st March 1476. During a period of four years there was not only a war, there was also a political conflict between the two kingdoms. There was a “tug of war” between the nobility and monarchy in Castile, which was common in late medieval monarchies. The lack of international help and the change of opinion of Prince John, in order to find a solution for this conflict, contributed to a search for peace, which was only established in 1479.

ESPADA, Maria de Jesus Sequeira, From Malacca to Singapore passing by Tugu: portraits of those who have the sea as a cradle, PhD in History submitted to the Department of Social Sciences and Management of the Universidade Aberta, supervised by Ana Paula Avelar and Brian Juan O'Neill, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/2502)

Keywords: History of Portugal; Portuguese discoveries; Colonization; Cultural identity; Luso-descendants; Acculturation; East; Asia

Abstract: In the last decades, academic studies have given special attention to the existence of Eurasian communities in Southeast Asia. Particularly, the social and cultural history of Portuguese-descendant communities has recently become the focus of research by analysts from different areas of study. The analysis of such Portuguese studies allows us to comprehend the successive intellectual approaches to this matter and to be aware of the political and cultural atmosphere in which authors write. This was the starting point of this Thesis, which set sail from the birth of the Portuguese descendant communities in Malacca, in the 16th century, investigating their contribution to the increase of the cultural diversity of Southeast Asia and focussing hereafter in the case of Tugu and Singapore. In Asia, the Portuguese presence could be felt through the implementation and strengthening of a network system designed along the routes of commerce and faith, providing the necessary basis for the creation of a “transport” language and contributing to the emergence of groups with new ways of thinking, ideas and concepts, attitudes and ways of life. In this context, the necessary conditions for the emergence of linguistic and cultural syncretism, which are the results of the contact between the colonizer, the missionary and the native, and were, in the Portuguese Expansion, encouraged by Afonso de Albuquerque, whose politics of “married men” was encouraging the Portuguese to marry local women, for a fast and effective linkage to territory. Thus we can say that Creole communities were born from the encounters between Portuguese and natives in 16th century Southeast Asia - particularly in Malacca, after its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511, but also in Ceylon, India, Batavia and later in Singapore in the 19th century. As it is common knowledge, it was forbidden for women to travel with men as they were not useful to war. With the absence of European women, European men married native women, and this situation was encouraged by the Crown as part of Afonso de Albuquerque’s politic of a fast settling of the seaports of trade. On studying the successive formation of images and stereotypes we dealt with some concepts and ideas like the one of Orient, colonial empires and their civilizing mission, nationalisms and, finally, the birth and development of Cultural Studies. In each and every one of these steps we tried to outline the development of Portuguese Oriental Studies, together with the analysis of the French and English Schools. These were our main perspectives, bounded by three specific features: ethnic identity, language and religion. The case of Tugu, as of Singapore, has been somehow ignored by most Portuguese researchers, perhaps because they were never Portuguese colonies. In so doing, it has remained practically unknown that an important evidence of Portuguese culture has survived in this small village in the North of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Indeed, the members of this community have been singing for the last 350 the same songs sung in Portuguese-based Creole, and have been giving Portuguese names to their children, speaking the fragments of a Portuguese-based Creole. As to Singapore, it has been overlooked that an important piece of the Portuguese Padroado - St. Joseph’s Church - was built there, soon after 1819, by the time Singapore became a British Establishment. The fact that the members of this community lived in a British colony, but pertained to a Portuguese catholic parish, led to a history of complex identity management by those who had come to Singapore, in search of a better life, chiefly from Malacca, but also from Macao, India, and Ceylon. Because of the early connections to Malacca, we intend to analyse the development of family ties and other primary solidarities, and of social and cultural interactions between both communities across the years. We believe that the groups’ management of elements in presence and its conscious or unconscious construction of malleable identities are worth of analysis, as also of celebration. Furthermore, it was our intent to analyse the possible contemporary existence of a double and simultaneous identity, Singaporean and Eurasian, and which factors are still in presence that allow us to connect the latter to a distant cultural Portuguese heritage. This debate is driven to a great extent by the attempt to explain some of the reasons for the longevity of these three communities; for their acknowledgment by surrounding environment; and for the contemporary use of elements considered part of a vast Portuguese cultural heritage, but also by the attempt to place it within a broader political, social and cultural context. As we can see, some cultural traces are not easily extinct, surviving despite of the little interest shown by the academicians. In this work, we try to point out which are the existing conditions for the emergence of some of these indicative vectors of the existence of difference of a group, in particular of language - the Portuguese based Creole - as a result of physical and cultural mixing carried at last in the Portuguese Expansion in Asia, giving origin to new ethnic communities. Finally, we investigated the communities today and the role played by the aforesaid three factors together with a few identity consolidators like family relations, traditions, cooking and associations studying local publications and undertaking interviews in loco. This means that in De Malaca a Singapura passando por Tugu we ultimately made a different approach to the subject of Creoleness and of Portuguese descent, trying to understand images and stereotypes built throughout the years and making yet our own examination of the matter. We pointed out several relations of power that brought to the recognition of these communities’ uniqueness and the role of language in that phenomenon, as well as its diffusion in times of fundamental changes. We finished with a short look towards the period of Dutch colonization and the survival of some of these groups and the language, the dynamic of contacts and movements and a short reference to the use of the Creole and of the oral tradition, nowadays, known to be the result of a Portuguese ancestral influence. This study tried, naturally, to be a possible approach among many, in the hope that, by chance, others would follow us, therefore contributing to the development of dialogs and of scientific discussions about the subject.

FALCÃO, Nuno Fernando de Pinho e Silva de Almeida, The Reformation in charism and action: The Congregation of St. John the Evangelist (Lóios) (Italy, Portugal and Africa - ca.1420/1580), PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Elvira Cunha de Azevedo Silva Mea, 2016 (https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/95480)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

FEIO, Gonçalo Maria Duarte Couceiro, Military teaching and learning in Portugal and in the Empire, from D. João III to D. Sebastião: the Portuguese art of war, PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10965)

Keywords: Military training-learning; Typology of military operations; War culture; Military revolution; State and military power

Abstract: With no permanent army besides small units of artillery, fleet crews and fortress garrisons the Portuguese crown had to ensure military presence and security both in kingdom and empire during the XVIth century. In the beginning of the century the crown still relied also on the noble host for a few military operations but from the 1520s the noble host and the Military Orders gradually start losing their power and significance. Without a permanent and formal military institution the process of teaching and learning became dependent upon simple processes of learning through imitation and procedure repetition. On the other hand, geography and demography were deciding factors in the way Portuguese wage their war. Modern State is rising and military power plays a main role in the centralisation of the Crown's power.

FERNANDES, José Felix Duque, Soror Isabel do Menino Jesus: Life and work of a mystic writer (1673-1752), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Vanda Maria Coutinho Garrido Anastácio, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/25673)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This thesis, written for the obtainment of a Ph.D. in History, that specializes in Modern History, from the Faculty of Letters of the Universidade de Lisboa, aims to acknowledge the female Portuguese writers prior to 1900, namely those who professed in religious orders and wrote about spiritual matters. The first objective is to outline the life course of Soror Isabel do Menino Jesus (16731752), baptised as Isabel Fernandes, born in Marvão, Alto Alentejo, Portugal, a nun from the Order of Saint Claire, in the Convent of Saint Claire, in Portalegre, Portugal, who died reputed to be a saint and with the prestige of a master of spirit, after having lived there almost fifty years, where she was master of the Order and abbess. The second objective is to analyse the texts of the author, which emphasise exclusively on the ascetic and the mystique: thirty-six letters, an autobiography, a supplication and a treaty. Her work proposes a spiritual path in accordance with the Franciscan and the Carmelite mystical schools of thought, by the three ways of the spirit (purgative, illuminative and unitive) and by three dark nights; and insists on chastity, to which she calls science of virtues. Thus, a case study is presented, within the framework of Catholic Orthodoxy, on the grounds that it was on this field that the author wrote, receiving positive remarks by her Order and the censorship. Her work was printed in 1757, five years after her death, assembled by Father Martinho de São José, her confessor, with her portrait, engraved by the French artist Jean-Baptiste Michel Le Bouteaux. The autograph manuscript, believed to be lost after disappearing at the time of the convent's extinction in 1834, was found in Lisbon, in 2013, in an antiquarian bookshop and was bought by the Marvão municipality. This document, of which a transcription is presented, was the first source of this thesis, followed by many others, manuscripts and printed works, contributing for summoning the author in the general knowledge of Portuguese female writers as well as the mystics of Portugal, of which little is known.

FERNANDES, Mário Simões, The Company of Jesus and astronomical knowledge in Portugal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Comet theories, PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Miguel Corrêa Monteiro and Henrique Sousa Leitão, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/28718)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

FERNANDES, Paula Sofia Costa, Misericórdia's hospital of Penafiel (1600-1850), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40782)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Our essay focuses on Penafiel Hospital of Santa Casa da Misericórdia, from 1600 to 1850. We analysed its evolution, concerning its building location, the hired staff to pay assistance to patients, its users, the pathologies they suffered, the used treatment and its pharmacy, inserting it in the guild which administrated it. We have tried to establish connections and see the hospital as one of the utilities and functions of the Holy House of Mercy Hospital along others. For that, we had to contextualize with the birth, affirmation and consolidation of the Guild and its remaining work that the Mercy Hospital practised. The evolution and development of medical assistance are inserted and come together with the institutions which managed it and couldn’t be apart from its backs and forwards, from its good economical periods or its major financial difficulties and its internal and external tensions. We had in consideration the local specifications, the measures taken by the local authority, the population features, in order to understand who managed Santa Casa, who took care of the patients and who were the poor interned. At the same time, we have tried to understand the evolutionary lines of medicine and pharmacy throughout these 250 years, in order to integrate Penafiel’s Hospital, showing their improvements or stagnation regarding the European hospital history and, above all, the national hospital history. This hospital analysis also estimated the study of the medicine acquisition methods used for the cure, its production places, mainly, after Santa Casa created its own pharmacy. The pharmacy administration, its relationship with the caretakers and board members, with the chemists, their knowledge, the strengths and weaknesses of its products regarding the existing knowledge at the time, were analysed. The cure of the body couldn’t be possible without the support of the panaceas that rehabilitated them. The observation of a wide time period allowed to understand the evolution, the stagnation periods and the backs and forwards of the hospital assistance provided by the guild, always came together with the guilded life and its constraints and conquests. Medicine’s breakthroughs, royal policies related to care-taking were held in account, because the cure and treatment of patients in Penafiel cannot be analysed without the global vision that inserts itself in evolution and national and European thoughtfulness regarding other peoples’s bodies care. The weight of the soul facing the body in a primary phase of assistance and in a next phase the body facing soul, reflection of the mentalities’s evolution during these 250 years were taken in account. Both of them were part of medical assistance provided by the Hospital evolving accordingly to society and its most pressing needs. The typology of the diseases that worried the population taken into hospital, its characteristics and the ways to be faced, diagnosed and treated, its evolution and ways of facing them were identified wether annual or seasonable in some more preponderant pathologies. We have characterised, in a social and economical way, the employees of Santa Casa serving the Hospital and the Pharmacy, evaluating their relationship with the Guild as workers, as brothers or relatives of the patients, their relationships and presence in municipal functions, making brief study cases, in a way that only by knowing deeply these men we would take knowledge of medicine and the treatments used by them.

FERRAZ, Norberto Tiago Gonçalves, Death and the soul salvation in XVIII century Braga, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/35652)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Our work is the result of an investigation done about death in Braga in the XVIII century, making to know the different ways of living it and the way how all the faithful wanted their soul´s salvation. Death implicated two levels of experience: the body one, related to the rituals and procedures to have with the mortal remains of the dead; and the spiritual, in which the importance of soul salvation made a diversified group of individuals and coletivities move, around cultural practices, with the purpose of the entry of souls in Paradise. These two dimensions of the social experience of death were backgrounded, in Modern Age, by the religious preaching of the Catholic Church, which then consacrated Purgatory as an indispensable step of passage for all souls that needed to be purified, before reaching eternal glory. The permanence of souls in this place of expiation and suffering could be shortened, according to theological precepts, through the celebration of religious services, like the masses. The faithful should always follow the comportamental and spiritual rules of the Church, so they could be prepared for the appearance of death. However, when it was plain obvious that one´s life was at risk, he should demand the presence of a priest to receive the sacraments and the necessary spiritual comfort for his last moments. People hoped that their relatives, friends and neighbours were also present, and could support with their prayers, in order to be welcomed in the after life by God. At the same time the dying one should made his testament, in a way that his material matters were defined, but also to determinate his body destiny and the spiritual help that should take place. The individual delivered himself to God and asked the help of celestial intercessors, for his cause. The care and respect towards the mortal remains for the dead, were fundamental. So, we wanted to present in which way the habitants of the city wanted to see their bodies dressed up and vigilated. The accompaniment of the deceased to their last address was a solemn occasion, to which relatives, friends but also the clergy and the confraternities were called. The parochial and confraternal churches were the main rest places for the deceased, waiting the final judgment. In fact, many confraternities of Braga had an important paper, in the accompaniment of their dead colleagues and other faithful, and in the burial of the deceased. But if the destiny of the body was important, the preoccupation with the salvation of the soul was fundamental. In so, we analised the masses asked by the faithful with this purpose and their reduction in the latest part of the XVIII century. In this particular topic, the local confraternities had an important paper in the spiritual assistance to the souls of their brethrens, determinating the celebration of masses that saw a great growing, on the first half of the XVIII century. These institutions also made themselves as receivers of legacys of perpetual masses, destinated to the salvation of the soul. However, the second half of the XVIII century saw a reduction in the number of legacys received, and a growing confraternal difficulty in the fulfillment of the pious obligations determinated by them, as well. This fact, associated with the reduction of the non perpetual masses, solicitated to be celebrated after the burial, are symptoms of a crisis in the way how the living experience of death and the idea of Purgatory were structured. We also stood our focus on the main places of celebration, analising the relevance of the privileged altars. We also looked to study the characteristics of the clergy elements, particularly those who were at confraternal service and that made possible the regular running of this social-religious sector, as well as their relations, not always peaceful, with the individuals and organizations that they worked for.

FERREIRA, Maria Amélia Dias, The Help to the Victims of Lisbon Earthquake (1755), PhD in Nursing: History and Philosophy of Nursing submitted to the Institute of Health Sciences of Universidade Católica Portuguesa, supervised by Alexandra Patrícia Lopes Esteves and Amélia Maria da Fonseca Simões Figueiredo, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/24087)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The conducted study appears in order to meet the rescue of the victims of the earthquake that hit Lisbon on the first day of November 1755. This catastrophic event had devastating effects, with high human and material losses. With the earthquake not only did the earth shook, but also the everyday life, the economy, politics, social relations, values, beliefs and also the attitude towards death or religion. Their impacts were profound and diversified, local and international, immediate or extended in time. For the current study we used a historical methodology, which envisioned a relationship with a set of facts that took place before, during and after the disaster and that allowed us to recover a body of knowledge to add to the picture of the history of relief in Portugal. Considering the research a systematic and rational process of building our knowledge, the research that we carried out was a research foundation that helped support the current history as regards to the relief in exceptional in emergency situations, helping to build solid foundations for the future. The destruction caused by the 1755 earthquake and the need to provide support to needy groups in Lisbon caused the greatest confusion and disorder observed so far. The prompt intervention of the authorities ruthlessly cracking down on looting, the support provided to disadvantaged populations, the treatment of thousands of dead, the implementation of more urgent reorganizational measures of sanitation and the design and reconstruction of the new city of Lisbon, did quickly emerge a creative vision from the installed chaos and apocalyptic extent of the calamity. One of the most interesting dimensions of the phenomenon was the state's reaction and how it called unto it’s responsibility to solve the problems, as it was organized to give a concerted response, ready and extended to earthquake consequences. The actions of the rulers of the time, the circumstances in a state of emergency, developed methods of planning and control of the tragedy, with a view to the future and reconstruction based on a secular view of public affairs management. Hence the speed with which it was set up a "crisis cabinet" initiated by the monarch D. José but towards which Pombal distinguished. It can be said that in 1755 a new form of management of disasters is initiated, as regards to aid procedures provided to people soon after the occurrence.

FILHO, Wellington Bernardelli Silva, Between Portuguese traditional remedies and Brazilian plants: iatrochemistry, galenism and medicinal flora of Portuguese America of the 18th century in the pharmacopoeias of Friar João de Jesus Maria, PhD in History and Philosophy of Science submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Henrique José Sampaio Soares de Sousa Leitão, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/34021)

Keywords: Pharmacopoeias Portuguese; History of Pharmacy; Medical Theories; Colonial Drugs; Medical Nature

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse the book Pharmacopea Dogmatica (1772) and the manuscript Historia Pharmaceutica das plantas exóticas (1777), both written by the Benedictine friar João de Jesus Maria (1716-1795). Therefore, the detailed analysis highlights the issues concerning the paradigmatic syncretism of the seventeenth-century Portuguese pharmacy; the conflict between seculars and monastic apothecaries; the direct influence of the apothecary instructions as a mechanical art in the hierarchical, economic and scientific development of the pharmacy; and, finally, the importance of Brazilian drugs in the Portuguese therapeutic arsenal. The main objective of the study is to show how there is an intrinsic relationship between the use and understanding of colonial drugs in the extended survival of Galenic humoral theory in Portugal. It is not the intention to discard the arguments previously advocated by later researches to explain the singularity of the pharmaceutical field during the second half of the eighteenth century. Rather, the intention is to increase the discussion through a study of how was understood and used a substantial part of the Galenic therapeutic arsenal of the time; specifically, how Brazilian drugs played a fundamental role in the survival of Galenic practices in Portugal. Indeed, Jesus Maria’s researches are fundamental sources to verify the role of Brazilian plants in the validity of Galenism among Portuguese apothecaries. This condition is supported by the fact that, in both texts, there was an outstanding presence of Brazilian plants, in addition to a clear intention of the author to reconcile Galenical theory and chemical theory in the daily practice of the apothecary profession.

FONSECA, Luís José Torres Falcão da, War and Rowing in the Ocean and the Sea: The Galleys in Hispanic Naval Policy (1550-1604), PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/8419)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

FONSECA, Maria Adília Bento Fernandes da, The Recollection of Santo António do Sacramento of Torre de Moncorvo (1661-1814). Cloistered lives and women's destinations, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo and José Viriato Capela, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/24731)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Historiography of women’s studies stands out for the archetype of femininity sustained by a natural, religious and scientific legitimization, which is hard to be questioned. To this legitimization underlies the contribution by the women, determinant to the social and moral order. Confronted with this specific contingency, and perceived as a weak and inconstant being who can put such contribution at stake, women stimulate the foundation of institutions of social assistance, such as shelters, promoted in the Modern Era and still visible during the 20th century. Their presence becomes imperative during the Counter Reformation. Founded by archbishops or privately - as is the case in Torre de Moncorvo -, they are, in part, later on, handed over to other institutions, such as Mercy houses. They differentiate from the convents in some aspects, and as an example, for not requiring religious vows. The purpose of these institutions is to regenerate, protect, educate and reintegrate secular women, of any civil condition, or social class. They operate under strict discipline with some strong religious component. The shelter re-establishes the moral and social stability through the normalization of the women’s behavior, guiding their lives, at times when the absence of a masculine guardian deepens their vulnerability. The Shelter of Santo António do Sacramento, object of our research, fits in this context. Its foundation, in Torre de Moncorvo - seat of an important judicial district during the Old Regime - is the work of Francisca Borges de Menezes, as expressed on her will, signed in Lisbon, in 1661. The benefactor donates the patronage or management of the shelter to the Town Hall, but it is the archbishop of Braga, the higher authority of the diocese, who has the competence to evaluate the virtues of the women, especially humility and modesty, when applying for reclusion. The cloistered women expect that their passage by the shelter be a phase of preparation for the work force or matrimony market, an alternative to the spiritual life, which they can have as a choice. The decline of the shelter in Torre de Moncorvo occurs in the beginning of the 19th century. Along its existence, it fulfills the objectives that guided the foundation of such model of institution for the assistance of women. The reviewed documents allow us to apprehend the importance of its works, which greatly go beyond this town, in spite of the conflict and financial hardship it endures. The Shelter of Santo António do Sacramento never converted into a convent, even though it was the expectation and wish of the community in general, expressed in multiple occasions.

FRISON, Daniele, The Nagasaki-Macao Trade between 1612 and 1618: Carlo Spinola S.J. Procurator of Japan, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13842)

Keywords: Carlo Spinola; Japan; Macao

Abstract: Our dissertation aims to analyse the commitments and obligations of the procurator of the Society of Jesus in Japan during the years when Carlo Spinola (1564-1622) was chosen to occupy such an important position, the second most important of the province, according to the Italian Jesuit Francesco Pasio. The office of procurator, in fact, was one of the positions which took the missionaries of the Society to deal directly with Japanese authorities in Nagasaki, for it was the procurator who was in charge of receiving, checking and distributing the share of goods belonging to the province loaded in the Portuguese ship from Macao. Furthermore, the procurator, along with other important fathers, had to deal also with political matters regarding the Capitão-Mór and the Portuguese in the Japanese country. Spinola assumed the office when the bakufuwas changing its attitude towards the Roman Church, owing to several causes which partly involved also the Society of Jesus or which bore negative consequences for the mission. To provide a deep understanding of this office, we propose a comparison between Spinola’s procuratorship and how this office was handled by the most famous procurator in Japan: the Portuguese Father João Rodrigues Tçuzu. Furthermore, since Japan represented a unicum within the Portuguese Padroado, we deemed necessary to offer a further example and present also a sketch - although more concise - of the procurator in the Brazilian Province of the Society. Through this case study, we will try to define the procurator both from a practical point of view - i.e. his duties, his commitments, and his resources - and from a moral and philosophical perspective - that is the canonical literature regarding the relationship between the men of the cloth and commerce, which had been producing since the early times of the Christian Church. So far, works about the Society of Jesus and written by the Jesuits themselves had been coping with the office of procurator only marginally. Our work will fill that gap. Moreover, a research about the procurator will inevitably lead us to a better understanding of the mechanics of the participation of the Society in the Macao-Nagasaki trade from its beginning sealed by Alessandro Valignano to its end, which basically corresponded with the end of Spinola’s procuratorship.

GIEBELS, Daniel Norte, The Inquisition of Lisbon. At the epicenter of the inquisitorial dynamics (1537-1579), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Pedro Paiva, 2016 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/32027)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Among the several Portuguese inquisitorial tribunals, the Lisbon Inquisition is the only one that doesn’t have a monographic study with a wide range of content, analyzed accordingly to a rigorous methodology. However, there are a lot of partial studies, usually focused on the object of its repression. The lack of more detailed studies contributes to the uncertainty of the intrinsic dynamics of the inquisitorial macrostructure or even of those existing in fields which the tribunal operated. This study aims therefore to reconstruct the process behind its establishment, the internal organization and the activity of the Lisbon Inquisition since its establishment in 1537, till the last year of the government of Cardinal D. Henrique as the General Inquisitor, in 1579. This study also aims to analyse the evolution of its district court as well as the influence and action of the Lisbon Inquisition on regions that were or were going to be under the jurisdiction of other tribunals. This study gives priority to the analysis of institutional and personal relationships established between this tribunal and other higher powers in the jurisdictional area, with the aim of clarifying the courses of actions followed by the Inquisition during this process of claim in the political, religious and social areas of Portugal in the XVI century. These courses of actions reflected on the human framework, on the investment of infrastructures, on the function of its treasury or its auditorium. The research articulated various points of view, by using the tools of the institutional history and the existing powers, the history of ideas and mentalities, and the socio-economic history. The instruments of micro-history applied to prosopographic studies and to the reconstruction of historical communities were especially valued in this study. This approach allowed the crossing of several frameworks, which the complexity of the subject matter claims, to create finally a wider picture based on the latest and the innovative information of the Inquisition history. This study is based mainly on the documentary funds of the Portuguese Inquisition available at the National Archives of Torre do Tombo, electing as its main source the 2,715 cases that the tribunal of Lisbon held during the period under review, research which distinguishes this work.

GODINHO, Anabela Silva de Deus, Lisbon before the earthquake: the Parish of Sé. Demography and Society (1563-1755), PhD in Modern and Contemporary History submitted to the School of Sociology and Public Policy of ISCTE-IUL, supervised by Magda de Avelar Pinheiro, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10071/2830)

Keywords: Lisbon; Parish of the Sé; Demography; Society

Abstract: Based on the parochial sources and applying the methodology of parishes reconstitution we have made the survey and the organization of the Sé parochial registers, parish that belongs to the city of Lisbon, for a period of one hundred and ninety two years, since 1563 to 1755. This methodology not only made possible the reconstitution of families but also the individual courses and the reconstitution of the parish of the Sé. It was also possible to know some demographic behaviour of its population, which was characterized especially by a strong mobility and mortality understandable for the fact of being an urban parish situated near the Lisbon port, in a period that the capital was living golden times, due to the maritime commerce. The professions annotated by the priests on the parochial registers had still allowed us to identify a diversity of occupations and also titles and forms of treatment that placed the individuals in different positions of the social hierarchy. It was also evident the presence of poor people, foreigners and slaves in the parish of the Sé.

GOMES, Andreia Maria Durães, Town Houses: a process of privatization and luxury consumption in the urban middle strata (Lisbon in the second half of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Isabel dos Guimarães Sá and Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/55979)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The attention of Portuguese historians have been polarized around the study of elites and popular groups, paying few attention to sectors of the population that do not fall into these two categories. The main goal of this thesis is to increase knowledge about the composition of the wealth, the houses, and the ways of living and the consumption of the intermediate groups. Throughout the first chapter we examine the use of the expressions "middle state", "middle people", middle, middle class, in Portugal, mainly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when this vocabulary spread out. With this study, we intend to emphasize, on the one hand, the multiplicity of social representation schemes and taxonomies that coexisted during the period under analysis and, on the other hand, to prove that, despite the legal discourse and normative framework, the notion of middle ranks and the visions of society that include it were widespread in Portugal in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This analysis also seeks to justify our terminological choice. In the second chapter we undertake a discussion of the sociological categories and the model of analysis adopted. We explain why, even considering that in the period and spaces considered the Portuguese society was officially organized into orders and states, we analyse it considering sociological categories that are closer to class than to order or state. Not class in the Marxist sense, but a class that defines itself in a multidimensional space that emphasizes the statute, but also considers the economic aspects. Then we undertake methodological considerations with the analysis of the main historical source used, that is, inventories, highlighting its weaknesses and strengths. The third chapter corresponds to the analysis of the context or, in other words, the geographical, demographic, social, economic and political description of the city of Lisbon, which we chose as the background for the analysis of intermediate groups. In the fourth chapter, we characterize the sample and, in the fifth, we focus on the levels and composition of wealth, and the consumption of the intermediate layers. In the sixth and seventh chapters we launched a multidisciplinary look at houses, at the private interaction space of the intermediate layers, which is first seen as a space of inhabiting and then as a space for consumption. Thus, in the sixth chapter we characterize the habitat of the urban intermediate layers from the point of view of the property regime that linked the families to their houses, its the average value, prevailing typologies, number of floors, areas, number of divisions and functional specialization. In the second part of this chapter, we look at some case studies, trying to integrate the buildings in the city, to know the people who inhabited it, their occupation, how the spaces were used and the conception of life these spaces reveals. In the last chapter we analyse the house as a space for consumption. Focusing on the national reality and starting from the observation of the relation between social position and the possession of objects, we focus on the participation of the intermediate layers of Lisbon in the process of increasing the possession of luxury objects. For this we study the diffusion of luxury objects in the intermediate groups, comparing it with the more and less favoured socioeconomic groups. On the other hand, we follow the lead of the privatization process. We seek to detect the advance of the private sphere in domestic daily life in architectural space and material culture through the analysis of the diffusion of domestic equipment connoted with privatization. This analysis is transversal, spanning several chapters.

GONÇALVES, José Jorge David de Freitas, Printing in Coimbra in the seventeenth century, PhD in History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João José Alves Dias, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10106)

Keywords: Typography; Coimbra; XVII century

Abstract: The study of typography in the city of Coimbra during the seventeenth century, which a priori could be characterized by having a relation to the University, presents deep business ties among printers, booksellers and book merchants. However, the typography of Coimbra does not only live of the University. The analysis of the typology of the works that come from the press demonstrates changes in the preferences of the readers, as it is evidenced by the significant increase in editions of sermons associated with the interests of booksellers. The links between patronage and employers are emphasized by the practice of flattery. Nevertheless, the growing role of the book merchants that happened in the second half of the century reveals a new attitude towards the printed book increasingly turned to the publication of works of guaranteed success. There is also an evolution in the aesthetic taste since the beginning of the century, generalizing new iconographic elements in minting the material used by the various workshops, both in terms of decorated capitals, and in what concerns engraving and typographic vignettes: the allegory emerges into the picture and fills in the frontispieces of printed books, together with praise and gratitude to the teachers and patrons of university studies. In the capitals and the typographic vignettes, the plant motifs are the most important ones, styling themselves or mixing with others of geometric source, leaving behind the fantastic, the anthropomorphic or the zoomorphic.

HALL, Aline Gallasch, Opera and Stage Set Designs in 18th Century Portugal: The Royal Opera Houses, 1750-1793, PhD in History submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Maria de Fátima Nunes and Rui Vieira Nery, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13265)

Keywords: Royal opera houses; Opera; Stage set designs; Scenography; Theatrical machinery

Abstract: This work is divided in two parts. On the first part the subject of discussion is the implementation and construction of the royal theatres in Portugal during the reigning period of king José I and D. Maria I, as manifestations of artistic and political power. On the second part of this study, we present the existent scenographical corpus and a theorization concerning theatrical machinery as a tool of the Royal authority and puissance.

LEITÃO, Ana Rita Bernardo, Assistance, socio-cultural and educational problems in the villages and missions of the Royal College of Olinda (17th and 18th centuries): Contributions to indigenous history and Portuguese teaching in Brazil, PhD in History: History and Culture of Brazil submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Miguel Maria Santos Correia Monteiro and Maria José dos Reis Grosso, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6044)

Keywords: Jesuits; Government of Pernambuco; Amerindians; Missions; Indigenous towns; Directory of Pombal; Teaching and learning; Portuguese as a non-maternal tongue

Abstract: Having as its main aim a reflection on how the Portuguese language was introduced into indigenous milieux, it seems apt to make a digressive survey of the policies pursued by the Crown during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, of the missionary efforts and teachers employed by the Crown, as well of teaching methods and problems associated with the impact of learning. Context, agents, processes and resources are, therefore, a vital part of the study of the dynamics of the villages and missions attached to the Royal College of Olinda during this time, as well as of the objectives and impacts of the transition of those villages into Indian villages, before the application of the Direcção of the Indians in the government of Pernambuco. Targets of struggle, persecution and forced Indian enslavement when they were not affected by the chains of captivity, several groups found in the missionary village their last redoubt. A place of ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity, its management would require a constant negotiation of interests and rights, even when the law seemed to protect them. Out of all the expeditions and missionary establishments that the Society of Jesus developed in the captaincies of Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceara, only seven would remain at the time of their expulsion in the Northeast. Envied for their dynamism and their demographic, economic and social profile, the communities that gathered there knew the vicissitudes and successes that we intend to portray here through an overview, from their detours through the hinterland through to the period of coexistence and integration in the LusoBrazilian society.

LEITE, Odete Tavares Paiva Silva, Vila Nova de Famalicão - from a Rural to a Urban District (1620-1960). Demographic and Social Behaviors, PhD in History: Historical Demography submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Norberta Amorim and José Viriato Capela, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29102)

Keywords: Vila Nova de Famalicão:1620-1960; Minho; Demography; Society

Abstract: An assessment, organization and examination of the minutes of the vital records of the actual city of Vila Nova de Famalicão, from 1620 to 1960, were carried out based on the potentials of the parochial resources made of baptism, marriage and death certificates valuated by the historical demography. These resources were organized to produce statistical data related with the various demographic variables by applying the method of parish reconstitution which, under the Fleury-Henry method, offers the means to reconstitute families and to follow individuals in a genealogic sequence of the territory corresponding to the actual city of Vila Nova de Famalicão. With the use of resources and the methodological approach applied to a larger number of rural territorial nuclei, the reconstitution of the parishes of Santa Maria Madalena e Santo Adrião de Vila Nova de Famalicão, which merged later as the parish of Santo Adrião, allowed to know the population path on its demographic dimension and to have an approximate sense of the famalicense society, characterized by the specificity of its privileged localization as the important road connection between Porto and Braga, to head of municipality in1835 and appointed to town, during the liberal period (1841). The data captured from the minutes of the vital records, organized, studied and analyzed in accordance to the abovementioned methodology, was cross-referenced with other ecclesiastic and civil resources, which allowed for a closer and more expressive knowledge of the population in question. This knowledge was built upon the graphics of the demographic variables, as well as the differential analysis, bringing out the social dimension, sc.: occupational activities, social condition and discrimination, criteria for poverty, assistance to sectors of the population as slaves and beggars, presence of outsiders (national and foreigners), some as travelers and others who established themselves, some creating a family. This data allowed a better understanding and intelligibility of the population dynamics, along a longer period, and the perception of continuities and transformations.

LOPES, Paulo Esmeraldo Catarino, Visions of Europe in the “Memórias de um Fidalgo de Chaves” (Memoirs of a Nobleman of Chaves) (1510-1517). Society, daily life and power in an unpublished manuscript of the sixteenth century, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ana Isabel Buescu, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9090)

Keywords: Europe; Rome; Power; Society; Lifestyle; War; Curia; Papacy; Otherness; Vision of the Other; Civilizational meeting

Abstract: May 21st, 1510, an anonymous nobleman servant of the 4th Duke of Braganza, D. Jaime, begins his journey from Chaves to Rome, only to return to Portugal in September 1517. After his return he writes an extensive account traditionally known as Memórias de um Fidalgo de Chaves. Starting from the only known manuscript copy of this original lost in Portuguese, whose writing is chronologically situated in the second half of the sixteenth century, we transcribe and study this precious and unique document, on the one hand, representing a time and a space crucial to European history, and, on the other hand, a privileged testimony, we would say in many ways unique, of a "Portuguese" look at Renaissance Rome, at the dawn of the sixteenth century. Throughout the seven parts that compose this dissertation we tried to highlight the many problems inherent to the construction of the text by its author. Thus, in the first instance, we inquire about the value of the source as a historical document, that is, as a reflection of the epoch it intends to describe. The second part, in turn, is polarized around the question of authorship and the onomastic identity of the nobleman of Chaves. Next we analyze a thematic transversal to the whole text: power. It is our intention here to explore this topic in its multiple expressions and evidences, with particular emphasis on embassies to the pontifical curia where feasts, propaganda and symbolic power are structuring nuclei, the new model of the prince marking the beginning of the modern state and the Roman Curia itself with all its pragmatism and an ample network of complicities and powers in practice. The fourth great moment of our study explains the military context of the time by the voice of the nobleman of Chaves. In his account, the author shows how, within the framework of the confrontation of the emerging powers, Spain and France, the political destiny of Europe is decided in the greater theater of the development of the Wars of Italy (1494-1559). From the description of the armed conflicts to the appeal to the Wars of the Crusades, to the new armaments and the innovative language of military architecture in Italy, nothing escapes the gaze of the nobleman and his implacable, but also emotional, critical judgment. A fifth part aims at the heterogeneous Roman society and its intense daily life, as well as structural topics in the source as diplomacy, the new social type of the court man, the Roman built heritage and the Roman cosmopolitanism of the sixteenth century. The sixth step of our work focuses on the critical reading of the exercises of alterity present in the document. Finally, the seventh and last part of our dissertation consists of the integral transcription and fixation of the manuscript text of the Memórias de um Fidalgo de Chaves, a necessary step for its study and its use by other researchers.

LUCIDIO, João António Botelho, To the West of the immense Brazil: the conquests of the rivers Paraguay and Guapore (1680-1750), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Ângela Domingues and Pedro Cardim, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10964)

Keywords: Conquests; Indigenous peoples; Cuiabá; Mato Grosso; Guapore; Paraguay; Missions of Chiquitos and Mojos

Abstract: This research has as reference the Portuguese conquests in the most central part of South America, a geographic area bounded by two great rivers, Paraguay and Itenez or Guapore. The temporality that interests us is within 1680 and 1750 - a period of great tension in the contacts between the American subjects of the Iberian crowns and the uncertainties over the ownership of the territory. In the valley of the Paraguay River Cuiaba was founded. In the course of the tributaries of the right bank of upper Guapore villages were settled which formed the Terms of Mato Grosso. When the Luso-Brazilians settled in the valleys of the upper Paraguay (1718) and Guapore (1734), those rivers and indigenous peoples who inhabited its shores were already known by the subjects of Spain. On the banks/edges of the Paraguay River, it was built in 1537 a Fort that originated the city of Asuncion in 1541. While still in the middle of that century, men emerging from Asuncion founded Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1561). More than a century later, the Jesuits opened the missions of Chiquitos and Mojos that in several temporalities maintained contacts with settlers of Luso-Brazilian origin. Our research proposes a re-reading of the “Colonial History of Mato Grosso’. Thus, we will analyze the actions undertaken by explorers of the captaincy of São Vicente, and later of São Paulo, beyond the attitudes that only aimed at the territorial expansion of Brazil. We argue that the occupation of the disputed areas by the two Iberian monarchies, as indicated, relied more on the interests and abilities of their subjects in America and less on the strategies gestated in their monarchies. But the central focus of the thesis is to understand the place given by the historiography to the indigenous people who lived there and discuss this issue. In doing so, we want to frame the story in Mato Grosso as part of plots that transcend the scope of territorial boundaries over the eighteenth to twentieth centuries.

MACHADO, Maria de Fátima Pereira, The Orphans and the Foundlings of the City and the Term of Oporto (1500-1580), PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Luís Miguel Ribeiro de Oliveira Duarte, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55375)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

MAGALHÃES, Eugénia Maria da Silva Abrantes, Eroticism and metaphor in mystical discourse: Portuguese authors of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, PhD in History and Culture of Religions submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by José Augusto Martins Ramos and José Eduardo Franco, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/25945)

Keywords: Mystic; Metaphor; Eroticism; Renaissance; Baroque

Abstract: The current research work carries out a hermeneutics of Portuguese mystical authors’ texts of the Renaissance and Baroque, reread in the light of eroticism and metaphor that runs through the narrative of their mystical experiences: the speech, its categories and its semantics. Eroticism and metaphor realities inherent in any art form, particularly imposes on the mystical speech, on these historical periods, particularly enhancing the emotions of bodyhood, to express the desire of an intensive and unitary relationship of presence with the divine. The study focuses on nine Portuguese mystics: Leão Hebreu, D. Manoel de Portugal, D. Gaspar de Leão, Frei Heitor Pinto, Frei Tomé de Jesus, Frei Amador Arrais, Frei Agostinho da Cruz, Frei António das Chagas e Padre Manuel Bernardes. One starts by analyzing the languages of the erotic and the mystical metaphorical speech in question, exploring the amateur nature - the lover, the beloved and love - and their relationship, the speech laid bare of the mystical of the senses that results from this experience in discursive erology, the eroticized metaphors in the dynamics of erotic and the amatory nature. Then, loving polarity syntax in Portuguese mystical experience is approached, peering into amorous looking beyond the agitations in amatory nature and the praxeology of eroticized experiences of the divine-human copulation. Also presented in this line of reasoning, the foundation and framework of the mystical experience being studied, at a biblical, theological, anthropological and psychological level. In this research the language as logos and topos of the mystical is also introduced, which is not just the expression of something that has happened; it is, also, the place where the divine-human relational experience happens. The Portuguese mystics’ life experiences and their record, as a desire for the absolute wholeness, offer us a different discursive re-reading of the erotic metaphor. The mystique arises, in its essence and in this re-reading, as an affirmation of topical issues of the human being, at an anthropological, political, religious, scientific, ethical and daily life level: a cast of terms, a discursive structure, a search for meaning, aiming at a lexicon of neo-paradigm, grammar and meaning to the world.

MARQUES, Marisa Pires, Mem de Sá: a unique route in the Portuguese 16th century Empire, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/25475)

Keywords: Brazil; Sugar; Public Administration; Africans; Agriculture; Captaincies-grantee; Colonization; Trade; Society of Jesus; Mills; Slaves; Family Sá; France Antarctica; Govern; Indigenous People; Justice; Legislation; Missionary Work; Gold

Abstract: The Royal House nobleman and lawyer, Mem de Sá, was at the service of the Portuguese crown for thirty-nine years. This included twenty-four years as chief magistrate, judge of the House of Suplicação, and royal counselor; and fifteen year in Brazil (1557-72) as Governor General, a position he held until his death in 1572. The fact that he was the first jurist appointed to an overseas government, a role he held until his death, makes his case unique among other officials and his family. Unlike them, Mem de Sá never provided services in war or governance in Africa or India during overseas expansion. Ensuring the public authority of the Portuguese state in Brazil, his government had its foundations on justice, in both the French and Amerindian wars and in law. He sought to achieve political and administrative unity, as well as the effectiveness of settlement and wealth creation. These activities intersected with the colonization plan of the Crown, the Interests of the settlers, the Society of Jesus’s evangelization projects, and his own business interests related to merchant activity among European markets and Spanish America. Holder of a vast movable and immovable property empire, which increased throughout his time as governor, Mem de Sa was, at the time of his death, a rich man whose fortune became the dowry of Filipa de Sá, his daughter and heiress, allowing her access to titulatura through her marriage to Fernando de Noronha, the eldest son of, and heir to, the Counts of Linhares in 1573.

MARTINS, Hugo Filipe Castilho Cabrita, The Jewish-Portuguese community of Hamburg between 1652 and 1682, PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Maria Leonor Garcia da Cruz, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/36365)

Keywords: Sephardi Diaspora; New-Christians; Hamburg; Jewish Community; Portuguese Nation

Abstract: The current thesis investigates the Portuguese Jewish community of Hamburg in the context of its integration process, relationship to host and local communities, construction of communal identity and self-representation, as well as the varying circumstances in which it developed its cultural, political and religious life during the 17th century, and most specifically from 1652 till 1682. Although fully integrated in the cultural precepts of the “Nação”, the community of Hamburg was forced to develop some particularities that distinguished it from the wider Sephardi world, fact which raises some important questions, such as: which constrains contributed to a distinct evolution in relation to the remainders of the modern Jewish Diaspora? What were the major forces driving its history and how did the community responded to its cultural and geopolitical climate, forging its own path in the narrative of the Sephardi Diaspora?

MARTINS, Nuno Gomes, Empire and image: D. João de Castro and the rhetoric of the Viceroy (1505-1548), PhD in Social Sciences: Historical Sociology submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Ângela Barreto Xavier, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/11346)

Keywords: Image; Power; Empire; India; Viceroi; D. João de Castro

Abstract: Since the mid-fifteenth century the impact on European civilizational space, given the new framework of thought set by the studia humanitatis and the awareness of classical roots, shaped new forms of power representation, having special expression in the king’s representation mechanisms, and in the public status and power display of the monarch. In the Portuguese imperial Asian context, the Viceroy or the Governor of the Estado da Índia staged in the king’s behalf the function and the royal dignity, as his political power and prestige. This study highlights the figure of the Governor and Viceroy D. João de Castro (1545-1548), having two essential axes: the image potential in political communication and in the visualization of power by major political actors operating in the Indian subcontinent; and the impact that the pictorial and symbolic resources used by D. João de Castro in India had in the configuration of the Viceroy’s office. Then, centered on the presupposition of visual culture’s relevance, we composed an empire story, in a very special time of Portuguese expansion, and within a visual representation strategy framework as a result of the classicization of the Portuguese court. Polarized by two events - the Triumph of Goa and the paintings that made up the Viceroys of Estado da Índia portrait gallery -, the visual dimension of Castro's government, we argued, boosted the symbolic visuality of the Portuguese king representative in the empire, and contributed to the greater institutionalization and consolidation of the position of Viceroy. Associated with the relevance of visual sources, produced as representation and interpretation of D. João de Castro’s government and persona, and as outcome, it settles the nexus of these materials and their impact on D. João de Castro’s public memory.

MATOS, Luís Jorge Rodrigues Semedo de, Portuguese itineraries and routes in the East in the 16th and 17th centuries, PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/23631)

Keywords: European expansion; Far East; History of Nautical Science; Sailing Instructions

Abstract: Upon the conquest of Malacca, in 1511, new possibilities were opened for the 15th century Portuguese maritime expansion. Soon after several Portuguese ships sailed the southern seas, along the Indonesian Archipelago, or northward towards the Pegu. A few years after these ships had reached Siam and China, sailing all the traditional maritime routes where, for centuries, the oriental had sailed, reaching Korea and Japan. They had as a goal to set their own trading and domain system, but the circumstances there were very different from the Easter Indian Ocean. They gradually spread in the Far East, as an inkblot on a cotton cloth, and sailed along almost all the trading routes east of Malacca. They hired local pilots, sailed in junks and other local ships, learning how to manoeuver them and even how to build them and, most of all, they learned how to master how to navigate in those far seas. They sailed the oriental sailors and traders routes, adapting their geographic positioning ways, complementing them with the Portuguese knowledge, and latter described them in their log books so that future generations could used them. The goal of this work is the study of these routes, based on what was written about them in the sailing directions books (rutters). The routes of the Archipelago, trough Java, until the Maluku Islands and Timor, or the more northward routes, towards China and Japan, and all the secondary routes deriving from these main axes. By gathering and comparing the available sailing directions, I will try to interpret the concerns of the pilots that had to sail the ships in a very complex area, conditioned by the climatic (with the monsoons) and geographic regional characteristics, particularly the latter. An area with very complex bathymetry, with several islands, with challenging ocean currents, that the local pilots would identify by the color of the water, by the type of bottom floor, by the look of the islands shores, by the latitude or by the sailed distance, with patience and extreme sensibility in interpreting the signs of the ocean.

MENDES, José Maria, Ignatius of St. Teresa: The Path of a Controversial Archbishop, PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Maria Leonor García da Cruz and Teotónio R. de Sousa, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/20199)

Keywords: Archbishop of Goa; Bishop of Malacca; Convent of Santa Monica; Count of Sandomil; Goa; Dominicans; Franciscans; Inácio de Santa Teresa; Inquisition; Jesuits; Miguel Tamburini; Native Politics; State of India; Visits

Abstract: This thesis resulted from efforts to unravel some of the questions that remained unanswered in my M.Phil thesis (FLUL, 2012-05-18). The research undertaken permitted not only to obtain new data which helped to throw more light upon the context in which the Archbishop functioned, but also helped to answer some of the questions mentioned above. To better understand the period in which the Archbishop was acting in India, we needed to look at the state of decline that Portuguese India was facing at the time. It was also important to deepen our knowledge of the reforms he proposed and the results he obtained. We have tried to handle this in the first chapter. The jurisdiction was one of the main obsessions of the Archbishop, and underlying most of the conflicts he had with the Jesuits, the Franciscans and even with the viceroys. When the confrontation with the Jesuits had reached its peak, there appeared the General Miguel Angelo Tamburini on the scene, presenting the Prelate with a certificate of praise, a gesture that appeared very intriguing in the context. This had remained as an issue to be clarified in my M.Phil dissertation. I found an answer to it. The schism at Santa Mónica was sufficiently well studied in the M.Phil dissertation, but it was yet not clear what could have motivated the simple women to confront an all-powerful Archbishop. Our present research points clearly to the Religious Orders then present in Goa as the chief instigators of the rebellion. The last chapter is based upon a document entitled Estado do Estado da Índia (The state of the State of India) which D. Inácio de Santa Teresa produced in 1725, but became public only after his death in 1760. It consists of two parts. In part I he lists the ills that caused the ruin of Goa and what could help to restore it to health. In part II he developed Antonio Vieira’s theory about the Fifth Universal Empire led by Portugal, an extension of the myth of Ourique. The Archbishop had the advantage of experience based on the privileged relationships which he maintained with different ecclesiastical quarters and local administration, which enabled him to diagnose the problems of the State, particularly in the East. However, his reform proposals were not always sufficiently practical and consistent.

MIRANDA, Maria Joana Corte Real Lencart e Silva, Pedro Álvares Seco: Rear projection of the memory of the Order of Christ in the 16th century, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Paula Maria de Carvalho Pinto Costa, 2018 (https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/112284)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

MONTEIRO, Anabela Nunes, Macau and the Portuguese presence in the China Sea during the 17th century. Interests and strategies for survival, PhD in History: History of the Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by João Marinho dos Santos and Rui Manuel Loureiro, 2012

(https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/18493)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

MORAES, Juliana de Mello, Living in penance: the Third Order of St. Francis and their associations, Braga and São Paulo (1672-1822), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo and Leila Mezan Algranti, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/10870)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The purpose of this work was to analyze the Third Order of St. Francis located in Braga and São Paulo since the mid-seventeenth century until 1822, in their different aspects. However, due to the richness of the object, some preferential themes were selected in order to meet the objectives originally proposed. The evaluation of the two associations sought to understand the dynamics inherent to these institutions in two locations of the Portuguese empire in order to understand the value of the secular Orders of St. Francis, particularly during the eighteenth century. The comparative study enabled the expansion of the analysis, allowing us to verify some general traits in the performance of these institutions regardless of their location. Initially, the moments of establishment of the two associations, their history, and institutions involved in these processes were contemplated. Accordingly, we sought to draw a parallel between the context and the formation of two religious orders in Braga and São Paulo. Also, the development of these associations and the surrounding religious framework was analyzed in order to understand the strategies of its managers to promote the sodality in these two religious fields. Also, the set of members was analyzed, allowing us to verify the groups highlighted in tertiary associations and those who found in these associations spaces of social promotion of sociability as well as material and spiritual support. Religious activities, as a highlighted element in the daily work of these institutions, also received a detailed analysis. The centrality of the ceremonies, both private and collective, was expressed in the strong human and material investment performed by the Third Order of St. Francis in this aspect. The intense religious experience was also manifested in the obligation of his brothers to participate in diverse spiritual exercises, mainly about penitential practice. However, the assistance was part of the range of actions of these institutions. Although, essentially turned to their inner life, the Third Order of St. Francis assisted their brothers in times of poverty and disease, thus becoming important points of support for the secular in different locations. In addition, the symbolic value of these care practices was relevant and promoted the visibility of these associations in different contexts. To carry out the care and religious activities these institutions needed financial support. The analysis of the finances of religious orders has shown their ability to raise money and also the direction given to revenues, highlighting its application in the maintenance of worship and in liturgical celebrations.

MULLENDER, Garry Paul, The importance of interpreting during the Portuguese discoveries in Africa and Asia, PhD in Comparative Studies submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Fernanda Gil Costa and Ivana Cenková, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/18381)

Keywords: Language; Interpreting; Portuguese Discoveries; Portuguese India; Company of Jesus

Abstract: During the Portuguese Discoveries, seafaring explorers came into contact with a plethora of different people; languages and cultures, with whom they wished to trade; create alliances and convert to the Christian faith. All of these processes required verbal interaction and hence linguistic mediators. We shall attempt to construct the history of linguistic mediation in these settings, within the broader context of the history of cultural encounters between Europeans and Africans and Asians between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The aims of this study include understanding what the Portuguese considered linguistic mediation to be in these settings and how this influenced their opinion and evaluation of interpreters; identifying and tracing the characteristics of those who acted as interpreters and to what degree they corresponded to their clients' and employers' expectations. We shall pay particular attention to the relationship that the Portuguese had with these individuals, their level of trust in them and the question of loyalty and the different means used to ensure it. Through the study of contemporary sources, such as chronicles and correspondence, we shall endeavour to gauge the importance that linguistic mediation held for expeditions and the various military; diplomatic and religious authorities, by analysing of recruitment methods, working conditions and the system of rewards and recognition. We shall carefully consider the range of activities that interpreters undertook, by examining their technical specificities and the relevant skills for performing them satisfactorily, in particular, the correlation between linguistic proficiency and the tasks in hand, and how this was interpreted, including the interpreters' views on their own work. We shall consider the parameters used for assessing the quality of linguistic mediation, in addition to the initiatives undertaken to improve and guarantee it, as indicators of the importance that this function had for those involved in the Discoveries.

MURTEIRA, André Alexandre Martins, Portuguese navigation in Asia and the Cape route and Dutch privateering, 1595-1625, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20279)

Keywords: “Carreira da Índia”; Dutch East India Company; “Estado da Índia”; Naval warfare; Military revolution; Privateering

Abstract: This dissertation is about the Portuguese-Dutch naval war in Asia from 1595 - date of the first successful expedition of Dutch ships to the East - to 1625, as well as about Dutch privateering against Portuguese intra-Asiatic and Euro-Asiatic navigation in the period. Based on Portuguese and Dutch sources, it aims to contribute to a better understanding of three main subjects. The first subject is the chronological evolution and geographical distribution of Dutch attacks on Portuguese shipping. Based on a listing as comprehensive as possible of Portuguese ships lost as a result of Dutch attacks, I attempt to show that the regional and chronological impact of the attacks varied significantly. From this extensive sample of losses it was concluded that, chronologically, there was a peak in the number of Portuguese ships lost to the Dutch in the first decade of the seventeenth century, which was followed by a drop during a relatively quiet phase of the Portuguese-Dutch conflict in Asia. There followed another period of high losses in 1620-1625. Regionally, there were clearly some privileged areas, above all the Straits of Malacca. The second subject is the Dutch contribution to the difficulties experienced by the Portuguese in Asia in the first quarter of the seventeenth century. Historians have traditionally explained these difficulties almost exclusively by the arrival in Asia of new enemies, Northern European in origin. I argue that this Eurocentric historiographical bias should be corrected and that the impact of the Dutch, albeit significant, should be put in perspective, complementing the well-known history of Dutch victories over the Portuguese with the neglected contribution of some of their Asian allies to an important set of Portuguese defeats. The third subject concerns the notion that an alleged "Asianization" of the military forces of the Portuguese in Asia during the sixteenth century was the cause of their defeats to Northern Europeans as the Dutch and the English in the beginning of the seventeenth century. Without denying the partial validity of this position, I argue that, as an explanation, it is insufficient. While it is true that the Portuguese naval forces in Asia proved unable to cope with the Dutch, the Portuguese in Europe proved also unable to meet the challenge of supplying adequate naval relief to the East. A transfer of warships from the Atlantic to Asia by way of the Cape route was attempted but with unsatisfactory results, at least in comparison with the similar effort carried out by the Dutch in the period. I also call to attention the similarities between the PortugueseDutch naval conflicts in Asia and in the Atlantic, where the underperformance of Portuguese ships can no longer be assigned to any previous phenomenon of "Asianization". When considering the extent to which degrees of "Asianization" and "Europeanization" may have been or not factors of success or military failure, I take into account the well-known historiographical debate on the "military revolution" and Western military exceptionality as discussed by historians such as Geoffrey Parker and Jeremy Black.

NEETZOW, Anselmo Alves, The Colonial Construction of the Platinum Province in the 16th and 17th Centuries, PhD in History: History of the Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Manuel de Azevedo Silva, 2013 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/23341)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

NEVES, Baltazar Soares, Solidarity systems in Cape Verde: Holy House of Mercy of Ribeira Grande, confraternities and power (1500-1834), PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Elvira Cunha de Azevedo Silva Mea and João Lopes Filho, 2012

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

NEVES, Maria Teresa Avelino Pires Cordeiro, Municipality in the Islands of Cape Verde (15th to 18th centuries), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Artur Teodoro de Matos, 2010

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

NOBRE, Pedro Alexandre David, Cooperation and Conflict between the British and the Portuguese in Asia. From the first contacts to the coexistence in Bombay (c.1600-1740), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Pedro Cardim and Zoltán Biedermann, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14996)

Keywords: Bombay; East India Company; Estado da Índia; Northern Province

Abstract: The cession of Bombay to the English Crown and, therefore, the interaction with the Estado da India, as set a new and different kind of relationship between the Portuguese and the British powers, not only in the Indian Ocean but overseas. This situation launched the recently renewed Anglo-Portuguese alliance into a new phase. Actually, de 1661 agreement settled that the Estado da India had hand over part of his territory to a European power, which meant a change in his paradigm as well as sharing frontiers with a European neighbour. In addition, the population of Bombay was comprised of a strong community of big Portuguese tenants and Jesuits, who were consequently under the English crown sovereignty. This context was something new to the Estado da India and his subjects and demanded the adaptation of the way they interacted with his European neighbour. The same applies to the British officials, the crown and the de East India Company ones, for whom a territorial dominance in an Asiatic context was a novelty. The proximity of spaces of interest between the two powers was naturally propitious to the outbreak of antagonisms and tensions. From this interesting context and studying the paradigmatic case of Bombay, we aim to understand in what way the Anglo-Portuguese relationship in Europe was transferred and managed overseas. Managing the alliance in that particular context was not an easy task considering the distance between the centres of power, which gave more autonomy to Goa and Bombay, whose decisions were not always according to Lisbon’s and London’s. The Anglo-Portuguese relationship in Bombay and the neighbouring territories was a flexible one and, therefore, was characterized by dissension, cooperation and clash. In these “(in)convenient encounters”, both sides tried to take advantage of the local political entanglements (and vice-versa), adapting arrangements and disaffections. Bombay was, therefore, a singular case in the Anglo-Portuguese interaction in Asia but that does not avert us to try to understand the reflection that these relationship had on other Indian territories (like Madrasta) or attempt to compare the East India Company acting patterns on other places (like Cochin).So, on this thesis we aim to analyse systematically and transversally the various kinds of interactions developed between British and Portuguese since the arrival of the former in Asia until the latter loss the Northern Province. We focus on Bombay, where 80 years, circa, of sharing frontiers makes this territory a privilege place to examine these interactions, which allows us, likewise, to confront and analyse in a comparative way, the two Europeans experience in the Asiatic seas.

NÓVOA, Rita Luís Sampaio da, The Gama Lobo Salema Archive and the production, management and uses of noble family archives during the 15th-16th centuries, PhD in History: Historical Archival Studies submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Maria de Lurdes Rosa and Joseph Morsel, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19004)

Keywords: Archival History; History of Archives; Family Archives; History of Nobility; Gama Lobo Salema Archive

Abstract: The following work departs from the named Gama Lobo Salema Archive, a family archive presently composed of about 2200 documents produced, received, managed and preserved by several families during the 14th and 20th centuries. Its main objective is to understand the production, management and uses of noble family archives during the 15th and 16th centuries through an interdisciplinary approach that unites History and Archival Science. Which motives drove the constitution of archives by noble families? Which situations justified or demanded the use of archived documents? How were the records managed, organized and retrieved? What role did the archives play in the formation and consolidation of families as social groups? The work is divided in four parts: the first analyses the theoretical and methodological guide-lines that steer Archival History or History of Archives, the History of Nobility in Portugal and the specialized research on Family Archives; the second studies the archaeology of the Gama Lobo Salema Archive by following the different stages that explain how and why the archive still exists today and the way how the transformations it suffered from the 17th century onwards affect the intelligibility of the past represented in documentation produced during the previous centuries; the third part focuses on four case studies - the Salema, Vana, Bulhão and Queimado de Vilalobos families - that illustrate how family groups produced, managed and used their archives during the 15th and 16th centuries; lastly, the fourth and final part suggests new archival representations for the Gama Lobo Salema Archive, namely an organic classification scheme and a database made of the archival descriptions of around 300 documents dated from the 15th and 16th centuries.

NUNES, António Maria Caldeira Ribeiro de Castro, Communication and political practice in the Iberian Monarchies of the Old Regime (1700-1750): Évora, Cordoba, Ouro Preto and Quito, PhD in History: Change and Continuity in a Global World (PIUDHist - Inter-university Doctoral Programme in History) submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Mafalda Soares da Cunha, 2016 (http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19420)

Keywords: Political communication; Political practice; Municipalities; Early modern age; Iberian empires

Abstract: This study deals with the political practice in different areas of the Iberian monarchies in the first half of the eighteenth century. The main object of study is the correspondence of four selected municipalities (Évora, Cordoba, Ouro Preto and Quito), and it aims to know in greater detail the variations of this same practice on different contexts. Starting from the idea that the political and administrative model implemented in America would, in essence, be modeled on the peninsular, the intent is to understand the changes resulting from this transfer. Throughout this work we will argue that, despite the similarities between the metropolitan and American bureaucracy, political practice in non-European territories possessed a set of characteristics that were very specific. In this sense, it is argued that these mutations would also determine which would be the interlocutors of the crowns in different regions. That is, if the same instance would, in the overseas and peninsular territories, have different levels of participation in the negotiation and in the political articulation processes, something that municipalities are a good example of. For this purpose, aspects such as the rhythms of communication; the importance of each instance in the correspondence with the crown; the profile of the individuals who, in different territories, occupied the offices of the administrative network; the dynamics of specialization or concentration of functions in the same position; the institutional conflicts and the existence of supramunicipal initiatives will be compared.

NUNES, João Rocha, The Catholic reform in the diocese of Viseu (1552-1639), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Pedro Paiva, 2010 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/18182)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The research that led to the writing of this dissertation aimed at understanding the process of implementation of the Tridentine decrees of reform in the diocese of Viseu, in the period between 1552 and 1639. This subject had never been approached by the Portuguese historiography before. However, its importance is unquestionable. It transcends religious and ecclesiastical issues, and it is still possible to observe its implications these days. The Diocese of Viseu was situated far from the major political and religious centers of the kingdom and characterized by a harsh climate, a mountainous landscape and deficient communication routes. Viseu had approximately 100 000 inhabitants. In its midst coexisted religious and secular powers, established in an intricate network of about three hundred parishes. Although Viseu remained untouched by Protestant doctrines, which might question the orthodoxy and the "purity" of the Catholic faith, it was in need of Christian reform: the insufficiency of religious preparation, regarding both, the clergy and the devotees, was considerable. The episcopate was prepared to implement the renovatio tridentina. The overwhelming majority of bishops had university education and previous experience in religious institutions that had undergone a process of reform. The bishops were also highly motivated to manage the enterprise. In Viseu, the implementation of the decrees of reform began in 1564, the year the provisions were approved by the Roman Curia. In precisely the same year, the clerics were restrained from accruing benefits. The following year, marriage was established in accordance with the rules that were stipulated in Trent. The reform gained a new impetus from the 1570s on. The Roman rite established itself and the Catholic ceremonies were renewed and depurated of sacred-profane elements; the sacred spaces were rehabilitated; the sacraments began to be administered to the vast majority of the believers (there was an increase in the sacramental practice, unprecedented in the history of the diocese, which brought along deep and vast social and cultural implications. The ones who assumed deviant behaviours, whether they were laypeople or part of the clergy, were normally subjected to disciplinary sanction, such as the payment of a fine or, in the cases where the crime was considered serious, public penance or even banishment. In order to carry out a process of this kind, it was necessary to strengthen and assert the authority in the Episcopal diocese, which the bishops did. They reformed the central government, through the strengthening of some crucial diocesan entities of the Prelatic activity; laws were enacted so as to adapt to the regulations of the diocese to the Tridentine legislation, thus legitimizing the bishops’ action; they visited the diocese on a regular basis, striving to do it personally; they reinforced the Episcopal patronage, ascertaining the episcopacy a greater power to intervene in the appointment of parish priests. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to think that the reform process was a peaceful one. The Episcopal power had to face entrenched social and cultural habits. For example, some believers, regardless of the establishment of marriage according to the Tridentine norm, kept on assuming that marriage was validated through the ceremony of betrothal. Marriages between relatives remained common. A considerable number of devotees did not follow the days of precept and the indoctrination. Despite the fact that prelates had strengthened the mechanisms of social control and discipline, populations, including some clerics, did not restrain from adopting deviant behaviours, particularly of moral nature. The bishops had also to deal with resistance coming from some powerful institutions. The King, who in 1564 had accepted the Tridentine provisions without any reservations, revealed himself as an obstacle whenever secular interests were concerned. The ones who were chiefly responsible for the imposition of obstacles to the implementation of the Catholic reform were, however, the members of the Cathedral Chapter. They systematically prevented the bishops from acting until the first quarter of the seventeenth century, especially when the implementation of the decrees outweighed the rights and privileges of the Cathedral Chapter. These obstacles hindered the Episcopalian action, but they did not stop it. They forced the bishops to submit, regarding some issues. They decreed that certain provisions were to be immediately put in practice. Anyway, and taking into account the dimension of the reform, the changes which took place in this period were of such magnitude that they indelibly marked the life of the diocese.

OLIVEIRA, Márcia Carolina Ferreira de, Bibliophilia in Portugal at the beginning of the Contemporary Age. The example of D. Frei Manuel do Cenáculo, PhD in Library and Information Sciences submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Francisco António Lourenço Vaz, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15186)

Keywords: Frei Manuel do Cenáculo; Bibliophilia; Books; Instruction; Libraries; Pombal; Studies Reformation

Abstract: The aim of this work is the analysis of D. Frei Manuel do Cenáculo bibliophilia (1724-1814) by the systematic study of his sent and received correspondence, diaries, book roles and censures he made. This documentation was crossed with his printed work in order to reconstruct the net of bibliographical citations, and with the documental memories of his initiatives in the creation and endowment of libraries. All of these data served to analyse and contextualize Cenáculo activities in four basic aspects. Firstly, we study his activity in a particular time and relations network, inside an environment characterized by the Catholic Enlightenment ideas. The study focuses then on the figure of Cenáculo as an author, reader, censor and pedagogue. The exchanges of books and the initiatives of creation and support of libraries complete the investigation. The overall picture that can be taken from these stages suggests a multifaceted and ambivalent figure, at a time where various transformations were felt in the field of studies and in the concept of knowledge. Cenáculo was an active member of the reforms carried out in Pombal consulate and devoted much of his time promoting the use of books in studies and in the creation of public and particular libraries, where these instruments of knowledge could be found. Likewise, because of his duties, namely as censor, forbade access to some written compositions subordinating is passion for books to the existing socio-political order.

OLIVEIRA, Ricardo Pessa de, Under the auspices of the Council of Trent: Pombal between prevarication and discipline (1564-1822), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Isabel M. R. Mendes Drumond Braga, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10523)

Keywords: Discipline; Bishops; Pastoral Visits; Inquisition; Pombal

Abstract: The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a fundamental milestone in the history of the Church. At this ecumenical meeting a plan for an internal reform of the institution was drawn up, which outlined the orientation of the institution until the second half of the nineteenth century. After Trent, the clergy took a more effective action regarding the control of the behavior of believers, a matter naturally linked to political discourse. Bishops, confessors, cures of souls, inquisitors, missionary priests and preachers were key agents in the implementation of the Tridentine guidelines. Nevertheless, the prelates and the inquisitors played the main role in this process, contributing decisively to the religious integrity of Portugal and to the disciplining of the conduct of both ecclesiastics and believers. Taking into account this reality, we aim to study the ways in which these two bodies operate in the south of the diocese of Coimbra, namely in Pombal and in the neighboring parishes of Abiul, Almagreira, Louriçal, Mata Mourisca, Redinha, Santiago de Litém and Vila Cã. Structurally the thesis is divided into three parts. After describing the territory from a geographical, demographic and socio-economic point of view, the text establishes its analysis in the concrete practice of mechanisms for control and punishment of deviant behavior. Thus, the second part of the study seeks to ascertain the action of the prelates in the process of reform, especially through the analysis of the documentation produced by the visitation activity, while the third part analyzes the action of the Court of Faith. In addition to the punishment of deviant conduct carried out by these two instances of the religious field, the work also reveals the persuasive and diffused forms and instruments of doctrinal discourse that sought to instill in the populations practices that are free from criticism, that is, religious teaching, catechetical practice, sermons, works of devotion in the possession of private individuals and ecclesiastics and processions.

PARDAL, Rute Maria Lopes, Charity and Poor Relief in Évora (1650-1750), PhD in History submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Laurinda Abreu, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10721)

Keywords: Charity practices; Évora; Assistance; Misericórdia de Évora; Poor

Abstract: This thesis deals with charity and poor relief policies and practices in Évora between 1650 and 1750 and is organized in two analytical perspectives: the first one focuses on the poor relief institutions, their administrators and their options as distributors of resources. The second moves to the community, looking for the families and/or the individuals who, at some moment in their lives, were considered poor, or introduced themselves as such, getting access to the formal poor relief support. In order to analyze both we developed a comparative approach, integrating Évora in the national and European framework, trying to find answers to the questions that guided the research: what meant to be poor in Évora in the early modern period? Who were the poor and how many were they? What kind of support was given to them and which relevance had it in their lives? How the poor have managed their relationship with the poor relief institutions, that is to say, with the Misericórdia de Évora, also responsible for the legacy of the canon Diogo Vieira Velho, and the Cathedral Chapter? During this analysis we’ll demonstrate that the poor relief was only one of the multiple survival strategies used by the poor - by those who monthly received some chickens, but also by those who counted on poor relief after have spent their incomes to marry a daughter or make her enter into a convent: two extreme situations, from a very complex universe, not easily understandable, even when we cross several different documental sources trying to reconstructing some life courses.

PEREIRA, Ana Luiza de Castro, United by blood, separated by the law: illegitimacy and family in the Portuguese Empire, 1700-1799, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Margarida Durães and Júnia Ferreira Furtado, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/10469)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Portuguese migratory waves, especially from Minho, destined for America significantly changed the daily lives of families involved in this process. On the eastern shore of the Atlantic the organization of the nuclear family and the transmission system of inheritance may have been some of the deportation causes of family members who eventually seek immigration as a solution to ensure their livelihood. On the opposite shore, in Portuguese America, the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais was accompanied by a need for the Portuguese administration to consolidate its occupation, materialized by encouraging the settlement. Migration, in this context, has taken very different consequences to the communities that comprised the Portuguese Empire. The daily life of the families had to be adapted, rethought, taking into account the absence of men, on one side, and the major presence of Africans in the other. Although the figure of the Portuguese man has been the common denominator in the societies, this should not be seen as being responsible for recurrence, in the Portuguese Empire, of a similar socio-cultural behavior. In face of the interference that the migration phenomenon caused in both, communities lost some of its population, and those that were spiked with the presence of various ethnic and racial groups, this study, essentially compared, analyzes the establishment and organization of families in this context, especially the way the birth of illegitimate offspring was lived in two communities separated by the Atlantic Ocean during the eighteenth century. In Portugal we analyze the living of illegitimacy of residents from the parish of São João do Souto, belonging to the urban fabric of the city of Braga. In Brazil, the living of illegitimacy by the families and social nucleus will be analyzed in the Parish of Nossa Senhora da Conceição do Sabará. We will see, throughout the text, that contrary to what is thought to analyze communities subjugated to the same codes of civil and ecclesiastical law, distance and difference are key concepts with presence in the way the birth of illegitimate children was played by men and women of the XVIII century.

PEREIRA, José Gerardo Barbosa, Society, elites and power in Pernambuco in the seventeenth century, PhD in History: History and Culture of Brazil submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by António Dias Farinha, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6497)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: King John III of Portugal changed the Portuguese policy in Brazil when he decided to put in place a territorial land donation policy. Land would be given to donatory captains chosen among wealthy nobles who had rendered good services to the crown following the colonisation of islands in the Atlantic. This is what happened with Duarte Coelho, a Royal House noble who, after two decades of services rendered in Asia, and having capital to invest, received “Rio de Santa Cruz” Captaincy in 1534, which was then renamed as the “Pernambuco” Captaincy . Local elites, of which some were descendents of Duarte Coelho’s comrades, used to move around in a legal and institutional framework very similar to that of Portugal and, for instance, were committed to participating in the Senado da Câmara (Municipal Council) and the board of the Misericórdia (The Holy House of Mercy). Participation was perceived as an honour and was thus maintained over the centuries, since it was the local elites’ wishes to take part. In this Captaincy, there were prominent native and mameluke members, as well as Africans or their creole descendents, who became protagonists and received rewards as early as the second century of colonisation. The Philips’ power that, in 1581, was instituted in Portugal and its colonies, did not mean a major change in the life of the Pernambuco Captaincy. However, the Dutch invasion in 1630, with the consequent war and the fostering of a reformed church, was a rupture with the past in Pernambuco society. In Lisbon, the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed King on 1stof December and undertook the title of John IV of Portugal, separating from the Philips’ Monarchy. This significant event had important consequences in Brazil, leading to a rebellion in Maranhão in 1642 against Dutch domination, and three years later to the Pernambuco insurrection led by João Fernandes Vieira. In 1648, Portuguese and Brazilian forces were commanded by the Army Corp Commander Francisco Barreto, appointed by the King of Portugal, and were able to defeat the Dutch in the battles of Guararapes in April 1648 and February 1649. Finally, in January 1654, the Flemish had to capitulate after a tight encirclement of Recife completed by a naval blockage imposed by the armada that came from Lisbon with the third fleet from the Brazilian General Trading Company. After Pernambuco restoration and due to the circumstances in which it was achieved, the Crown decided to take over the government of the Pernambuco Captaincy, evicting the donatory, who was already living in Madrid. His heirs filed a lawsuit against the Crown which lasted several decades until a final judgement was given in 1716, maintaining the Royal power of the Pernambuco Captaincy. In other words, the Royal Captaincy situation was kept, and the heir, the Count of Vimioso, was compensated. After the restoration period of Pernambuco, there was a change in the historic memory of events, which followed a native approach encouraging the idea that the Pernambuco restoration had been fostered through an alliance of ethnic groups, composed of local inhabitants under the leadership of the “land nobility”. The growing hostility of this group towards Recife traders, most of whom were born in the Kingdom of Portugal and who had recently immigrated, took place mainly when there were elections at the Câmara(Council) of Olinda, due to the latter wanting to be part of the Senado da Câmara (Municipal Council). In 1709, King John V decided to grant Recife the stature of a Vila (small town), notwithstanding the opposition of the main residents of Olinda city.

PEREIRA, José Manuel Malhão, Portuguese itineraries, 16th to 18th centuries. Its genesis and influence in the study of hydrography, meteorology and terrestrial magnetism, PhD in History and Philosophy of Science submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Henrique José Sampaio Soares de Sousa Leitão, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35034)

Keywords: Rutters; Course; Astronomy; Wind; Current

Abstract: Portuguese sailing directions or rutters (roteiros), from XVI to XVII centuries, are today the most important, voluminous and also the least studied corpus of documents, relative to the Portuguese maritime expansion, that survived in European and Portuguese archives. Being vital, not only to long but also short distance ocean navigation, the rutters are extraordinary compilations of information, not only about nautical and geographical questions, but also meteorological and physical, besides issues relative to the observed fauna, flora, etc. In the beginning of the XVI century, as Portuguese expansion had a truly planetary scale, Portuguese rutters of that period were for sure the first gathering of information about the natural world that was ever known in the history of mankind. Though, its importance is matchless, and its study an imperative. This thesis intends to contribute, in a significant manner, to the study of Portuguese rutters as a whole, analyzing several of them on the aspects of their geographical sphere, on the methodology for acquiring the information and its technical aspects, on its influence to the

PINTO, Ana Cantante Mota Fernandes, «Tragédia mais Gloriosa que Dolorosa». The Missionary discourse about Tokugawa persecution towards Christians in European Printing Press (1598-1652), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa and Ana Isabel Buescu, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13208)

Keywords: Tokugawa Japan; Martyrdom; Early Modern Europe; Catholic Renewal; Jesuits; Dominicans; Augustinians

Abstract: In 1549 the missionaries of the Society of Jesus established themselves in Japan ushering in a period of Catholic evangelization which lasted until the 1640s. Since the Japanese mission came to be very successful, Mendicants Orders went after Jesuits evangelization from 1590’s onwards. By that time Tokugawa rulers were committed to structuring a centralized and authoritarian government. Missionaries’ preaching and attitudes clashed with the new order established by Tokugawa, who ended up promoting an anti-Christian policy. The success of the evangelization gave rise to a martyred mission which fueled a large missionary printing press activity in Catholic Europe. This discourse on martyrdom in Japan fed into the then occurring Catholic renewal devotional trends and Baroque spirituality. This was the setting in which 17th century Catholic Europe learned about Japan. Those printed texts were not simply used for information purposes. Printing press activity, separately promoted by each missionary order, envisaged also their own exaltation in a competition to influence the European political and religious powers in the ongoing controversy on missionary rights in Japan. Martyrdom in Japan thus became as a weapon of propaganda for missionary orders in Europe.

PINTO, Hélio de Jesus Ferreira de Oliveira, Jacob de Castro Sarmento and the medical and scientific knowledge of the eighteenth century, PhD in History, Philosophy and Heritage of Science and Technology submitted to the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Palmira Fontes da Costa, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15795)

Keywords: Sarmento; Newtonianism; Center-periphery; 18th century Portuguese medicine

Abstract: Henrique, alas Jacob, de Castro Sarmento (1691-1762), was a Portuguese doctor and a Jew, who was forced to abandon Portugal in 1721 to escape persecutions by the Inquisition. Sarmento is known for his contributions to the introduction of Newton’s ideas in Portugal and held to be the principal responsible for the dissemination of iatrochemistry among Portuguese doctors, contributing for the development of Portuguese science and medicine at this period. Being elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1730, Sarmento became the main scientific interlocutor between England and Portugal. The contacts established by him with several personalities are exemplar of the cultural interchange occurring between central Europe and its periphery at this period. The medical books published by Sarmento address several subjects, including some of the most significant and polemical in eighteenth century medicine, such as smallpox inoculation or the utilization of spring and mineral waters as a therapy. In 1737, he published his Theorica Verdadeira das Mares, which is the first Portuguese book which alludes specifically to Newton’s ideas. Paradoxically he was also the manufacturer of Água de Inglaterra, a secret medicine. The main aim of this work is to clarify aspects related with Sarmento’s life and work framing them on the context of European medicine and science.

PINTO, Paulo Jorge Corino de Sousa, At the extreme of the round sphere: Luso-Castilian relations in Asia, 1565-1640 - an essay on the Iberian empires, PhD in Historical Sciences submitted to the Faculty of Human Sciences of Universidade Católica Portuguesa, supervised by Luís Filipe Ferreira Reis Thomaz, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/4001)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The overseas empires of Portugal and Castile had a common origin and evolution but projected in different directions. Their courses were set in the late fifteenth century: one stretched along the African coast and moved eastward, and the other went in the opposite direction. Throughout the sixteenth century, Portugal and Spain built their empires in separate spaces and with different shapes, which came from different traditions, different interests and different experiences. However, these empire-building spaces had a dividing line that separated the world into two halves. On the Eastern border, those two models - being one essentially sea-based, coastal and relying on trade, and the other basically territorial and inland - met in the late 1560s, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to the Philippines. From there, the Spanish applied the frames of their previous colonial experience but also adapted to the existing conditions of Maritime Asia. At the same time, they related to the Portuguese who were already there for decades - a tense relationship, made of both collaboration and competition, depending on local conditions, different times and opportunities. This work presents a few guiding lines of this double relationship and adaptation: with the Asian world and the Portuguese, in a timeframe from 1565 to 1640. However, contacts between Spanish and Portuguese empires in Asia was just one side of a wider and deeper relationship between the two Iberian empires, particularly at a time when a political union between the two kingdoms existed, so a comparative approach on both was also attempted, focusing on their similarities and differences and their points of contact and divergence.

PINTO, Sara Maria Costa, The Simón Ruiz Company: spatial analysis of a business network in the 16th century, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Amélia Polónia and Monica Wachowicz, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/67323)

Keywords: Spatial history; Trade networks; First Global Age; Economic history; Mercantile companies; Spatial analysis; Bills of exchange; Commercial correspondence

Abstract: This PhD thesis is focused on the activity of Simón Ruiz Company, during the second half of the XVI century. The methodological proposal set is based on the spatial analysis of the merchant’s trade network, in order to evaluate the role of space in the dynamic complexity of commercial networks, in the First Global Age. Recent historiography converges to prove that modern economy was heightened by merchants’ networks operating at long distance, based on strategic centers dispersed throughout the main trade routes. In order to acknowledge this self-organized phenomena, one ought to recognize the necessity and relevance of spatial visualizations, since geography provides the spatial framing for network building and dissemination. Accordingly, the research developed within this PhD thesis is embossed within the theoretical framework of spatial history, aiming to highpoint the role of space in the assessment of the historical phenomena under analysis. In the first part of the thesis, the individual locations integrating the network are identified, and, assessed in a diachronical perspective, in their multifunctionality regarding their specific purpose within the global framework. In the second part, the distribution of the network within the space is critically analysed, as a part of the performance of global trade network in Europe and overseas. Several network features are addressed: the financial, through the visualization of money flow, particularly at moments of crisis; the mercantile, through the representation of goods flows and markets dynamics; and the familiar, through the analysis of its relevance in business dynamics. The data source which sustains the research is part of the company of Simón Ruiz’ private archive, namely the bills of exchange (9242 bills were analyzed, covering the period between 1553 and 1606) and the commercial correspondence sent by Portuguese agents (299 letters were analyzed, covering the period between 1558 and 1577). Timelink was used as informatics toll for database constitution.

PISSARRA, José Virgílio Amaro, Portugal and the development of the oceanic navies: The Portuguese galleon (1518-1550), PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27263)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The need to control, protect and expand the Portuguese overseas empire - geographically isolated and dispersed, and in part located in regions with strong naval opposition - exposed a number of very specific naval issues that could not be addressed within the conventional European technical context. As a result, the Portuguese authorities forced or allowed the introduction of several innovative solutions, amongst which the most important were: the upgrading, or perfection, of their naval artillery system, which was a standardized arrangement, probably in existence prior to the voyage of da Gama; the progressive creation of a typologically heterogeneous fleet, with respect to ship types, in order to better counteract most effectively all kinds of threats in diverse contexts, and the introduction of two dedicated sailing warships: the Portuguese naval caravel, at an uncertain date, but most probably in the early XVIth century, and the Portuguese galleon, in 1518. This research focuses on the latter ship type, whose characteristics and function had aroused a long lasting controversy among maritime scholars. In order to give a proper contribution to this discussion, we looked into the background and early history of the galleon, where, one might suspect, the answers to the critical queries lie. Technical evidence is late (ca.1590 onwards). That fact restricted all former studies to the period of Spanish rule, when the Portuguese galleon had already existed for seventy years, and Portuguese naval and maritime distinctiveness was being diluted in the unitary logic and the maritime and naval conceptions of the Spanish Monarchy. It is therefore a slight surprise that the functional nature of the galleon had become the subject of such contention. The Portuguese galleon and the Portuguese naval caravel were the first non-galley ship types built upon a distinctive military architecture. The galleon, as a heavy man-of-war, was the forerunner, through direct line or indirect influence, of all the subsequent large European sailing warships, in which the novel concept of the oceanic battleship was successfully embodied: a high-seas gun platform with great mobility and autonomy - an essential requirement to the Portuguese in the management of resources in the vast spaces of overseas interests - meant to outgun and outmanoeuvre any sizeable sailing ship and more capable than naus of withstanding galley attacks in calms. And therefore it was one of the constituent tools of the pan-oceanic naval power that allowed the Portuguese to build and protect their overseas empire. That the same formula has been successfully replicated in the creation of all European hegemonies and great maritime empires reveals a significance that exceeds the scope of the History of the Ship, in which the Portuguese galleon should be placed in a prominent position.

RAMOS, Maria Odete Neto, The management of the assets of the dead in the Misericórdia of the Arcos de Valdevez: charity and spirituality (17th-18th centuries), PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/31871)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Our study focuses on the management of the assets of the dead in the Misericórdia of Arcos de Valdevez, since its genesis in 1595 until 1800. In this course we analyze its birth, the assertion and demonstration of the first signs of crisis in the mid-eighteenth century. Not leaving behind the practice area of the institution and its social composition, we seek to specifically endorse the relationship between this (the Misericórdia) and those who were concerned with the assurance of eternal peace, choosing it as an intercessor for their soul in the afterlife. That is to say, analyze the role that the Misericórdia of Arcos de Valdevez had as administrator of the assets of the dead. Believing that life continued beyond death, the modern man chose a panoply of mechanisms which aimed to defray his soul and relied in the salvific company that would best safeguard their desires. Among the several confraternities that have labored for the beyond accounting there are the Misericórdias, in which the one of Arcos de Valdevez is included as the market of salvation which aimed to reduce the length of stay in purgatory. Recipient of numerous different legacies, the Misericórdia, started a charitable program marked, although to its scale, by traces of universality common to its peers. It fulfilled the seven corporal works of mercy and the only seventh spiritual, stipulated in last wishes or by free will of the men who administered it, using own funds, capital of the testers or the excess of their income. By determination of the legatees, on a spiritual level, the master of all votes was celebrated, by hiring a battalion of chaplains who celebrated, annually, thousands of Masses and solemnized the Forty Hours Jubilee; as for the material level, has lent money at interest, has given dowry for orphans to marry and healed the sick. With the excess of the assets of the dead, by collecting public money and from the contributions of the confreres, has implemented a charitable program, carried out by voluntary work of the brothers and with the recourse to employees that ensured some of the specialized tasks, which had as its main subject the poor. Through these funds gave them money and letters of guidance, clothed them, helped the prisoners and buried the dead. We must not forget that the role of this institution of managing the assets of the dead, cannot be addressed without an examination of the acquisition of real estate, increasing of heritage and underlying capital.

REGO, Maria Aurora Botão, From Santa Marinha de Gontinhães to Vila Praia de Âncora (1624-1924). Demography, Society and Family, PhD in History: Historical Demography submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Carlota Santos and Maria Norberta Simas Bettencourt Amorim, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/23728)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The main aim of this dissertation is the study of the evolution of the demographic behaviors of the parish of Santa Marinha de Gontinhães throughout three centuries, through a micro-analytical perspective that will help understand its populational dynamics, using relevant methods of Historical Demography. To achieve this we used the “reconstitution of parishes” methodology, proposed by Norberta Amorim, organizing information from the parochial records of births / baptisms, marriages and deaths conducive to the construction of a demographic database; open to the nominative cross referencing with other sources such as civil registers, movement of sick people, tables of prices of grains, registers of passports, testaments, wills and periodicals, amongst others. This process made it possible to advance the understanding of family structures and of socio-cultural practices. We also looked at comparing these behaviors to those observed in the Alto Minho region in the same era, contributing to a greater depth of knowledge of the demography of the region. In a regional context, with great socio-cultural and economic similarities between subpopulations, resulting from a predominant system of agricultural subsistence and of small property land division, mobility became a key factor in the demographic balance of these societies and in determining specific behaviours at fertility and matrimonial levels. Up until the beginning of the second quarter of the 20th century, the parish was characterized by an almost null population growth, as a consequence of self-regulating mechanisms belonging to the Old Regime. From this moment onwards, the settlement of a maritime community, originating mainly from A Guarda (Galicia), stimulated the fishing industry, a non-existent activity until then. The fishing community with its own differentiated behavior patterns, where continued high levels of fertility were evident, contributed decisively to the breakdown of demographic dynamics observed over centuries and to the growth of the population. Simultaneously, therapeutic baths and other types of economic activity were developed, contributing to the high level of attractiveness of the parish. In this conjuncture, one witnessed the moving of the community’s city centre from the foothills towards the coast and, simultaneously, the parish would became the most populated settlement of the county and the conditions for the village to be elevated to Vila Praia de Âncora on the 8th of July 1924 had been met.

REIS, Fabio Paiva, The cartographic representations of the Captaincy of Espírito Santo in the 17th Century, PhD in History: History of Portuguese Maritime Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by António Manuel Clemente Lázaro, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/46018)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This study presents and analyses, for the first time, the oldest maps of the Captaincy of Espírito Santo, since the map made by Luis Teixeira, ca. 1590, to the one seen in the Zee-Atlas, a Dutch work, ca. 1680. Some of the main questions that oriented this investigation are: what was the importance of the cartography in the modern Portuguese empire? How was the surveying and mapping of Brazil and Espírito Santo’s coast during the 16th and 17th century? What was known then about this Captaincy? How did the Portuguese, Dutch and Europeans in general saw the Espírito Santo at a distance? The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first discusses the evolution of modern cartography and its importance in the discovery and recognition of Portuguese America. The second chapter presents the earliest maps of the Captaincy of Espírit Santo in the context of the Iberian Union and appreciation of Brazil within the Portuguese empire. Chapter three explores colonial legends and religious presence in Espírito Santo in the most important Atlas of cartographer João Teixeira Albernas I. The fourth chapter shows the maps that completed the mapping of the entire coast of Espírito Santo in a period of Portuguese Restoration. The fifth chapter explores the Atlas of Albernas II and the Dutch Zee-Atlas and the last one presents the results of the mapping campaign in Espírito Santo that lasted nearly a century.

REIS, Maria Cecília Baptista Nunes Rodrigues e Sousa, Oporto and commerce in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro and the wine business, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Maria da Conceição Meireles Pereira, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/75501)

Keywords: Trade; Wine products; Porto; Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro; Military allowance.

Abstract: The object of this work provides the nominal identification of the agents that made up the communities of traders operating in Porto in mid seven hundred, as well as achieved market shares and the geographic location of the destinations of their trade, domestic and foreign, which includes Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro as a trading company. The research method developed consisted of collecting and processing of numerical and nominal data, which resulted in information later compared between its different variables. The results led to quantitative data that, after being statistically worked, led to charts and graphs that allowed to infer conclusions about the object of study. Limitations of this academic work relate to the reading difficulties of sources, as well as the lack of temporal regularity of records that makes naturally incomplete continuous analysis.

RIBEIRO, Ana Isabel Sacramento Sampaio, Nobility and Governance. Identities and social profiles (Coimbra, 1777-1820), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by Margarida Sobral Neto and Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho, 2013 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/24349)

Keywords: Coimbra; Local power; Elites; Nobility; Fidalguia; Social networks analysis

Abstract: The purpose of this study is an observation and in-depth analysis of the characteristics and behaviour of elites of Coimbra between 1777 and 1820. This analysis is supported of a large number of sources of very diverse origins and characteristics and use of methodologies based on data crossing, prosopographical and biographical reconstruction and analysis of social networks. In the study of the elites was used has a fundamental observation point the municipality. Through the analysis of the processes involved in the construction of the lists of eligible to office we tried to delimitate and characterize the changes in the elite composition, bearing in mind that this elite and certain ranks of nobility - the fidalguia - were coincidental for a extended period of time (17th century and first half of the 18th century). Understanding if assumption was still valid for the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century was also one of the objectives of this study. Given the importance of local fidalguia in terms of social and power appropriation we devote special attention to this stratum of nobility, seeking to identify its members, economic resources, networks of relationships and also the attempt to decode the choices made and the patterns of behaviour shown and compare them to those observed in other parts of the country around the same time frame.

RIBEIRO, Ana Sofia Vieira, Mechanisms and criteria of cooperation in trading networks of the first Global Age. The case study of Simon Ruiz network, 1557-1606, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Amélia Maria Polónia da Silva and Margrit Schülte Beerbhul, 2011………………………………………………………………………… (http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/mechanisms-and-criteria-of-cooperation-in-trading-networks-of-the-first-global-age-the-case-study-of-simon-ruiz-network-1557-1597/)

Keywords: Cooperation; Trading networks; Trust; Reputation

Abstract: Cooperation is an essential behavior in human society. It presumes that people gather efforts to obtain a benefit at a minimum cost, even with different goals and with different motivations. This kind of behavior acquires a specific frame in connection with trade and financial markets and networks, in the present or in the past. This dissertation focuses in the study of the mechanisms and criteria of cooperation in those trade networks, in a wide sense, in the sixteenth century, through the case study of the New Christian Castilian merchant Simon Ruiz. His business affairs were extended throughout all Europe and some Portuguese and Spanish colonial spaces. For this purpose, letters of exchange and commercial correspondence, kept in the archive of his company are the main primary sources to check four different hypothesis: 1)The dynamics of cooperation in a certain historical network, besides conditioned by issues of economic and political conjucture, are related with intangible factors, as trust, reputation, gossip or risk. 2) Trading networks had a dynamic lifecycle, they arise, change and finish according to their own dynamics and pressured by contextual circumstances. 3) Partners in trade have the tendency to be more punitive regarding the breakdown of norms created by the functioning of the network. 4) The endogamy and kinship of an economic and financial network in the 16th century was limitative, since merchants and bankers were obliged to find partners outside the initial, familiar and ethnic network of cooperative contacts for them social and economic survival.

ROCHA, Helena Maria dos Santos de Resende da, The East in the West: Japan in the Portuguese culture of the sixteenth century - the vision of Luís Fróis in the Letters of Évora, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Universidade Lusíada, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa and Carlos César Lima da Silva Motta, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/11067/904)

Keywords: Japan; Cultural Exchange; Epistolography; Jesuits; Ways of Thinking

Abstract: In the XVI century, through the Jesuit epistolography, western Europeans learned about a distant and exotic Japan populated by men with a particular social behaviour and morals. One of the major sources of information was the description (and creation) written by Luís Fróis, a Jesuit who disclosed the European culture emerging from the Counter-Reformation and from the Catholic Reformation to the Japanese. He belonged to a new religious order, new in time and in the way of thinking and acting, thus, enabled the cultural exchanging. It was through the eyes and writing of the Jesuits, and particularly of Luís Fróis, that the Europeans, eager to foster the expansion of Christianity and faith to Rome, accepted the potential of a territory open to modernity and which welcomed the foreigner who brought another culture, religious creed and way of thinking. Through a long correspondence, published as Cartas de Évora, Fróis’s way of seeing the various Japanese aspects of life stand out, including those aspects on society, politics, military conflicts, economy and religion. Fróis eyes on the civilizational Otherness are the eyes of an European, of a Portuguese, a religious person, a Jesuit, and particularly of a man who sees, describes and understands another man, always constrained by his own values.

RODRIGUES, Lisbeth de Oliveira, Portuguese Hospitals in the Renaissance (1480-1580): the case of Nossa Senhora do Pópulo, Caldas da Rainha, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Isabel dos Guimarães Sá and Leonor Freire Costa, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/27268)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This study intends to analyse the forms of administrative and financial organization of the hospital of Nossa Senhora do Pópulo between 1480 and 1580. The first section of this dissertation inserts our case study in the context of the reorganization of charity that took part from the fifteenth century onwards. The next step is to understand the reasons why the hospital was constructed in a deserted area, considering that hospitals tended to be founded in regions with some demographic density, and why it was under royal protection since its very beginning. The hospital corresponds to a new economic region in the Portuguese Estremadura, organized in the seigniorial form, with its headquarters being located in the hospital, under the authority of its provedor. At the same time, it was studied the hierarchical use of the inner spaces of the hospital and the modalities of its administration. We assessed the importance of the structures created by its founder, queen Leonor (1458-1525), in its evolution, as well as the interference of the Crown after her death. Subsequently, we concentrated on the study of the hospital as an economic entity, through the analysis of its rural and urban assets, as well as its forms of exploration, under the presupposition that hospitals were organizations whose scale implied complex organizational forms. The study of the evolution of its income and expense was undertaken in order to evaluate if the hospital could face economic crisis that affected provisioning, and, finally, if the institution was successful in obtaining a balance between its inputs and outputs.

SALES, Maria de Lurdes Ponce Edra de Aboim, From Malabar to Moluccas: the Jesuits and the Province of Malabar (1601-1693), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, Isabel Murta Pina, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19047)

Keywords: Asia; Missionary Work; Jesuits; Province of Malabar; Accommodation

Abstract: The Jesuit Province of Malabar, also known as Province of Cochin or Southern Province was established in 1605, four years after its foundation as a Vice-Province. Its genesis is closely connected with the expansion of the Jesuits throughout Asia and their need to organise and control its missionary network. Acting as an autonomous province sieged in the College of Madre de Deus in Cochin, a Portuguese settlement in Malabar that worked as its coordinating centre until its conquest by the Dutch in 1663. The loss of Cochin and of other Portuguese strongholds in the region led to major redeployments and changes in the Province, namely the shift of its headquarters to Ambalacata, a place in India's west coast. The Jesuit Province of Malabar encompassed a large geographical area, stretching from India's west coast to the Moluccas, characterised by a great political, cultural, social and religious diversity. The Province adjusted and readjusted during the seventeenth century due to a set of internal and external factors, among which we mention: - The lack of human and financial resources for such a large space; - The advancement or regression of the Christian communities due to local and regional powers; - The attractiveness of conversion; - The different levels of accommodation and the development of missionary strategies, which envisaged the recruitment and conservation of the Christian communities. This is, in its ensamble, a complex history in perennial transformation, whose narrative is created to publicise its 'Spiritual Conquest' throughout the Catholic world, taking advantage of its successes and inverting its failures, especially when the Annual Letters after 1663 magnify the growth of the Mission of Madurai.

SALVADO, João Paulo Silva Pinto, Nobility, Monarchy and Empire: the Manor House of the Almotacés-mores of the Kingdom (16th-18th centuries), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Artur Teodoro de Matos, 2010

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

SANTOS, Ana Raquel Martins, New carpets for new markets: production and consumption of indo-persian carpets in 16th and 17th centuries, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Jessica Hallett and Ana Claro, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/28737)

Keywords: Markets; Carpets; Consumptions

Abstract: Carpets belonging to the so-called ‘Indo-Persian’ type are among the most esteemed Islamic carpets from 17th-century Europe, based on their numerous representations that survive in 16thand 17th-century European paintings and in the inventories of the great houses of many European countries. 1 The approximately 80 ‘Indo-Persian’ carpets extant in Portuguese collections support the perception that this carpet type was certainly being produced in great quantities.2 Their appropriation by the state in 1834, as a result of the abolishment of the convents3 where they had arrived during the 17th century, led to their incorporation in Portuguese public collections and, thus explains their survival in such high numbers. With the exception of two examples (84Tp and 26.277, Appendix D) that can be linked to the aristocracy and are included in this study, the provenance of about 90 percent of these 17th century objects is well recorded. They can be associated with convents or churches where they were used in the past, although the exact date of their import is unknown.4 Therefore, they present an exceptional opportunity to increase our knowledge about the ‘Indo-Persian’ carpet type, especially when compared with the small numbers of surviving carpets with 17th century provenance in collections from Europe, particularly the Netherlands5, or elsewhere in the world.

SANTOS, José Miguel Duarte Leite Pinto dos, A study in cross-cultural transmission of natural philosophy: the Kenkon Bensetsu, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa and Henrique José Sampaio Soares de Sousa Leitão, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7468)

Keywords: Natural Philosophy; Aristotelianism; Neo-Confucianism; Christianity in Japan; Heavens and Earth; Translation; Four Elements; Astronomy

Abstract: This work shows that the transmission of European natural philosophy by Christian missionaries in Japan during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was made in a systematic way, even if at an elementary level. The Kenkon Bensetsu is used as main evidence of this. This text was introduced into Japan by Antonio Rubino, on the orders of Inoue Masashige it was translated by Sawano Chuan, at the request of Kainosho Masanobu it was transliterated by Nishi Kichibei and Mukai Gensho, and this last one also wrote a commentary on its theories from a neo-Confucian perspective. The historical setting and the process that led to the production of the Kenkon Bensetsu are described. From this it is established that the Japanese of all walks of life were curious about the causes of natural phenomena; that the missionaries had the ability to provide those explanations, drawing from the pool of theories provided by sixteenth century Aristotelian natural philosophy, adjusted to the interests and talents of their audience; and that the Japanese authorities considered that these theories were important in some way and thus took the necessary steps to ensure that that they would not be consigned into oblivion as a consequence of their efforts to stamp out Christianity. The text is integrally translated following explicit criteria, therefore opening the way to further exploration by many researchers. Some of its most striking characteristics concerning content and style are analysed.

SANTOS, Josival Nascimento dos, D. João de Melo, Bishop of Elvas, Viseu and Coimbra (1670-1704), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Pedro Paiva, 2015 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/29541)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Recent historiografical studies that has been poring over the style of bishop that emerged from the Council of Trent’s guidelines, identified archetypes of many prelates operating in various periods of the Ancient Regime. According to the first of them, the “shepherd-bishop”, as it was referred since its emergence, should follow Christ and his disciples’ model. From the middle of the XVII century, the requirements set by the Roman Curia forced the emergence of a new archetype profile, which especially highlighted virtues of jurisdictional and political nature. These standards during the second half of the XVII and the first decades of XVIII centuries, successfully create multifaceted manners within European world. Within the Portuguese context, such aspects are still under discussion and the example of bishop D. João de Melo is enlightening. Inquisitor, canonist with a spiritual path marked by the spirituality of Teresa of Avila, was selected among the prelates from the ranks of the Inquisition to govern the dioceses of Elvas, Viseu and finally Coimbra, his long episcopate lasted for more than 30 years. The analysis was developed from the knowledge of this bishop's figure, form the government style in his three dioceses, the relationships he established with the other powers present in the dioceses, and the relations he had with the crown.

SANTOS, Luís Fernando Carvalhinho Lisboa dos, A history of nursing in Portugal (1143-1973): The constancy of the essential in a constantly evolving world, PhD in Nursing: History and Philosophy of Nursing submitted to the Institute of Health Sciences of Universidade Católica Portuguesa, supervised by Margarida Maria da Silva Vieira, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/12265)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The study appears to meet the route objective and influences in nursing in Portugal, along the timeline from 1143 to 1973, with a framework on the way of assistance and a relationship with the History of Portugal. To this end, identifying the functions of nurses as well as their analysis, are crucial to arrive at an interpretation of how the various types of influences were more or less relevant in the course of the nurses over these 830 years. With the use of a historical methodology, with steps arranged, and objectives for each, setting out a relationship with a set of historical facts, all ages and from all regions of Portugal, we possible to find a set of knowledge, to add to the context of nursing history in Portugal. The ideas that were in this study, begin with identifying the educational influence has been over the centuries, determining the trajectory performed by nurses or by the absence of an organized professional education, before the twentieth century, also wants the education before enrolling at the professional activity. Moreover, we were unable to identify a systematic organization of periods, to take us to relate the facts with an amendment in relation to the functions of nurses in terms of hospitals. Also identified two different paths made by nurses in Portugal: evolution in Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra and developments elsewhere in the country. In these two paths organizational dynamics and the roles of nurses were quite different. Although there would fit on our objectives, however, verify the existence, almost always, people of both sexes, in practice care for the sick, with only short periods in the twentieth century, some female predominance. The curriculum construction, the beginning of organized education in nursing, had its origins in the roles that nurses already performed in hospitals throughout country appearing on the tradition of practical exercise of nurses.

SANTOS, Matilde Mendonça dos, Watch over faith. Inquisition and episcopacy in the diocese of Cape Verde (1646-1821), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Coimbra, supervised by José Pedro Paiva and Susana Goulart Costa, 2017 (https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/32143)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: The presence of the Inquisition in Cape Verde can be traced back to, at least, the 1540s. There it developed a diversified activity, aimed initially (until the mid-sixteenth century) at the new-Christians of Portuguese origin, accused of Judaism. This dissertation seeks to reconstitute the Holy Office’s action at a later period, namely from 1646 until 1821, when, without neglecting the core problem - the fight against crypto-Judaism - it tended to pursue more actively other crimes, such as witchcraft and/or bigamy, and to pay more attention to the Christianised natives. With regard to the Inquisition spaces of operation in the archipelago of Cape Verde, it had two distinct phases and places. First, during the seventeenth and mid-eighteenth century, it focused regular and intensively on the southern part, especially on the islands of Santiago and Fogo, Later on, from mid-eighteenth century onwards, it focused on the northern islands. Simultaneously, although with less frequency and less penetratingly, it acted in Guinea, the peripheral parts of the diocese, where difficulties of communication raised major obstacles. To carry out its actions in the diocese of Cape Verde, unlike what happened in other areas of the Portuguese empire, the Holy Office created neither a tribunal nor a wide network of its own agents and commissioners, it rather prioritised a tacit alliance with several local agents, ecclesiastical as well as secular, namely bishops, the chapter, the franciscans, governors, military and municipal authorities. However, these collaborative levels were not always the same, since the Inquisition often chose its collaborators depending on the locations, periods, and individuals. In this context, there was cooperation with the episcopate, which was particularly important for the Tribunal of Faith over time, despite the exceptional and brief break in the relationship occurred during the second half of the eighteenth-century. Thus, due to the relevance of the bishops in this field, we tried to analyse the activity of the Inquisition and the performance of the episcopate in the governance of the diocese, for the dynamics of the episcopate had a component of disciplining and confessionalisation, both of great value to the Holy Office.

SEABRA, Maria Teresa da Silva Diaz de, The Comarca of the Aldeia Galega of Ribatejo (15th and 16th centuries), PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Universidade Lusíada, supervised by Luís Adão da Fonseca, 2010

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

SEIXAS, Miguel Beirão de Almeida, Heraldry, Representation of Power and Memory of the Nation: the autarchic armorial of Inácio de Vilhena Barbosa, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Universidade Lusíada, supervised by Tiago Costa Pinto dos Reis Miranda, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12616)

Keywords: Heraldry; Municipalism; Representation of power; Municipal Insignia

Abstract: Taking as its starting point the autarchic armorial published by Inácio de Vilhena Barbosa in 1860, this work focuses on the relationship between municipal heraldry and the representation of power. The main objective is to verify how autarchic armorial bearings were used, from the Old Regime to the constitutional monarchy, as an integral part of the instruments of political consecration and memory building. The role played by this armorial in the nineteenth century process of building the liberal state, in affirming national identity and in the abstract attestation of a sovereignty of the nation, is particularly focused. The edition of the Portuguese autarchic armorial in the second half of the nineteenth century, far from being an isolated case, found a parallel in other European countries, where such type of publication assumed similar characteristics and functions. This functionality was at the base of the diffusion of the series of municipal armorial bearings and their repetition in places associated to the symbols of power or to the civic instruction of citizens.

SERRANO, Ana Filipa Albano, The Red Road of the Iberian Expansion: Cochineal and the Global Dye Trade, PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Jessica Hallett and Maarten van Bommel, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/24087)

Keywords: American cochineal; Iberian Expansion; Natural dyes; Global dye trade; Dyeing experiments; Artificial ageing; Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography; Partial-least squares discriminant analysis; Mass spectrometry

Abstract: Between the end of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th, the Portuguese and the Spanish expanded their empires to the Americas. While the Portuguese soon dedicated to the exploitation of brazilwood, the Spanish came to establish a monopoly in cochineal that would become one of the most important commercial products in the Atlantic until the 19th century. The interdisciplinary investigation presented here, combining Analytical Chemistry and Economic History, aims to explore the impact of the American insect as a commercial product in the global circulation of dyestuffs, and its importance as a red dye in the main centres of textile production in Europe and in Asia, in relation to other local insect dyes. The historical investigation comprised a comprehensive revision of historical publications and primary printed sources regarding the Iberian transatlantic trade in dyestuffs and their impact on European and Asian dyeing traditions during the Early Modern period. Special focus was given to the acceptance of American cochineal over local insect dye sources, namely kermes, lac and Armenian and Polish cochineal. This research reveals a gradual but clear adoption of the American dyestuff in Europe and in West Asia, although local insect dyes would still have a representative role in on-going practices, especially in East and Southeast Asia. Chemical research was pursued to evaluate the historical picture presented for the impact of the American dyestuff in Europe and, especially in Asia, to which insufficient historical information was available. Given that previous publications concerning the chemical characterization of insect dyes depicted limitations that compromised the differentiation of cochineal species in red-dyed historical textiles, an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was optimized to deliver more accurate results. Then, experiments with cochineal and kermes dyes were undertaken following several dyeing parameters. The resulting dyed fibres were characterized with UHPLC, leading to meaningful insights about the behaviour of the colorants’ dye compounds. Subsequent artificial ageing of the dyed fibres and their characterization with mass spectrometry (MS) permitted to characterize, for the first time, photo-degradation compounds in the insect’s colorant. These results were reported to be similar to those for historical fibres and, for this reason, it became possible to compare the experimentally-dyed and historical fibres through partial-least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), for the identification of the cochineal species used to colour the analysed historical fibres. By combining the results of this successful approach, along with the results for other coloured historical fibres and their contextualization with historical evidence, it was possible to ascribe assertive interpretations about the date and provenance of the investigated textiles. Moreover, successful historical interpretations could be obtained about the dynamics of American cochineal in European and Asian societies throughout the colonial period. Therefore, the interdisciplinary combination of chemical and statistical methods developed here, along with historical evidence, has proven to be an important approach that should be adopted in future projects for the characterization of insect dyes in cultural heritage objects.

SILVA, Luísa Stella de Oliveira Coutinho, History of law and colonization of Brazil: The women of the captaincy of Paraíba (1661-1822), PhD in Law: Legal History submitted to the Faculty of Law of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by António Pedro Barbas Homem, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35928)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This work studies the women of the captaincy of Paraíba from the perspective of Portuguese law applied to the Brazilian colony since the period following the Dutch invasion, marked by the Treaty of the Hague of 1661, until Brazilian Independence in 1822. For that purpose, I have used primary and secondary sources, both juridical and non-juridical, from Brazilian and Portuguese archives, of which a large number was transcribed. Among the legal sources, I have used the Ordenações Afonsinas, Manuelinas e Filipinas, the extravagant legislation from the kingdom, the Constituições Primeiras do Arcebispado da Bahia in the Brazilian ecclesiastical jurisdiction, in addition to references to precedents such as the Siete Partidas, Livro de Leis e Posturas, Fuero Juzgo and roman law. In these sources, I have identified specific aspects related to women and sexuality in the old regime, and compared them to the primary sources treating everyday situations within the legal system in place in order to identify the peculiarities of application of the Portuguese system of the old regime to the Brazilian colony. What do the documents say about women and conceptions about sexuality during the colonial period in Paraíba? In what ways do they move away from and/or approach the Portuguese ideal as applied in the metropolis, especially in relation to the secular, ecclesiastical and inquisitorial jurisdictions in this captaincy? Finally, I seek to elucidate the development of the subject in the historiography, history of women and critical positions related to law, feminism and postcolonial theories, demonstrating that the fixed idea of “woman” could be challenged in the documents themselves. There is nothing that is unique about the colonial women of Paraiba despite the heteronormative character of the law. In this thesis I conclude that the mutability and perenniality of the categories of sex and gender also occur in the practices of law.

SILVA, Ricardo Manuel Alves da, Marrying God: Religious and Spiritual Women's Experiences in Modern Braga, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Maria Marta Lobo de Araújo, 2012 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/19715)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This work studies the marriage to God in the Modern Era in three female religious institutions from Braga: the convent of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios, the convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição and the convent of Nossa Senhora da Penha de França. We tried to understand the different dimensions of the female religious life in that period, with special focus on the religious and spiritual experiences, without forgetting the relationships established with diverse organisms and the civil society. Confined in the convents against their will, those decisions met, nevertheless, the wishes of some women. Others, ended up adjusting to that lifestyle and others never accepted that imposition, having their behaviour degenerated into manifestations of nonconformity towards the condition which was destined to them. Financial managers, promoters of land exploitation contracts, managers of practices related to death, responsible for the agglutination of manifestations of and devotion to certain divine entities, the religious women took multifaceted roles in the monastic life. The strict discipline they were subjected to was not always accepted by all women. Therefore, their lifestyle became a compromise between rules set by the legal documents, which defined their existence, and the relationships among them and with the ecclesiastic authorities, in a repulse manifestation against the imposition of certain precepts at times. Destined to follow a daily routine marked by prayers and full commitment to God, they blent their experiences with the search for a few leisure moments what, sometimes, degenerated into escape manifestations towards the set rule. Others, however, were staunch followers of the church doctrine, becoming examples of faith and commitment to God, showing total desire to comply with their spouse’s wishes. Zealous in their fulfillment of the taken vows, some of these women took obedience, chastity, silence and monastic life as the ideals of life to follow, having some of them become examples of virtue and models of holiness within the communities where they lived. The spiritual perfection they attained made them true spouses of God, whose fidelity to the principles of Christian life expressed itself in the assumption of an eternal commitment of union with Christ. They were distant from society, yet they developed mechanisms which enabled close relationships with multiple people of that century. The institution of brotherhoods and their opening to the external world was one of those manifestations.

SILVA, Sandra Cristina Patrício da, Information systems of civil administrations in the municipality of Sines (1655-1855), PhD in History: Modern and Contemporary History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Carlos Manuel Guardado da Silva and Maria de Fátima Marques Dias Antunes Reis, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/33401)

Keywords: Information Sistem; Municipal Archive; Administrative History; Sines History

Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to study the information systems of local and central administrations within the area of Sines county between 1655 and 1855. The main system studied is that of the Sines City Council, in relation to other systems at the local level, such as the juiz de fora from Santiago do Cacém and Sines, the juiz dos órfãos or at a regional level, the Comarca de Ourique, as well as its interaction with the institutions that were hierarchically superior to Sines City Council. The approach implies a synchronous view (the skills and contents of functional relations of producers and their reflection on the production and circulation of information in a given time), and diachronic (the evolution of information production). In summary, it implies an organic-functional analysis of the producers and a functional and diplomatic analysis of the documents, as well as a study of information flows. The analysis will consist of the evaluation of the relationship between the production of information and the historical context in which it occurred, which means not only to present a direct relationship between legislation and information produced, but to problematize the custodial history of accumulated information and the historical context of its production. The information systems that are the object of this study have different producers, but were kept by the same institution, the Municipal Council of Sines. Here will be the domain of a crypto-archival: how were the original funds produced, what information disappeared and what was the intentionality or causality of such elimination. The focus is on the production of information in close relation with its context of production and with the forms of its materialization: organic-functional analysis of the producers; a functional and diplomatic analysis of documents, as well as the study of information flows. The administrative and custodial history of information systems allows us to understand the context of production and to reflect how the formation and the lack of knowledge of the institutional memory of the producer and the history of the county, have a close relationship with the archive produced and/or preserved. The production of information in the Modern Era by the civil administrations of the municipality of Sines was due to the singularity of its producer, the Municipality of Sines, as a territorial and jurisdictional landlord. The administrative act and the written instrument do not always coincide, and many acts did not materialize itself, either because they were not recorded or because the resulting documents were subtracted, destroyed or transferred to other producers. Information systems are based on the register of acts, with poor administrative specialization. One of the ruptures occurred with the advent of Liberalism: the extinction of the institutions of the Old Regime; loss of the judicial function of city councils. A new administrative complexity meant the identity between the installation unit and the aggregation. The second moment of rupture for the information system in the municipality of Sines was the extinction of the county, thus ending its production of information.

SOUSA, Élvio Duarte Martins, Islands of archaeology: The daily life and material civilization in Madeira and Azores (15th-18th centuries), PhD in History: Regional and Local History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Pedro Gomes Barbosa and Mário Jorge Barroca, 2011 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/5377)

Keywords: Madeira and Azores Islands; Early Modern Archaeology; Portuguese Expansion Archaeology; Everyday Life; Material Life and Material Culture Civilization

Abstract: This investigation is focused in describing the role taken by the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores in the knowledge of the material culture evidence after the 14th century. The chronological and cultural specificity of being discovered and settled in the early decades of the fifteenth century (characteristics that serve as the terminus post quem in the analysis, for example, of material culture), contribute to the status of "experimental field" as an important part of the Portuguese Early Modern Archaeology. The material civilization is reflected in the moments of rupture and continuity of everyday life. After the settlement regional and intercontinental trade channels, allured by the trial and by the cultivation of new products (sugar and pastel), capitalize the entry and flow of new devices and products. For example, wealthy households, include new items, imported from the "Kingdom", Europe (Spain, Italy, France, Netherlands, Holland, England, Germany) and from the Orient. Thousands of objects exhumed from a three century-old palimpsest sediment, are the source of approaching to the complex story of relations and social and economic activities. Pottery is, by far, the predominant trace. In everyday life, local and imported potteries are materialized in several tasks: the service and presentation of food and beverages; in storage and transport, for heating and lighting, personal and housing hygiene; in the leisure activity, and the artisanal and industrial use. The portrait of this everyday life results from the deductive exercise of the spaces and items exhumed. It is a story or a version - personal, private and limited - of what could have been a part of collective events at local and regional levels. The diachrony of the inhabited time, settles, in an often cluttered space, a deposit of remains of the people of the past. Faced with this repository, almost silent by nature, the most complex task was to give voice to the silence of the inhabited ground...

SOUSA, Luís Filipe Guerreiro da Costa e, Writing and practice of war in Portugal (1573-1612), PhD in History: History of the Discoveries and Expansion submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Francisco Contente Domingues and Vítor Serrão, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/8904)

Keywords: Art; War; Treatises; Portugal; Sixteenth century

Abstract: The men involved in the rediscovery of classical inheritance were also deeply committed to the so called «military revolution». Many artists and architects had a crucial role in the invention of the angled bastion, the key element of the fortification system, so war itself was also changed by artistic concepts. The conduct of battle went on to rely on aesthetic principles, graduations obeying the criteria such as symmetry, or the troop formations - known to the Portuguese as «esquadrões» - were built upon a rigorous mathematic and geometric operations. Representing the three-dimensioned reality implied the invention of the linear perspective method. Its roots went far behind to the times of Giotto’s empirical approaches but, nevertheless, the geometrical-mathematical conceptual basis in the fourteenth and sixteenth century had a more «scientific» approach. It extended to various activities, and so war was deeply influenced by mathematics and geometry, just as Art and Architecture. Shooting a cannon was no longer possible without calculating angles of fire and trajectory lines; the design of an angular bastion relied on geometric construction; and forming soldiers into battle required intricate arithmetic operations. The war thus earned the status of «nuova scientia» for relying in perspective and mathematics, which were already consolidated in the «Quadrivium» of liberal arts. The reign of D. Sebastião was confirmation of a growing militarization of the Portuguese society. Tridentine directives implied a new plain architecture that later was to became the «estilo chão», and war was also subject to a conceptual narrowing strictly focusing on the fighting effectiveness. The soldiers, no longer individual combatants, were a simple piece of the larger military building, the «esquadrão». Its construction implied mathematical and geometrical principles, the same rules needed for designing the longitudinal plan of a building. The military reforms implemented by D. Sebastião were profound and crossed various areas, such as operational, legislative and theoretical. Nevertheless, they did not appear as an isolated effort. One man played a key part in those reforms, Isidoro de Almeida, establishing a bridge between the past Reforms of King D. João III, and the later Filipe I. Almeida had an overall knowledge of the war, including the fortification, the art of «esquadronar», eventually the artillery, and even of architecture. He was a war veteran as well as a military writer, so his understanding was both practical and theoretical. His military treatise was the first published in Portugal during the sixteenth century (1573), and remained so until the book of Luís Mendes de Vasconcelos published in 1612. The institutional aspect was no less important. D. Sebastião’s ordinances exceeded the time period in which they were imposed, surviving the death of the monarch. The 1570 legislation continued to provide the recruitment during Spanish rule, obviously under foreign control the same way as Spanish garrisons occupied the principal Portuguese fortresses. Nevertheless, war remained almost exclusively in the hands of Portuguese nobles in the colonial space. The irregular nature of warfare continued in the vast regions of the Empire. Surely the enemies allowed looser military formations, but that approach was also a military necessity because of the completely different characteristics such as climate, topography, and the forces involved. Still, soldiers also fought in regular formations if the situation required, as we can see in some accounts of the war in Angola or in Ceylon. The irregular warfare and the European doctrine merged, combined with the offensive «à outrance» that Boxer intended to generalize as the sole fighting method of the Portuguese. Half a century later, during the «Guerras da Restauração» in the seventeenth century, the racially heterogeneous Brazilian forces were the victors against the regular armies of W.I.C. Just as the Portuguese armies vanquished the Spanish forces in the regular European battlefield.

SOUSA, Maria João de Orey de Figueiredo Cabral da Câmara Andrade e, The Archive of The House Of Belmonte, 15th-19th Centuries: Identity, Administration, and Power, PhD in History: Historical Archival Studies submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by Maria de Lurdes Rosa and Pedro Cardim, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/26855)

Keywords: Family Archives; Archival History; Family History; Social History; History of Nobility; Archive of Casa de Belmonte

Abstract: This thesis studies the Archive of the House of Belmonte. The oldest core of this archive was produced and preserved by the lineage of the Figueiredo family, becoming attached to their path since late fifteenth century. The main purposes are the understanding of the documental production and the dynamisms that led to the documental production of the lineage of the Figueiredo family, between the end of the 15th century and the first half of the 19th and to the creation, production and preservation of the Archive. By identifying the contexts in the origin of this archive, the intention is to seize the way(s) and motivation(s) for the use of the documentation, to identify the intertextualities in it, and to understand the relation between the lineage and its documents. This is done in an interdisciplinary plan in which History and Archival Science are combined. The work is divided in three main parts: the first part presents the theoretical support that guides this study, mainly in terms of the current paradigms of the Archival Science, the Nobility History in Portugal, and the current knowledge about Family Archives in its specificities. The second part focuses on the clarification of the custodial history of the archive and the explanation of how the analytical corpus was shaped, through the existence of two inventories preserved in the Archive of the House of Belmonte and the consultation of the Royal Archive’s fonds (Chancelarias Régias; Corpo Cronológico; Registo Geral de Mercês). The third part explains the archival representation and is focused in the analysis of the roduction and uses of documents. The further analysis of the two inventories preserved in the Archive of the House of Belmonte enabled the understanding of the various information recovery tools. The work is finalized with a reflection about the effect of the archive in the consolidation of the family/House and an epilogue that intents to reflect about the appreciation, dissemination, and availability of Family Archives.

SOUZA, Lais Viena de, Missionaries of the body and the soul. Powers, cultural circulation and healing practices in the wards of the missions and colleges of the company of Jesus. Goa and Bahia, 1542-1622, PhD in History submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Maria de Deus Beites Manso, 2018

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

TEIXEIRA, André Pinto de Sousa Dias, Bassein and its territory: Politics and economy (1534-1661), PhD in History: Discoveries and Portuguese Expansion History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9389)

Keywords: Bassein; Portugal; Early Modern Age

Abstract: Most part of Greater Mumbai, in the Indian state of Maharashtra, belonged to Portugal between 1534 and 1739, except for the island of Bombay, presently the city centre, handed over to the British in 1665. The territory was integrated in Portuguese domains in Asia by agreement with the sultan of Gujarat, as consequence of the trade rivalries in the Indian Ocean. It was the first settlement in Estado da Índia to occupy a significant area (2000 km2), when cities, ports or fortresses goals were to control trade and navigation. The Portuguese enjoyed territorial stability during its first century in Bassein, the ancient capital of this region, profiting from the rivalries between the Mughal empire and the Decan sultanates, as well as the good relations between the Mughal and Goa. The inner regions suffered ocasional plundering actions from the Mahaved Kolis kingdom. This context favoured the Portuguese appropriation of the land throughout the incorporation of pre-existing structures, the application of solutions used in other Asian urban domains and, finally, creating original methods of appropriating rural areas. Pre existing administrative network and the agrarian system were maintained. Land management was kept in private official’s hands, intermediaries between Estado and peasants and responsibles for collecting taxes and military defence. But the Portuguese Crown replaced all the former grantees by its own vassals, making the donation of land a new way of rewarding for their services. A new administrative frame was also created, with military defence and tax recollection as its main purpose. The key rural areas and its people were delivered to the catholic missionaries as a way of acculturation and Christianization of local societies; they spread their churches and replaced many of the state officials in local administration. The economic model suffered small changes, allowing a lasting positive balance. The region continued to depend on the village’s rice production, exporting it to neighbouring Islamic markets, but also to Portuguese possessions, through its regular trading circuits. The extraction of wood and the naval construction suffered a substantial increase, mainly for the small coastal navigation vessels, that supplied Estado da India. The region remained connected to the African coast, to Arabia, Persia and mainly to the Guajarati ports, but never assumed an important position in the Indian Ocean trade. This thesis is part of the Bombay Before the British: the Portuguese legacy at the Bombay peninsula’s territory project, which intended to comprehend the origins of this Indian metropolis. The matrix of the British Bombay can be traced back to Portuguese times. It is believed that primitive villages, churches, forts and roads established under Portuguese rule were used and completed by the catholic communities that remained in the territory. In this scope we aim to understand the administrative, economic and social frame of the Portuguese presence in the territory between 1535 and 1665.

TIRAPICOS, Luís Artur Marques, Science and diplomacy in the court of D. João V: The action of João Baptista Carbone (1722-1750), PhD in History and Philosophy of Science submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Henrique José Sampaio Soares de Sousa Leitão, 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35028)

Keywords: Giovanni Battista Carbone; Astronomy; King João V; Diplomacy; Catholic Enlightenment

Abstract: From his arrival in Lisbon, in September 1722, until his death on April 1750, the Neapolitan Jesuit Giovanni Battista Carbone/João Baptista Carbone (1694-1750) was, in the court of King João V (r. 1707-1750) of Portugal, the pivot of a significant scientific, political and diplomatic activity. His journey to Lisbon, with fellow Jesuit Domenico Capacci, was motivated by a mapping mission to Portuguese America but, since the monarch became impressed by Carbone’s personal qualities, the Jesuit mathematician never left the Portuguese mainland. In the summer of 1722 he had studied at the Roman College, the Society’s most emblematic school, with the holder of the chair of mathematics Orazio Borgondio. In Portugal, reflecting the new enlightened spirit of rigor and quantification cherished by the king (the espri géometrique, as Fontenelle called it), the 1720s were dedicated to precise astronomical observations in order to find Lisbon’s exact geographical coordinates. These observations, carried out sometimes in public and with the presence of the sovereign, expressed the Baroque taste for feasts, theatricality and ostentation; but also the new rationality embraced by the Catholic Enlightenment, of which Father Carbone was an evident expression. If in Lisbon the astronomical observations of the Jesuits helped to build the image of an enlightened king and lover of the sciences, symbolically reinforcing the prestige of the Portuguese monarchy, in Brazil they provided geodesic measurements that improved cartography and the control and knowledge of the territory. Through astronomy, Jesuit missionaries were allowed to continue at the court of Beijing and in India diplomatic relations with Maharaja Jai Singh II were improved. That is, in the first half of the eighteenth century astronomy became in Portugal a complex, multifaceted and multifunctional tool of power assuming Giovanni Battista Carbone a crucial role as a mathematical expert and political agent serving King João V, the Society of Jesus and the Pope. In this dissertation it is shown that in the biographical path followed by the Jesuit and royal mathematician the two facets, the scientific and the diplomatic, were inextricably intertwined. Carbone’s action represented the embodiment of a symbiotic relationship, of sharing of interests, established between diplomacy and the sciences/technics in the modern age.

TRINDADE, Ana Cristina Machado, The episcopate of D. Frei Manuel Coutinho, 1725-1741, PhD in Humanities: Modern History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Madeira, supervised by Rui Carita and José Pedro Paiva, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/572)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

TRONI, Joana Leandro Pinheiro de Almeida, The Portuguese royal house at the time of D. Pedro II (1668-1706), PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Maria Paula Marçal Lourenço, 2014 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10712)

Keywords: Modern State; Portuguese Restoration; Portuguese Royal Household; Court society; D. Pedro II (1668-1706)

Abstract: The main purpose of this work is the study of the Portuguese Royal Household at the time of D. Pedro II including two distinct moments: firstly, between 1668 and 1683, during the period that D. Pedro was Prince Regent of Portugal; and, in second place, when he becomes king of Portugal after the death of his brother, D. Afonso VI, until 1706, the year of his death. Nevertheless, it is also considered the process of construction of the Portuguese Royal Household after the Portuguese Restoration, in particular through the detailed analysis of the Regiment of the Royal Household, dated from D. João IV’s reign, and of the household higher offices. We address the political dynamic of D. Pedro’s II Royal Household through its major officers, such as the mordomo-mor (Lord Steward) and the estribeiro-mor (Master of the Horse), identifying continuities and ruptures. Among the latter, we analyze in detail the loss of meaning and importance of the camareiro-mor (Lord Chamberlain), a position that was held by the Counts of Penaguião / Marquis of Fontes, and the entry of the camaristas (gentlemen of the privy chamber) in the structure and the royal household, a change that remains throughout King João’s V reign. We also study the government of the kingdom through the Royal Household, emphasizing the role of the gentlemen of the privy chamber. Continuing to follow the process of the Royal Household structuring, we focus on the image D. Pedro as ruler of Portugal. In this stage, we stress the increasing complexity of court life and highlight moments of Portuguese representation abroad, but also within the limits of the kingdom, giving special attention to the reception of the Archduke Carlos of Austria in the context of the Portuguese participation in the War of Spanish Succession and what it meant to D. Pedro II’s image.

TUMA, Sofia Valdez, Portuguese neutrality in the eighteenth century: From Hugo Grotius to political and diplomatic action, PhD in History: Early Modern History submitted to the School of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade de Lisboa, supervised by Luís Ramalhosa Guerreiro and Claude Michaud, 2010 (http://hdl.handle.net/10451/2236)

Keywords: Neutrality; Androgynous Iberian; Hermaphrodite; Hugo Grotius; Portugal

Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the policy of Portuguese neutrality during the eighteenth century. We consider, initially, the ideological matrices of neutrality in order to contextualize concepts and practices. In an interdisciplinary approach, the topics developed by similar historiography in the study of political thought and international relations are privileged, among others. Thus, we intend, in the first part of this study, to reassess the theoretical legacy of Hugo Grotius, which underlies the whole modern philosophical tradition concerning relations between States. Grotius, in his work, strongly condemns the idea of a universal politic body, an aspiration that seems to him ethically reprehensible and contrary to nature itself. The dual character of the Philippine monarchy, as well as the oceanic voyages promoted by the maritime powers of early modern Europe, awoke the ambiguous figure of the platonic writings, the androgynous. The Universal Monarchy project was the target of gradual opposition, and eventually replaced by the proposal for a system of balance of powers. It is from this model that the nation-states will emerge, like that of a restored Portugal, separated from the Iberian Union. In a second part, we analyze exactly the Portuguese case that is characterized by a multifaceted foreign policy, by the superabundance of alliances and even so many times by contradictory interests. Such ambiguity, oscillating between a position and its inverse, naturally follows the ideological framework prevailing in the Iberian societies of this period. And so, the Portuguese government came to be considered as hermaphrodite, a being “neutrum”. An obsolete analogy according to the secular and rationalist humanist perspective, truth to be told. In the society of nations, neutrality, as legal creation, evolved in the sense of abstention or impartiality. Finally, in the last part, we analyze the experience of Portuguese neutrality in the course of several European conflicts in the eighteenth century. Portugal, in its diplomatic sphere, tacitly or expressly, seeks to defend sovereignty by choosing a policy of neutrality. Benefiting of a peace scenario, neutrality represented an alternative to the declining monopoly of overseas shipping and trade, and was in fact a covert and subtle form of opposition to the other European powers.

VALENTE, Patrícia Costa, Finances and Power in the municipality of Porto (1706-1777): from bookkeeping to inspection, stabilities and ruptures, PhD in History submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the Universidade do Porto, supervised by Maria Inês Ferreira de Amorim Brandão da Silva, 2015 (http://hdl.handle.net/10216/101595)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: Not available

VAQUINHAS, Nelson Manuel Cabeçadas, The Mesa da Consciência shall understand and execute: The Military Orders’ information system in the 18th century, PhD in Library and Information Sciences submitted to the Institute for Advanced Studies and Research of the Universidade de Évora, supervised by Fernanda Olival and Carlos Guardado da Silva, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23167)

Keywords: Archives; Information system; Institutional history; Military Orders; Mesa da Consciência e Ordens

Abstract: The main goal of this dissertation is to reconstruct the Military Orders’ information system in the 18th century. It is our purpose to know the organizational structure, the information circuits connected with the administrative procedures and the inherent typology associated with the main processual ways managed by the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens. As it happened with other organs of the Portuguese central administration, the Mesa da Consciência demanded secrecy in their procedures. Sometimes this institution dealt with honour and therefore confidentiality was fundamental. In this approach special attention was given to the background investigations for receiving insignias of knights, to the appointment of officials and to the provisioning in churches and benefices. They are the most commons procedures in Mesa da Consciência everyday life. It is also important to analyse the internal and external relations established by the Mesa da Consciência in order to attain their goals. The global workflow created a system that projected itself in some organic unities scattered along the Portuguese territory, which supported the information flow among the secretaries, the convents/ monasteries, the juízos and the ecclesiastical benefices. In Early Modern Times, the outstanding position of the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens did not diminish the relevance of the convents’ archives and of other registry offices; on the contrary, all were theoretically articulated and appeals were occasionally made to every one of them. On the other side, the Court of Orders turned to other systems in an atmosphere of sharing information resources that fed their activities. In this context a network of relationships was established in a constant interaction with the outside world, not only by the individuals that interacted with it, but also by a wider structure supported by the Royal Councils of which the Mesa da Consciência was part.

VIEIRA, Carla da Costa, One cable to the sea and other to the land. New Christians in Algarve (1558-1650), PhD in History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João José Alves Dias, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10187)

Keywords: Algarve; Inquisition; New Christian; Judaizer; Blood

Abstract: In December of 1558, a New Christian from Vila Nova de Portimão, Grácia Mendes, introduced herself before the vigario-geral of Algarve to confess that she had been a judaizer and to accuse other people that, as she, had believed in the Law of Moses and had kept its ceremonies. In this manner, the first wave of inquisitiorial arrests in Algarve began. Until the middle of the 17th century, two more waves had happened in the region, one beginning with an inquisitorial visit in 1585, other in the 1630s and1640s. In nearly one century, over eight hundred New Christians from Algarve had had inquisitorial trials. Besides the religious persecution, they also strugled against the social ostracism supported by the “Jewish blood” stigma, which the official discourse related to all faults and, particularly, to the natural tendency for heresy. The question is how these two phenomenons - the persecution and the exclusion-influenced the evolution of the New Christian minority in an area that, because of its own characteristics, was also an essential factor to the definition of the group identity and its transformations. The residential areas changed: in one hand, inside the cities and the towns, following its own development; in other, with the leaving of the birth place for other lands inside and outside Algarve, inside and outside Portugal. The group mobility was intense, principally if motivated by the threat of prison. For many of them, the professional activity required permanent circulation. The trade, as well as the crafts, was the prevailing activity among New Christians from Algarve. However, the conexion with farming never disappeared, on the contrary it become more solid along the 17th century. The ties with Old Christian families also became stronger, due to matrimonial unions between them. The consequence was the increase of individuals with “mixed blood”, which had been the majority of the trialed New Christians during the third wave of inquisitorial arrests in Algarve. Assimilation? This is an idea that goes against the fact of the New Christians, independently of their proportion of “Jewish blood”, still being arrested by the Inquisition, as well as discriminated against in the access to some positions or institutions. Some beliefs, behaviours and rituals, supposedly Judaizing, were still being linked to them. The defendants’s confessions evidenced a transformation in these aspects, due to the indispensable strengthening of the secret and simulation before the growth of the Inquisition’s menace, but also thanks to the advancing knowledge about the way how the Court worked and about the best strategies to obtain a more lenient sentence and a shorter prison time. In the middle of 17th century, New Christians were a divided group: some of them becoming closer to the Old Christian majority, others still affirming and being proud of their New Christian identity. Among the Judaizers, this division happened also in their beliefs and rituals, a duality that crossed the limits between the public and private worlds, which the Inquisition identified as the boundaries of their religious life: public Christians and secret Jews

VILAÇA, Olanda Barbosa, Material Culture and Movable Heritage in the Rural World of the Baixo Minho - NW Portugal, 1750-1810, PhD in History: Modern History submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences of the Universidade do Minho, supervised by Isabel dos Guimarães Sá and Margarida Pereira Varela dos Santos Montenegro Durães, 2013 (http://hdl.handle.net/1822/24872)

Keywords: Not available

Abstract: This study intends to analyse the material culture within the families of Baixo Minho during the Ancien Régime, not only as e vehicle to the understanding of the economic and social history of three municipalities (Barcelos, Guimarães and Póvoa de Lanhoso but also with the purpose of reconstructing its ethnographic context between 1750-1810), using as main sources orphanologic inventories and annexing last wills. We have used the listings and descriptions of land and movables included in 600 inventories, equally divided among the three municipalities. This work is divided into three segments. In the first, the potential of the sources for the study of material culture and inheritance system is considered, taking its limitations into account. In this context we approach the transmission of assets to the heirs that were absent at the time of partition. The laws implemented several devices in order to protect their inheritance, but they were not always sufficient to deter appropriation by other inheritors, who profited from ambiguities within the law. Our purpose is also to stress the importance or orphanologic inventories to the study of emigration, as they inform about travel destinations, their costs and age of absentees. In the second segment, we approach the real estate of the households as capital elements within inheritance and as the main indicator of social differentiation. In the Baixo Minho, small parcels of land leased to farmers predominated; however, land continued to be the main power and status symbol, as well as their main source of subsistence. As such, it is crucial to analyse the structure of land “ownership” as well as the leasing contracts in use. The importance of animal is also studied, because they were important in domestic economy together with agriculture. Next, we concentrate on the house, which played an important role in the production of identity and sense of belonging transmitted between the generations. It is analysed according to architecture, namely in what concerns its compartments, studying the different functions and uses of space as possible elements of differentiation between private and public. In the third segment, we study the mobile assets of our families, in order to understand the importance of domestic and bodily objects. Things vehicle uses and meanings, construct power relationships, and define hierarchies within the family. This present dissertation aimed to understand them, and simultaneously, to precise the evolution of the different typologies of mobile assets in an era of transition from the Ancien Régime to the Modern Age.

ZHANG, Minfen, The Image of Chinese literati in the Works of the Portuguese Authors of the XVI and XVII Centuries, PhD in History submitted to the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, supervised by João Paulo Oliveira e Costa and Rui Manuel Loureiro, 2018 (http://hdl.handle.net/10362/58911)

Keywords: Image; Chinese literati; Portuguese authors; XVI and XVII centuries

Abstract: The study hereby presented covers over two hundred years’ history, traced back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At that time, many Portuguese had arrived in the Middle Kingdom, among whom the Jesuits who came for religious purposes. There were numerous important writings about that eastern land, including countless significant descriptions of literati of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties of China. Regarding the first images of Chinese literati, the first Portuguese texts upon the Chinese literati, followed immediately after their first direct contacts with China from 1513 and until 1583, will be discussed, in particular, the works of the captive of Cantão, D. Jerónimo Osório, Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, Galiote Pereira, Frei Gaspar da Cruz, Fernão Mendes Pinto, among others. It witnessed the birth of a frankly positive image of Chinese literati, which made the Jesuit priests to modify their missionary strategy towards China, with frankly positive results. The progress of the Jesuit mission in China, which began in 1583, is being analyzed, thanks to an ever deeper knowledge of the Chinese language and culture. The success of Matteo Ricci and his European confreres was linked exactly to the relationship they established with Chinese scholars, and they chose a more elitist form of missionary. The news about Chinese literati transmitted by the Jesuit priests, especially their attitudes towards European cultures, the Christian faith, the Western priests, among other things, were also analysed in the thesis. In addition, the image of Chinese scholars in the works of the three Jesuit missionaries: Álvaro Semedo, António de Gouveia and Gabriel de Magalhães, who left the most significant descriptions of China, will be explored, in the thesis. The Jesuit information will be confronted with Chinese materials, allowing to verify its rigor. The thesis also includes a chapter dedicated to Xu Guangqi, the famous "Doctor Paulo" of the Jesuit sources, who was one of the first Chinese literati to convert to Christianity. Dr. Paulo was one of the great supporters of the Jesuit mission, and will be taken as a paradigm of the "Christian scholar", analyzing his formation, the activities he dedicated himself and, above all, his support for the Jesuit mission in China.

Copyright 2020, ISSN 1645-6432
e-JPH, Vol. 17, number 2, December 2019