VOLUME 37 NUMBER 3 JULY 1998
Articles and Notes
A Foraging Task Reduces Agonistic and Stereotypic Behaviors in Pigtail Macaque Social Groups, by M. L. Boccia & A. S. Hijazi...... 1
Pairing Macaca fascicularis, by C. Asvestas...... 5
Measurement of Enrichment Device Use and Preference in Singly Caged Baboons, by R. D. Hienz, T. J. Zarcone, J. S. Turkkan, D. A. Pyle, & R. J. Adams...... 6
Placing Hand-Reared Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) into Adult Social Groups: A Technique for Facilitating Group Integration, by K. Pazol, S. McDonald, K. Baker, & B. Smuts...... 11
Pair-housing Male Macaca fascicularis: A Summary, by D. Seelig ...... 14
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Maria L. Boccia and Amal S. Hijazi
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Introduction
Many of the strategies developed for enhancing the environment of socially housed primates involve providing opportunities for foraging behavior (e.g., Bloomsmith, et al., 1988; Chamove and Anderson, 1979; Reinhardt & Roberts, 1997). In the wild, foraging involves spending significant amounts of time finding, obtaining, and processing food -- from 36% to 70% of a typical monkey's day (e.g., Boinski, 1988; Caldecott, 1986; Chamove, et al., 1982). In captivity, this time is typically reduced drastically to the time necessary to consume the easily accessible, provisioned food.
As a way to increase these species-typical behaviors, several types of foraging enrichment strategies -- including mixing forage into substrates or using probe feeders or puzzles -- have been developed (for a review, see Reinhardt & Roberts, 1997). The growing literature in this area indicates wide differences in response to such welfare interventions, from the level of the individual within a species (e.g., Suomi & Novak, 1991) to the level of species and genera differences (Chamove & Anderson, 1989). This variability suggests that any enrichment strat-egy needs to be rigorously tested in an adequately large sample of the specific species for which it is intended before widespread implementation.
The present study was designed to examine the impact of introducing a naturalistic foraging task on agonistic and stereotypic behaviors in a pigtail macaque colony. It is a replication of earlier studies (Boccia, 1989a, b) with a group of monkeys whose behavioral profile was quite different from that of the earlier group. This paper is a direct comparison of these two groups.
Methods
Subjects and Environment: Twenty-two laboratory-born pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), living in two groups, were used in this study. Group 1 consisted of one adult male, six adult females, and three infants, one born during the study. Group 2 (whose results were reported in Boccia, 1989a, b) contained five adult females with their five respective infants, and two young, nulliparous adult females whose mothers were in the group. Both groups were housed in 2.1 x 2.5 x 4.0 m indoor pens, with glazed cinderblock walls and woodchip bedding on cement floors. Pen ceilings were made of wire mesh, with plastic shelves and metal pipes providing additional usable space. One-way mirrors were located on one wall of the pens to permit unobtrusive observations. The groups were fed at 0900 hours, with a diet consisting of standard laboratory monkey chow, supplemented with fruit five days per week. Water was available ad lib, through a standard watering system.
Procedure: The experimental manipulation was the provision of a naturalistic foraging task by spreading approximately one cup of sunflower seeds in the woodchip bedding between 1400 and 1500 hours, five times per week for two months. Seed dispersal was begun after two weeks of baseline observations. Five-minute focal animal observation sessions were conducted for each of the thirteen adult females, during each of three two-week periods: baseline, first two weeks of seed provision, and two months after initiation of seed provision. Behavioral data were collected for six days of each two-week period with one morning (0930-1200 hrs) and one afternoon (1-2 hours after seed provision) session daily. Thus, twelve observation sessions per animal were obtained per experimental period. Behavioral categories included: (1) environmentally directed behaviors (object exploration and bedding exploration); (2) other non-social behaviors (locomotion, stereotypy, and scratching); (3) affiliative behaviors (touching and grooming); and (4) agonistic behaviors (aggression, submission, hairpulling, and brawling -- more than two animals in an agonistic exchange).
Data Analysis: The data were analyzed using analyses of variance (ANOVA) with group, phase (before, during the first two weeks and after two months of seed provision), and time of day (morning and afternoon) as independent variables. Post-hoc tests of significant ANOVAs included simple effects analyses followed by Newman-Keuls tests.
Results
Although provision of the seed foraging task altered the distribution of social, aggressive, abnormal, and exploratory behaviors in the groups studied, this varied between the groups. This was particularly notable for aggression and exploration. Changes in aggression were primarily found in the more aggressive group. Both groups showed changes in stereotypy.
Environmentally Directed Behaviors: Group 1 exhibited a greater amount of time spent in object exploration than Group 2 (Group effect: F = 11.86, 2/22 df, p = 0.0003; see Figure 1). This behavior occurred primarily in the afternoon hours (Time-of-day effect: F = 5.85, 2/22 df, p = 0.0092).
Figure 1: Changes in object exploration in Group 1 (upper graph) and Group 2 (lower graph) across the three phases of the experiment.
Not surprisingly, there were both phase and time of day effects in bedding exploration (see Figure 2). More time was spent performing this behavior after the seeds were introduced than during baseline (Phase effect: F = 6.27, 2/22 df, p = 0.007), and it occurred primarily in the afternoon (Time-of-day effect: F = 18.06, 1/11 df, p = 0.0014). Group 2 spent more time engaged in this behavior than Group 1 (Group effect: F = 12.66, 1/11 df, p = 0.0045; see Figure 2).
Other Non-Social Behaviors: Group 2 was much more active, as indicated by higher rates of locomotion than Group 1 (Group effect: F = 23.02, 1/11 df, p = 0.0006; see Figure 3). Scratching occurred more frequently in Group 1 at baseline, with no difference later (Phase effect: F = 6.48, 2/22 df, p = 0.0061). Stereotypies declined significantly in both groups after the seeds were introduced (Mean Baseline = 4.373, 2 Weeks = 0.800, 2 Months = 0.989; Phase effect: F = 8.24, 2/22 df, p = 0.0021).
Figure 2: Changes in bedding exploration in Group 1 (upper graph) and Group 2 (lower graph) across the three phases of the experiment.
Affiliative Behaviors: Group 1 spent more time in physical contact across all phases of the experiment than Group 2 (Phase effect: F = 15.39,1/11 df, p = 0.0024). There was a trend in both groups to groom longer during baseline, before the seeds were given, than in the subsequent part of the experiment (Mean Baseline = 9.272, 2 Weeks = 5.209, 2 Months = 6.978; Phase effect: F = 2.74, 2/22 df, p = 0.0863).
Agonistic Behaviors: The overall level of aggression was much greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 during the entire course of the experiment (F = 8.49, 1/11 df, p = 0.0141). Group 1, with an already infrequent incidence of fighting among group members, showed no change of frequency in either this behavior, or in submissive behaviors. The more aggressive Group 2, however, exhibited a significant drop in the frequency of fights by the end of the study (F = 3.52, 2/22 df, p = 0.0471; see Figure 4). Not surprisingly, the frequency of submissive behavior also declined within this group, (F = 3.17, 2/22 df, p = 0.0616), probably as a direct result of the drop in the number of fights that took place.
Figure 3: Group differences in behavior across all phases of the experiment.
Figure 4: Changes in agonistic behaviors for Group 1 (upper graph) and Group 2 (lower graph) across the three phases of the experiment.
The remaining agonistic behavior, hairpulling, also showed a significant decrease, especially in the afternoon, when this behavior primarily occurred; see Table 1).
Group 1 Group 2 AM PM TOTAL AM PM TOTAL Baseline 13 20 33 4 22 26 Two weeks 9 7 16 2 1 3 Two months 5 6 11 3 1 4Table 1: Frequency of hairpulling.
Discussion
The results of this study indicate that the introduction of a naturalistic foraging task into groups of socially housed pigtail macaques can have a significant effect on their behavioral repertoire, although there can be significant group differences. These results confirm our preliminary conclusions (Boccia, 1989a, b) that foraging for seeds alters the groups' time budgets. The monkeys increased the time they spent engaged in environmentally directed behaviors, and this correlated with a decrease in time spent in agonistic (for one group) and abnormal behaviors (for both groups).
The particular effects of the foraging task may be related to the original characteristics of the group studied. Some behaviors were equally affected in both groups, while other changes were limited to one group. Group 1, for example, was a relatively non-aggressive group to begin with, and the provision of the seeds did not result in the profound change in the frequency of aggressive encounters seen within the more aggressive Group 2. As expected, however, both groups did significantly increase their time spent exploring the environment.
Both groups also evidenced declines in hairpulling. This behavior has been identified as "an aggressive behavioral disorder" (Reinhardt, et al., 1986). Thus, while their species-typical agonistic behaviors were infrequent and did not change with the foraging task, this aggressive disorder was elevated in the baseline and did decrease significantly with provision of the foraging task.
Stereotypies (such as pacing) also significantly decreased in both groups. Furthermore, the seeds' efficacy continued over a long time, in that these changes in behavior were still evident after two months. Thus habituation to the seed foraging task and reinstatement of the original levels of aberrant behaviors and aggression did not occur. There was no evidence to suggest that the seeds had any deleterious effects on either group. Although there were basic group differences for a number of behaviors, the provision of sunflower seeds did not appear to lead to any reduction in sociability in either group. In addition, the provision of seeds may serve to increase the monkeys' health by supplementing their diet, as well as deterring injuries resulting from fighting.
Overall, in both groups studied, levels of stereotypic and abnormal behaviors decreased, while environmental exploration increased, although some group differences were found. Other researchers have similarly reported differences in the effectiveness of particular interventions (e.g., Lutz & Farrow, 1996 and Bayne, et al.,1991). Furthermore, many studies examine interventions for very short periods of time, and examine behavior only during provision of the devices (Brent, et al., 1991; Glick-Bauer, 1997; Lutz & Novak, 1995). The present study found, however, that there can be significantly different effects of such interventions on behavior during other times of the day. Finally, manipulation of food distribution and availability can profoundly affect not only foraging behaviors, but also a range of other behaviors, from stereotypies to agonism to infant development (e.g., Andrews & Rosenblum, 1991a,b; 1992; Boccia, et al., 1988; Boccia, et al., 1991; Boccia, et al., 1996). These studies highlight the need to rigorously evaluate welfare interventions across a sufficient sample of a given species before widespread implementation.
References
Andrews, M. W., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1991a). Attachment in monkey infants raised in variable- and low-demand environments. Child Development, 62, 686-693.
Andrews, M. W., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1991b). Dominance and social competence in differentially reared bonnet macaques. In A. Ehara, T. Kimura, O. Takenada, & M. Iwamonto (Eds.), Primatology Today (pp. 347-350). Amsterdam: Elsvier Scientific Publications.
Andrews, M. W., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1992). Response of bonnet macaque dyads to an acute foraging task under different motivational conditions. Developmental Psychobiology, 25, 557-566.
Bayne, K., Mainzer, H., Dexter, S., Campbell, G., Yamada, F., & Suomi, S. (1991). The reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a foraging/grooming board. American Journal of Primatology, 23, 23-35.
Bloomsmith, M. A., Alford, P. L., & Maple, T. L. (1988). Successful feeding enrichment for captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 16, 155-164.
Boccia, M. L. (1989a). Preliminary report on the use of a natural foraging task to reduce aggression and stereotypies in socially housed pigtail macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 28[1], 3-4.
Boccia, M. L. (1989b). Long-term effects of a natural foraging task on aggression and stereotypies in socially housed pigtail macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 28[2], 18-19.
Boccia, M. L., Jacinto, C. B., & Glander, K. E. (1996). Enrichment strategies with non-human primates: You don't always get what you want. Unpublished manuscript.
Boccia, J. L., Laudenslager, M., & Reite, M. (1988). Food distribution, dominance, and aggressive behavior in bonnet macaques. American Journal of Primatology, 16, 123-130.
Boccia, M. L., Reite, M. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (1991a). Early social environment may alter the development of attachment and social support: Two case reports. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 253-260.
Boinski, S. (1988). Sex differences in the foraging behavior of squirrel monkeys in a seasonal habitat. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 23, 177-186.
Brent, L., Lee, D., & Eichberg, J. (1991). Evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure. Journal of Medical Primatology, 20, 29-34.
Caldecott, J. O. (1986). An ecological and behavioral study of the pig-tailed macaque. In F. S. Szalay (Ed), Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 21. Basel: Karger.
Chamove, A. S., & Anderson, J. R. (1979). Woodchip litter in macaque groups. Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians, 30, 69-74.
Chamove, A. S., & Anderson, J. R. (1989). Examining environmental enrichment. In E. F. Segal (Ed.), Housing, Care and Psychological Wellbeing of Captive and Laboratory Primates (pp. 183-202). Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.
Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., Morgan-Jones, S. C., & Jones, S. P. (1982). Deep woodchip litter: Hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal of the Study of Animal Problems, 3, 308-318.
Glick-Bauer, M. (1997). Behavioral enrichment for captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) through novel presentation of diet. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 36[1], 1-3.
Lutz, C. K., & Farrow, R. A. (1996). Foraging device for singly housed longtailed macaques does not reduce stereotypies. Contemporary Topics, 35, 75-78.
Lutz, C. K., & Novak, M. A. (1995). Use of foraging racks and shavings as enrichment tools for groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Zoo Biology, 14, 463-474.
Reinhardt, V., Reinhardt, A., & Houser, D. (1986). Hair pulling and eating in captive rhesus monkey troops. Folia Primatologica, 47, 158-164.
Reinhardt, V., & Roberts, A. (1997). Effective feeding enrichment for non-human primates: A brief review. Animal Welfare, 6, 265-272.
Suomi, S. J., & Novak, M. A. (1991). The role of individual differences in promoting psychological well-being in rhesus monkeys. In M. A. Novak & A. J. Petto (Eds.), Through the Looking Glass: Issues of Psychological Well-Being in Captive Nonhuman Primates (pp. 50-56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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First author's address: Child Development/Behavioral Science Department, University of North Carolina, CB 8180, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8180 [e-mail: [email protected]]. This research was supported by USPHS grant MH44131 to the first author and was conducted at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Primate Laboratory (Martin L. Reite, Director), while the first author was on the faculty of the Department of Psychiatry.
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Carol Asvestas
Wild Animal Orphanage
In January, 1998, the Wild Animal Orphanage received 22 adult male long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from the Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates, which was closing its facility.
The animals arrived in the individual squeeze cages in which they had been living and with which they were familiar. The weather in San Antonio was chilly but not freezing; temperatures varied from the mid 30's to high 40's. Our first major task was making sure that they adjusted to the climate, as they would be living outdoors for the first time.
We have a large outdoor quarantine area that is completely covered by a roof. We placed the cages within this area in four separate rows so that the animals were close, side by side, and then covered all sides of the area with heavy tarps. We kept blow heaters on hand to use as needed and packed hay around the rows for additional warmth.
Five of the animals, the oldest in the group, were suffering from chronic diarrhea due to the stress of travelling. These were placed indoors away from the others and treated daily, but only one survived.
The monkeys stayed in the quarantine area for about one month, during which we switched the position of their cages around so that they all got to know each other at one time or another; only minor aggressive behavior was observed.
They were then moved, still in their single cages, into another large enclosed outdoor area closer to their final destination. This time they were placed in two rows, side by side and back to back. This area was next to our big cats. We wanted the macaques to get used to the sounds and smells of big cats as eventually they will share the same compound. To minimize stress, we covered one side of the area the macaques were in so they could not see the cats immediately.
After two weeks we took the covers down and they could see the cats. No stress was observed; rather, they seemed to enjoy the sights and sounds.
After another two weeks, large chimp cages were placed inside the large natural area in which they will live. These cages were placed next to each other in a U-shape and close enough that the macaques could interact between cages.
At this point we picked out the dominant and the subordinant animals and paired them into the chimp cages. We placed each subordinant in a cage first, and then immediately placed a dominant in.
After several minutes of breath holding and some eye covering (on the part of the staff), we knew we could relax. There were two minor fights which lasted a couple of seconds, resulting in only two minor injuries. The injured animals were given an oral antibiotic and healed well. Three days after the animals were put in pairs, a few more minor fights erupted but there were no injuries.
All the animals are doing, eating, and looking well. They will stay in these cages for about another six weeks and then our final stage of putting them all together in their large natural area will take place.
I believe this pairing was successful because the staff took the time to get to know each animal individually. We took the time to move them around and make sure that at one time or another every animal had contact with every other one. It took a great deal of shifting and shuffling and moving cages but it was well worth it. Suggestions and encouragement from various people on the PEF e-mail list helped tremendously.
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This article was posted to the Primate Enrichment Forum (PEF) e-mailing list on April 18, 1998. Author's address: Wild Animal Orphanage, P.O. Box 690422, San Antonio, TX 78269 [e-mail: [email protected]].
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Robert D. Hienz, Troy J. Zarcone, Jaylan S. Turkkan, Danielle A. Pyle,
and Robert J. Adams
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the University of
Kansas
Introduction
Enrichment devices often are used to promote psychological well-being when research protocols require housing nonhuman primates in individual cages (e.g., see reviews by Fajzi et al., 1989). A major problem in determining the effect of these devices is the difficulty in providing an objective, accurate measure of their use. In the past, measurement of enrichment-device use has often consisted of informal descriptions (e.g., Bayne et al., 1993) or reports of evidence such as teeth marks (Line et al., 1989) and the decreased volume of wood sticks (Champoux et al., 1987). More temporally-sensitive measures have involved observational time-sampling of device use (Bayne et al., 1993). A disadvantage of these measures is that they may have limited accuracy in reflecting overall changes in device use, or changes in temporal patterns of use. Observational methods also require extensive observer training and technical support for both real-time (e.g., Coelho & Carey, 1990) and videotape recording (Sannerud & Griffiths, 1991).
The present experiment employed both observational data and miniaturized, electronic activity monitors attached to the enrichment devices to precisely measure their use by nonhuman primates. The minute-by-minute use was thus recorded for weeks at a time. Daily circadian patterns of device movements were examined to determine how device use was distributed throughout the day, and how it was influenced by other variables (e.g., light/dark cycle, human presence, daily care activities). Additionally, to determine whether or not the use of enrichment devices influences the general activity of baboons, monitors were attached to individual animals, by means of collars, to record their activity simultaneously. Data were obtained with individually-housed baboons in a controlled colony room where human contact was scheduled and documented throughout the study.
Method
Subjects: Six adult male baboons (Papio anubis, Charles River Research Primates), 9 to 13 years of age and weighing 23 to 34 kg, were individually housed in regulation Group 4 primate cages equipped with polyethylene seating benches. Each baboon could view other baboons in the colony room except those immediately adjacent to him. Visual shielding of adjacent cages, by opaque plastic panels, was done to reduce aggression. The baboons were maintained on a controlled daily feeding and cleaning schedule. Each baboon had previously been employed in behavioral pharmacology experiments in which they performed perceptual tests for food reinforcement. All six baboons had previous experience with Kong devices; four also had previous experience with swings. The overhead lights in the colony room were cycled on/off at 6:00 a.m./6:00 p.m. and all animals had free access to water.
Apparatus: Each electronic activity monitor was a 5.5 x 3.3 x 1.5 cm unit enclosed in a plastic case [1]. This monitor has been used previously to record the movements of baboons (Hienz et al., 1992) and enrichment devices as they are used by baboons (Pyle et al., 1996). Briefly, the monitor's internal microprocessor records "activity counts" whenever the device undergoes accelerative movements exceeding 1 m/sec/sec]. In the present study "activity counts" were summed over 1-hr periods (i.e., summed over 4096 consecutive .88-sec bins). Counts can be translated into movement durations since most movements occur over a series of bins, and each count represents a movement over a brief time interval. Thus, a count of 2048 over a 1-hr interval would represent 30 min of total activity during the interval.
The enrichment devices tested in the present experiment were cherry hardwood logs (hand-made), King Kongreg. rubber devices [2] and Swivel-Swings® [3]. An activity monitor in a padded metal case was placed either inside or on an enrichment device. Logs were approximately 9 cm in diameter and 35 cm long. A monitor and case were fitted within each log by splitting the log, hollowing out an area inside it, and then rejoining it with two recessed bolts. Kong devices are hollow, cone shaped pieces of natural rubber, 15 cm long and 9.5-6.5 cm in diameter. A monitor was placed inside each Kong device and the opening was filled with half of a foam ball to prevent access to the monitor. Swings were triangle-shaped pieces of "break proof" plastic with rounded corners (17 cm on each side) that were suspended from the top-center of the cage by a 29-cm stainless steel chain. The swing was secured to the cage by looping the chain around a bar in the center of the top of the cage and clipping the end of the chain to the base of the plastic triangle. A monitor was connected to the swing's chain by running the chain through a metal loop on the monitor's protective metal case. The case was secured to the chain on the outside of the cage with duct tape to prevent the monitor from sliding into the cage. In addition to each enrichment device having a monitor, each baboon wore a monitor attached to a handmade soft leather neck collar 2.7 cm wide (Hienz et al., 1992). The baboons were videotaped daily (Monday though Friday) with a closed-circuit video camera and videotape recorder. Cameras were positioned so that two baboons could be videotaped simultaneously for 20 min. The first presentation of an enrichment device coincided with the start of a videotaping session. Humans were not allowed in the colony room during videotaping.]
Procedure: All enrichment devices were removed from the baboon cages for 105 days prior to the start of the study. An "ABA" design was employed such that for 14 days before and after a 14-day exposure to each enrichment device, each baboon was without any device. This sequence was then repeated until each baboon had 14 days of access to each of the three enrichment devices (i.e., ABACADA). The order of presentation of the enrichment devices was counterbalanced across baboons.
Data analysis: Monitors attached to enrichment devices were retrieved weekly to transfer the activity data to a computer. Each monitor was then reset, and the device was returned to the baboon's cage. To determine the degree to which activity monitors recorded movements that were not a result of interactions with the animal (e.g., cage vibrations) a monitor was attached to the outside of each baboon's cage for a 48-hr period. A daily log sheet was kept to record times when the devices were manipulated by technicians (e.g., cage washing, physical exams, data retrieval from monitor, etc.) as well as when humans entered the room. Periods of human activity that may have produced enrichment device movement (e.g., cage washing) were not included in the data analysis. Monitor data from each animal's collar were retrieved at approximately 40-day intervals. Total daily device activity data were examined for serial dependencies across days by calculating autocorrelations of lag 1 prior to further statistical analysis (Bartlett's r; Krishef, 1991). For 83% of the device-exposure periods, the daily device movement scores were found to be independent of each other. For these cases, trends across days were examined by calculating linear regressions for total daily device movement durations across each 14-day exposure period. Videotapes were scored by human observers for interactions with the devices. The five categories scored were: 1) hand grasp, 2) mouth contact, 3) foot grasp, 4) unintentional (e.g., stepping on or kicking) and 5) unobservable (e.g., the baboon sat between the device and the camera, obstructing the observer's view). Videotape samples were scored for the onset and end of each response in real time with the aid of a computer system [4].
Results
The total movement time for the swings varied widely between baboons. Two animals averaged 60 min. of daily swing movement. One showed decreasing swing movements across the last 7 days of the exposure period (r = .883, p = .008); the other showed increased swing movements during the first 7 days, which stabilized at around 60 min. a day for the second 7 days. The remaining 4 baboons showed little or no swing movements. Of these, one baboon showed decreases in swing movements throughout the 14-day period (r = .825, p = .0003), while the other three showed no changes in swing movements across the 14-day period. Such wide variations in daily total movement durations across baboons were observed for the logs and Kong toys as well. Within baboons, no similar trends in device use across days were observed for the three devices. Within devices, however, five of six baboons showed decreases in device use across days for the Kong toy. For two of the five baboons, these decreases were statistically significant (p < .05).
Figure 1 shows movement durations for all 3 devices averaged across each 14-day period for each baboon (top graph) as well as averaged for the entire group (bottom graphs). A 48-hour monitor recording from the outside of each baboon's cage showed that animal-induced cage vibrations occurred occasionally during the day and were correlated with periods of high activity by the baboons (e.g., jumping from one side of the cage to the other). The dashed line shows the average amount of device movement generated by cage movement for all baboons, and provides an estimate of indirect device movement. Three baboons selectively moved the log more, two selectively moved the swing more, and one baboon moved the Kong device more, relative to the other devices. When these data were averaged by device type, there was no relation between device type and total movement duration (bottom left graph). When these data were averaged by device presentation order (first, second, or third device presented), baboons showed a trend towards increased movement durations for the devices presented either second or third, independent of device type (bottom right graph). This trend approached significance (p = .06) for the devices presented second. This order effect also can be seen in the data for individual baboons.
Figure 1: Top: Average enrichment device movement for 14-day exposures as a function of device type and order of device presentation. The dashed line indicates the average duration of daily cage shaking recorded. Bottom: Average movement durations (min/day) for king devices, logs, and swings over each 14-day period. Average movement durations are shown as a function of type of enrichment device (first graph) and order of device presentation (second graph).
Videotapes of the baboons' interactions with the devices were scored for the ways in which the baboons contacted them (with hands, mouth, feet or other body parts). Table 1 shows the percentage of contact with each device for these different types of contact, averaged across baboons. For the logs and Kongs, baboons typically turned and rolled these devices in their hands or rolled them on the benches or the floor. Other interactions consisted of picking at the devices with their hands, or holding the devices with their hands or feet while biting or sniffing the objects. One behavior particular to the Kongs was holding it down with either the hands or feet and picking at the rubber ball that filled its opening.
Device Hand(%) Mouth(%) Foot(%) Other(%) Kong 65 +/- 10 28 +/- 11 7 +/- 8 0 Log 88 +/- 12 8 +/- 7 4 +/- 7 0 Swing 57 +/- 41 6 +/- 7 3 +/- 8 34Table 1. Types of contact with enrichment devices by baboons (% +/- standard deviation).
"Active" interactions with the swings included pulling, holding, or twisting a swing; pushing a swing away and catching it again with either hands or feet; holding the chain while jumping around the cage; and biting or sniffing a swing. The swings also incurred a high amount of contact with other body parts when animals paced inside the cage near a swing and contacted it.
Figure 2: 24-hour circadian distributions of log and monkey movements for all subjects. Smooth curves are drawn through the scatter plots to assist in viewing the daily patterns. The arrows at "A" indicate the approximate morning cleaning and feeding time (9 a.m. to 11 a.m.). The arrow at "B" indicates the afternoon feeding (2 p.m.).
Figure 2 shows circadian movements for both baboons and logs across 1-hr intervals averaged over the 14-day exposure period. Average hourly movement durations are plotted as individual points, with smoothing functions fitted to the points to highlight the daily pattern. The time designated by "A" indicates the morning animal care period (feeding, replenishing water, cleaning waste pans). The arrow at "B" indicates the afternoon feeding time. Baboon AC's data are not shown due to an activity monitor failure. Baboon activity and log movements were often uncorrelated in that log movements could be either low or high during high periods of animal activity. Similar trends in baboon and toy movements were observed for the Kongs and swings as well.
Comparable results were obtained when these experiments were conducted with three rhesus monkeys in an uncontrolled environment typical of many university colony settings.
Discussion
Previous reports have suggested that items such as sticks, branches, and perches encourage more species-typical behaviors, and show little habituation over time (Barrett & Stanley, 1983; Bickel et al., 1987). The detailed recordings of the present study, however, indicate that the use of enrichment devices can vary considerably among individuals of the same species. Further, some individual animals may show decreased device use over time, an observation that points to the need to consider individual differences in device use when evaluating the effectiveness of these devices.
When average device movement times were compared, baboons generally interacted less with Kongs than with logs or swings. This trend, however, was not consistent for each individual animal. Of the six baboons, three clearly "preferred" the log (i.e., moved the log more than the other two devices), two preferred the swing, and one preferred the Kong. Thus the trends expressed in the averaged data can be quite misleading. Further, data obtained from individual baboons showed that none of the devices placed into the cages first were moved as frequently as the second and third devices placed into the cages. This device-order effect suggests that following the initial introduction of enrichment devices, some learning or "acquiring" of new ways of manipulating the devices may have taken place for many animals. Such an hypothesis runs counter to the fact that all baboons had previous experience with Kongs prior to the experiment, and they thus had prior opportunities to learn to manipulate this type of device. On the other hand, all baboons were without devices for over three months prior to the start of the experiment, and the Kong toy was not a highly-preferred device.
The 24-hr movement patterns of the enrichment devices were generally restricted to the fixed light/dark cycles imposed upon the animals. Although individual differences were apparent, these device movement patterns were correlated with the recorded movement patterns of the individual subjects. Further, device movement and animal activity patterns often peaked during feeding times and/or the presence of caregivers. In spite of the continued exposure of the animals to daily maintenance and feeding procedures, total habituation to these routines did not occur, suggesting that the daily feeding schedule and/or the presence of humans may greatly affect the use of enrichment devices by animals, and that estimates of animal-device interactions based on observations by animal care personnel at such times could inaccurately estimate total enrichment device use.
A previous experiment using activity monitors and videotape samples to characterize interactions between baboons and food-laced enrichment feeding devices (grooming board and P-Nut Butter Roll, Pyle et al., 1996) showed that the use of these devices occurred primarily after the devices were filled with food, and also just after the colony room light came on the next morning. During these times the amount of movement of the food devices varied among animals. Some baboons showed increased use of the devices over time, others showed decreased use over time, and a few interacted with the food devices very little. Such results parallel the present findings with non-food toys in that the interactions with the present devices were influenced by the daily schedule (e.g., lighting cycle, feeding and cage-cleaning times), and were also determined by "individual preferences" for these devices.
As noted above, device movements and animal activity tended to wax and wane together, with both patterns strongly influenced by the light/dark cycle and the feeding/cleaning schedule. Detailed examinations of these patterns indicated that device and animal movements could, however, change either in concert or in opposite directions, which suggests that interactions between an animal and an enrichment device may occur in differing ways. Observations of videotaped animal-device interactions also showed that baboons interacted with devices in highly active ways such as moving around with the devices and throwing them, as well as in more quiescent ways such as sitting quietly and rubbing or grooming a device.
The present results indicate that miniature activity monitors have advantages when applied to the study of environmental enrichment. First, the recording of device movement need not be restricted to any particular environment, as is the case with jiggle cages or infra-red motion detectors (Evans et al., 1989). Second, complete freedom of movement of the device is provided when the monitor is attached to or inserted within an enrichment device. Third, device movements can be continuously recorded for long time periods. Fourth, temporal patterns of both animal and device movements that are sensitive to external events (e.g., day-night cycles, technician presence, feeding times) can be recorded. Fifth, unlike most observational methods, monitors require minimal technician time (10 minutes to read, store, and reset a monitor), and at the same time can yield an abundance of behavioral data. Finally, the monitors provide data that are both quantitative and objective, a particularly important advantage in the study of general activity in primates as well as in the assessment of enrichment devices.
A limitation of the use of activity monitors for measuring movement in either enrichment devices or animals is that an activity monitor differentiates neither among movements that similarly trigger the transducer, nor among those that exceed the transducer threshold. For example, one cannot tell from the movement record of a log whether it is being manipulated, chewed, kicked, or moved in the course of other activities. On the other hand, activity monitors can produce an "around-the-clock" record for determining overall device activity and pinpointing periods of high activity for further supplemental analysis (e.g., via real-time observations or video recordings). Thus activity monitors can be an important adjunct in examining the use of enrichment devices in nonhuman primates when used in conjunction with observational procedures.
References
Barrett, J. E. & Stanley, J. A. (1983). Prior behavioral experience can reverse the effects of morphine. Psychopharmacology, 81, 107-110.
Bayne, K. A. L., Dexter, S. L., Hurst, J. K., Strange, G. M., & Hill, E. E. (1993). Kong toys for laboratory primates: Are they really an enrichment or just fomites? Laboratory Animal Sciences, 43(1), 78-85.
Bickel, W. K., Johnson, R. E., Stitzer, M. L., Bigelow, G. E., Liebson, I. A., & Jasinski, D. R. (1987). A clinical trial of buprenorphine: I. Comparison with methadone in the detoxification of heroin addicts II. Examination of its opioid blocking properties. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series, 76, 182-187.
Champoux, M., Hempel, M., & Reinhardt, V. (1987). Environmental enrichment with sticks for singly-caged adult rhesus monkeys. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 26[4], 5-7.
Coelho, A. M. & Carey, K. D. (1990). A social tethering system for nonhuman primates used in laboratory research. Laboratory Animal Science, 40, 388-394.
Evans, H. L., Taylor, J. D., Ernst, J., & Graefe, J. F. (1989). Methods to evaluate the well-being of laboratory primates: Comparisons of macaques and tamarins. Laboratory Animal Science, 39, 318-323.
Fajzi, K., Reinhardt, V. & Smith, M. D. (1989). A review of environmental enrichment strategies for singly caged nonhuman primates. Lab Animal, 18[3], 23-35.
Hienz, R. D., Turkkan, J. S., Spear, D. J., Sannerud, C. A., Kaminsky, B. J., & Allen, R. P. (1992). General activity in baboons measured with a computerized, lightweight piezoelectric motion sensor: Effects of drugs. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 42, 497-507.
Krishef, C. H. (1991). Fundamental Approaches to Single Subject Design and Analysis. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
Line, S. W., Clarke, A. S., & Markowitz, H. (1989). Adult female rhesus macaques' responses to novel objects. Lab Animal, 18(5), 33-40.
Pyle, D. A., Bennett, A. L., Zarcone, T. J., Turkkan, J. S., Adams, R. J., & Hienz, R. D. (1996). Use of two food foraging devices by singly housed baboons. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 35[2], 10-15.
Sannerud, C. A. & Griffiths, R. R. (1991). Assessment of benzodiazepine
physical dependence in baboons. Paper presented to the American
Psychological Association, San Francisco.
-------------------------------------
First author's address: Behavioral Biology Research Center,
Suite 3000, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Campus,
5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823 [e-mail:
[email protected]].
This research was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant RR06750.
Reprint requests should be sent to Dr. Hienz. The authors thank Amy Bennett
and Dana Carluccio for their help in the collection of these data.
[1]Personal Activity Monitor, or PAM, manufactured by
Individual Monitoring Systems, Baltimore, MD.
[2 ]Part no. KKR, Primate Products, Redwood
City, CA.
[3]#PSS-01S, Bio-Environmental Modifiers, Frankfort, KS.
[4]Tufts University Data Acquisition System, Princeton
Economics Inc., Princeton, MA.
-------------------------------------
In a letter to the International Primate Protection League (IPPL) dated 10
September 1997, Speight Jenkins, General Director of the Seattle Opera,
stated:
"It is quite true that Seattle Opera used a monkey in the first act of our
production Der Rosenkavalier. This was not our intention but one
specified in the text: the Animal Trainer is described as having dogs and
monkeys for sale.
"Seattle Opera procured the trained monkey from an approved organization, one
at which the monkey was born and where, insofar as we could determine, he had
been treated well.
"I am sorry that our use of a monkey offends you. I can personally promise
that we will not use a monkey again because he was too difficult for the singer
to handle properly. He was only onstage for about four minutes and caused more
trouble than he was worth. You will not be upset by a monkey on our stage in
the future." -- Posted to Primate-Talk by Shirley McGreal of
IPPL
* * *
Karen Pazol, Susan McDonald, Kate Baker, and Barbara Smuts
Introduction
In an effort to promote social competence in hand-reared chimpanzees, infants
are typically placed in peer groups. However, exposure to peers does not
appear to fully compensate for the absence of maternal rearing in chimpanzees
(Spijkerman, 1987; Bloomsmith et al., 1991; Pazol & Bloomsmith, 1993; King
& Mellen, 1994). Furthermore, it seems intuitive that some behaviors
(sexual, maternal, adult communication) can best be learned in groups of mixed
age and sex (Meder, 1990; King & Mellen, 1994). Nonetheless, integrating
hand-reared infants into groups with adults has potential risks: due to their
social inexperience, these youngsters may elicit aggression from adults (Meder,
1989), and they will also lack the natural protection of a mother.
One strategy for reducing the potential risks of integrating hand-reared
infants into complex groups involves prior housing with socially experienced
adult females. Adult female great apes have been known to adopt young infants
and develop supportive relationships with them (van Wulfften Palthe & van
Hooff, 1975; Puleo et al., 1983). Under the care of an adult female
conspecific, hand-reared infants often show reduced levels of abnormal behavior
and may even develop social skills indistinguishable from those of a
mother-reared ape (de Waal, 1982; Puleo et al., 1983).
In this article we report on the success of fostering hand-reared chimpanzees
to socially experienced adult females as a means of facilitating subsequent
group integration. The infants were housed with the females for six months
prior to their placement in a newly formed social group at the Detroit Zoo.
The fostering appears to have contributed to the success of their
integration.
Subjects and Methods
The Detroit Zoo chimpanzee exhibit consists of two outdoor areas and indoor
facilities totaling approximately 1.5 ha. The indoor enclosure measures 3,800
m2 and consists of two large day rooms, 12 night cages, and eight holding
areas, all of which can be interconnected.
The infants, born at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, were 2 (Suzy) and 2.5
(Akati) years of age at the start of the study. Suzy, rejected by her mother
at birth, was hand-reared alone for two months and then housed with an infant
gorilla. Akati was mother-reared in a large group for nine months, but she had
to be removed for hand-rearing when her mother ceased to produce sufficient
milk. Subsequently, Akati lived alone for two months and was then
placed in a peer group with Suzy and the infant gorilla. In May, 1989, the
infants were transferred as a pair to Detroit and were housed together until
introduction procedures began four months later.
The foster mothers, Beauty and Bubbles, were wild-born and estimated to be 16
and 18 years of age, respectively. They had lived together as a pair in
captivity for most of their lives. For two years prior to their arrival at the
Detroit Zoo they lived in a social group of seven individuals at the Dallas
Zoo. Both females were nulliparous, but were selected as the foster mothers
because they had been observed to interact affiliatively with infants at the
Dallas Zoo. The other members of Detroit's colony were two adult males, four
adult females, and an adolescent female.
In all phases of group formation, Suzy and Akati were introduced to new
individuals with a stepwise process. First they were given visual contact to
new social partners. Next they were allowed to interact through a mesh
barrier. Finally, based upon the presence of affiliative gestures and/or the
absence of aggression, they were given free physical access to the new
individuals.
In September of 1989 the infants were introduced to both of the
potential foster mothers via the stepwise pro-cess described above.
Subsequently the two adult females and the two infants were housed together
continuously in a "Nursery Group" for six months. Two months into this
period the adolescent female was added to the group. Foster mother-infant
pairs (Suzy and Beauty, Akati and Bubbles) were identified on the basis of
obvious social preferences observed in the Nursery Group. From December to
February 1990 each infant was introduced to new individuals in the presence of
her foster mother during the day and was then returned to the Nursery Group in
the evening. In March the adults were placed in one "Social Group" and the
infants were added two days later. (See McDonald, 1994, for a detailed
description of the introduction procedures and zoo exhibit.)
Data collection consisted of randomly scheduled 15-min focal animal samples on
the infants and all the adults with whom they were housed. During these
observations, social interactions were recorded continuously; instantaneous
samples were taken at 1-min intervals to note the focal's behavior and
proximity to other individuals. In all, 29.3 hours of data were collected for
the Nursery Group and 223 hours for the complete Social Group. Rates of
aggression and contact locomotion (infant is carried or walks with one
or both arms over the back of an adult) were calculated from the continuous
data in the Social Group. Times spent in proximity, grooming, and play were
tabulated from the instantaneous samples. A composite proximity measure
(C-score) was calculated following Smuts (1985).
Results
Table 1: Distribution of infant social behaviors among adults
Despite concerns for safety in the Social Group setting, there was little
infant-directed aggression. The adults in sum evinced aggression toward the
infants at the low rate of 0.04 times/hour. Moreover, this aggression
consisted only of mild threats and lunges, and the infants incurred no
injuries.
Integration into the Social Group was successful for both infants. Meder
(1990) has used play with all group members as a measure of successful
integration in gorillas; she considers play with the silverback male to
indicate that integration is complete. Both Suzy and Akati engaged in play,
and many other forms of affiliative behavior, with all group members, including
the two adult males (Table 1). Hence, Suzy and Akati were integrated
into Detroit's new colony with few complications.
An examination of the distribution of affiliative behaviors among the colony
members (Table 1) reveals both the distinct nature of Beauty's
relationship with Suzy and the several elements of a foster mother-infant
relationship it possessed (see Thierry & Anderson, 1986 for a review of
behaviors indicative of adoption in nonhuman primates). Starting in the
Nursery Group, Suzy's score with Beauty was at least somewhat and often
considerably higher than her score with Bubbles for each measure of affiliation
(C-score, grooming, play, contact locomotion). This pattern was maintained in
the Social Group setting.
Bubbles and Akati also showed high frequencies of affiliation, but the
strength of their preference for each other was not as striking as that of
Beauty and Suzy. In the Nursery Group, Akati engaged in contact locomotion
with Bubbles exclusively; she also played and groomed slightly more often with
Bubbles than with Beauty. However, Akati's C-scores were similar for the two
females. In the Social Group, Akati also engaged in high levels of affiliation
with both females, and she frequently played with Chuck, an adult male.
Discussion
This study suggests that prior housing with socially experienced adult females
can facilitate the integration of hand-reared infants into naturalistic social
groups. It also corroborates evidence from prior reports (van Wulfften Palthe
& van Hooff, 1975; Puleo et al., 1983) that affiliative social bonds
between infants and adult females can be fostered in great apes, sometimes to a
degree that might qualify as adoption. However, it is difficult to
differentiate between the influence of the techniques implemented here and
other factors that may have contributed to the success of the introductions.
Despite the variation in the degree to which each infant developed an
affiliative relationship with her foster mother, both were successfully
integrated into Detroit's new colony. It could be that the fostering
facilitated group integration simply by providing the infants with the
opportunity to develop social skills during the prolonged, six-month period
they spent in the Nursery Group. In gorillas, Meder (1989, 1990) has reported
that hand-reared infants lacking prior exposure to an adult female often elicit
aggression from adults because of their social inexperience. During the six
months that Suzy and Akati lived with Beauty and Bubbles it did appear that
they developed more sophisticated social skills. For example, on several
occasions Akati gave mature pant-grunt vocalizations to the adult males, and
this may have contributed to their lack of aggression toward her.
That prolonged exposure to adult females can facilitate group integration is
also suggested by the failure of a subsequent attempt to introduce two
additional hand-reared infants into Detroit's colony. Having spent only two
weeks with adult females prior to integration, these infants were harassed by
adults and wounded by one of the resident males. It is possible that the short
duration of exposure to adult females was insufficient to foster increased
social skills in the infants or protective behaviors in the females. The
interactions between these infants and adult females may also have lacked cues
that could influence males to restrain aggression for the sake of their
relationships with adult females. However, the poorer outcome of these
introductions may also be attributed to their timing relative to the
establishment of the entire group; the more successful introductions we
describe involved integration into a newly formed social group, while the
others involved attempts to add additional infants into a well-established
social group.
Suzy's and Akati's very different rearing histories undoubtedly had a large
impact on the integration process. Akati was mother-reared for nine months,
while Suzy was separated from her mother at birth. This difference is critical
in that prior studies have shown that even short periods of maternal-rearing
have beneficial consequences for chimpanzee behavioral development
(Spij-kerman, 1987; King & Mellen, 1994). Akati was successfully
introduced into the social group despite lower levels of interaction and
preference. Thus, the relationship between prior social experience and success
of fostering close associations between female-infant pairs prior to
introduction merits investigation.
Although there were only two infants in this study and we could not control
for some important variables, we would like to highlight the importance of
making findings from such procedures widely accessible. Once the results from
several integration attempts are on hand, they can be compiled for an analysis
of the critical variables that determine the success or failure of such
procedures.
References
Bloomsmith, M. A., Alford, P. A., & Pazol, K. A. (1991). Juvenile
chimpanzee behavioral development in four social settings. American Journal
of Primatology, 24, 90.
de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes.
New York: Harper and Row.
King, N. E. & Mellen, J. D. (1994). The effects of early experience on
adult copulatory behavior in zoo-born chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo
Biology, 13, 51-59.
Meder, A. (1989). Effects of hand-rearing on the behavioral development of
infant and juvenile gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). Developmental
Psychobiology, 22, 357-376.
Meder, A. (1990). Integration of hand-reared gorillas into breeding groups.
Zoo Biology, 9, 157-164.
McDonald, S. (1994). The Detroit Zoo chimpanzees: Exhibit design, group
composition and the process of group formation. International Zoo Yearbook,
33, 235-247, 1994.
Pazol, K. A. & Bloomsmith, M. A. (1993). The development of stereotyped
body rocking in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reared in a variety of
nursery settings. Animal Welfare, 2, 113-129.
Puleo, S. G., Zucker, E. L., & Maple, T. L. (1983). Social rehabilitation
and foster mothering in captive orangutans. Der Zoologische Garten, 53,
196-202.
Smuts, B. B. (1985). Sex and Friendship in Baboons. New York: Aldine
de Gruyter.
Spijkerman, R. P. (1987). Behavior development of infant chimpanzees with the
mother and in peer groups. In Annual Report, Division for Health Research
TNO Primate Center (pp. 309-312).
Thierry, B. & Anderson, J. R. (1986). Adoption in anthropoid
primates. International Journal of Primatology, 7, 191-216.
van Wulfften Palthe, T. & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1975). A case of the
adoption of an infant chimpanzee by a suckling foster chimpanzee. Primates,
16, 231-234.
-------------------------------------
Corresponding author: Barbara Smuts, Department of Psychology, The
University of Michigan, 525 East University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109 [e-mail:
[email protected]].
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (BNS-8857969 to
B. Smuts and BNS-8911022 to S. McDonald), the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, Sigma
Xi, Nixon-Griffis Fund for Zoological Research, Association for Women in
Science, Oberlin College, and three units of the University of Michigan: The
Evolution and Human Behavior Program, Rackham Graduate School, and The Alumni
Council. We thank the Detroit Zoo for allowing research on their colony and
the chimpanzee caretaking staff for their assistance.
-------------------------------------
* * *
David Seelig
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), like all macaques, are
highly gregarious animals. Biomedical research facilities with large numbers
of primates in limited space have traditionally housed these animals in single
cages to facilitiate accessibility and decrease risk of injury. However, this
housing eliminates social interaction, which the revisions to the Animal
Welfare Act recognize as being a crucial aspect in maintaining their well-being
(see Reinhardt et al., in press). Pair formation, when preceeded by
familiarization, has recently been demonstrated to be a safe and practical
alternative to single-housing which does not interfere with most colony
management and research protocols (Reinhardt and Seelig, 1998; Reinhardt et
al., 1995). While ample evidence demonstrates the practicality, safety, and
enrichment value of pair-housing rhesus and stump-tailed macaques (Reinhardt,
1994), limited data exists for pair-housing long-tailed macaques, particularly
males (but see Lynch, 1998 [males]; Line et al., 1990 [females]; Crockett et
al., 1994 [both sexes]).
This is a summary of a discussion, initiated as a survey to gather evidence on
the methods and their success in safely pair-housing male long-tailed macaques.
It appeared this winter on the PEF (Primate Enrichment Forum) e-mail list, and
highlights the most effective common features. In brief: Richard Lynch
(Zeneca Pharmaceuticals) formed 17 pairs five years ago. One pair had to be
immediately separated due to aggression, but the other 16 pairs have lived
compatibly since they were paired (see Lynch, 1998). Lyna Watson (NIH)
formed six pairs of 4.5-year-old males three months ago. One pair had to be
separated due to aggression, but the other five pairs have remained compatible.
Watson had 86% (24/28) compatibility in females. Marisa St. Claire's
lab (BIOQUAL, Inc.) formed three aged male pairs, two of which have remained
compatible over eighteen months. Carolyn Crockett (Washington RPRC)
tested 15 pair combinations of ten wild-caught males. Of these, six (40%) of
the pairs were compatible. Seven pairs had to be separated due to fighting,
and three of these sustained injuries that prevented further pairing. Crockett
had 100% (10/10) compatibility in similarly tested females (see Crockett et
al., 1994).
Protocols Used; Possible Factors Influencing Success
Richard Lynch used a protocol similar to one used with success
by Viktor Reinhardt with rhesus and stump-tailed macaques. This involved a
noncontact familiarization period to allow the monkeys to become familiar with
one another and form a dominance-subordinance relationship. Once this
relationship was established, they were paired in a novel cage allowing full
access; they were not separated at night.
Marisa St. Claire has used a method which involves a longer process, in
stages, which she has also used with success in patas monkeys. The monkeys are
first caged side to side with a see-through shuttle door in the back. "After a
few days, we slide the squeeze-back mechanism in one cage forward about 1/2
way, and open both shuttle doors to allow one monkey access to the other cage.
They can sit side by side on the shelf if they want to, with just the
squeeze-back mechanism separating them, yet they can each get away from the
other if they want. After several weeks of this we allow them controlled
access to each other, with careful observation. If there are no problems
(there rarely are), we then start pairing eight hours/day (while the staff is
here) for several weeks. If all goes well, we attempt an overnight (on a
Monday) with week-end separations, and then let them be together all the
time."
Lyna Watson also used a staged process. The candidates were initially
removed from their home cages and transferred to a new room: "The candidates
are placed side by side in caging with a half-plexiglass/half-solid wall
between them. This allows the animals to view one another with no tactile
contact and provides me with the opportunity to observe them. Notation is made
of their behaviors and if any dominant/subordinate relationship has begun.
Based on these observations, on day two or three the plexiglass divider is
removed and the animals are allowed to have full contact. If signs of
aggression are seen, the animals are separated. Depending on the severity of
that encounter, I may allow the animals additional tactile contact." Watson
notes that sometimes the monkeys just need to be allowed physical contact to
"cement the dominant/subordinate relationship." She remarks that this part of
the pairing can be difficult, as it relies on the behaviorist/technician to
"make a call" as to whether the animals will be compatible: "Examples of
positive signs in pairings are: sharing perch, grooming, eating food/treats in
company of other animal and `teaming up' in their threats to me or other
animals within the room." Because of veterinary concerns, the new pair is
usually not left with tactile contact for the first night: "By day two or
three, if they seem to be getting along well and a stable social situation has
been established, they are allowed full contact overnight. Thus far, this
slow, staged process has worked well, even in isosexual pairings of both adult
male and female long-tails."
Viktor Reinhardt (Animal Welfare Institute) suggested that it is not
advisable to separate the pair the first night: "[I feel] that the formation of
a stable relationship is impeded and that new companions have to go through a
quasi re-pairing process several times. I would guess that the animals would
develop an even higher degree of compatibility if you did not disrupt their
relationship shortly after pair formation." Lynch also felt that initial
separations might impair the formation of stable social relationships.
Reinhardt suggested that if pairs are formed in the morning (after feeding),
this gives the observer a full day to assess the compatibility of the partners
and hence the safety of keeping them together overnight. Another suggestion
made by both Reinhardt and Lynch is to wait until a clear
dominance/subordinance relationship is observed before full-contact pairing:
"Under such conditions, new companions have no real reason to fight (over
dominance) when being introduced to each other."
The objective of Carolyn Crockett's study was to evaluate pair-housing
as an enrichment strategy. Crockett followed a strict protocol for both males
and females in which animals were paired separately with multiple partners for
a two-week period: "...each of ten wild-born adult male long-tailed macaques
was paired with three different (of the nine possible) males for a total of 15
male-male pairings. The pairs, when separated overnight, still had visual
contact. The pairs had visual contact for a day prior to introduction and
two-thirds of the pairs had two weeks of visual contact several weeks prior to
introduction (visual familiarity and preference testing in an earlier stage of
the study had no significant relationship with pair compatibility)." The
monkeys in Crockett's study were separated overnight, but this was interpreted
not to be a factor in the lower compatibility of males relative to females (who
were also separated overnight).
Also not seen as a factor was the lack of "uni-directional fear-grinning"
prior to pair-housing. Crockett suggested that in male long-tails, this might
be an indicator of stress in the subordinate rather than a sign of
compatibility. In personal correspondence, Crockett wrote: "The most
compatible pairs (e.g., lots of grooming) seem not to exhibit obvious dom/sub
relationships, though they may in fact have one." Reinhardt has commented
(per-sonal communication) that unidirectional fear-grinning may not be a
necessary requirement in some dominant/subordinate relationships, because each
pair may demonstrate their relationship differently. It is a consensus among
the majority of contributors that it is important to form male-male pairs away
from visual and olfactory contact with females.
From the evidence presented, it seems most likely that male long-tailed
macaques have a higher tendency toward incompatibility than females, but not
necessarily a lesser need for companionship. Crockett has suggested that an
alternative to pair-housing in some situations, which would fulfill the social
needs of males, would be to pair them with females in "grooming-contact cages"
which allow contact but not full contact or copulation (see Crockett et al.,
1997). These are not yet commercially available, but she has had great success
with them in published pilot trials. However, it is apparent that in certain
situations male long-tails can live compatibly as full-contact pairs: Lynch,
whose work represents the largest-scale pair-housing implementation to date for
this species (34 animals), has had a five-year compatibility rate of 94%. This
suggests that success might be enhanced by following a similar protocol. As
Crockett suggested, it is also possible that the incompatible monkeys in the
above examples might have less tolerance for partners of the same sex due to
unknown individual or facility differences.
Watson suggests, however (personal communication), that if an individual does
not get along with the first partner he (or she) is placed with, that animal
should be placed with at least one one other candidate. She remarks, "I give
them each three tries...at that point you can say that it probably won't work
out...these animals do have preferences. I always look at their record and try
to piece together if they have been housed with someone in the past, for how
long, and if it worked out or not. We can perform preliminary background
searches, eyeball the candidates, consider their location in home rooms, etc.
But the bottom line is the animal makes the decision if he or she wants to stay
together with a new partner!"
Assessment and Effects of Pair-housing on Welfare
The consensus of the contributors is that physical social contact is a
need of long-tailed macaques, but there are differences in * what methods of
pair-housing have been used; * the success of the pair-housing protocols, and,
as Crockett discussed; * whether full contact pair-housing is even the best way
of providing physical contact in cages.
Reinhardt, Lynch, and St. Claire remarked that an important sign of
compatibility is the sharing of food. St. Claire wrote: "I have also noticed
that although they establish a dom/sub hierarchy, the dominant one (in both
these old long-tails and the patas) will often allow the sub to take
peanuts from me, i.e., doesn't hog them all." While differences in rates of
grooming and time in physical contact do exist between males and females (males
generally lower), Crockett, Lynch, and St. Claire observed significant
variation. St. Claire remarks, "The first time I went into that room I thought
they were paired females who just happened to be really macho looking!"
Lynch has observed (personal communication) that the males in his colony spend
the large majority of their time while awake either allogrooming or in close
proximity, and usually sleep in physical contact with each other.
It is sometimes difficult to assess whether a monkey is content with his or
her environment. Adaptation and habituation can mask the potential for a higher
(or lower) quality of life. Even negative responses can be misleading, because
the same stimuli that occasionally cause distress might also be the source of
an irreplacable benefit. Responses may not even be readily observable, as
internal states are sometimes inconsistently expressed through behavior. Given
these difficulties, at best it may only be possible to approximate,
rather than determine, the effects of social enrichment on well-being,
and care must be taken to ensure that both partners are profiting from the
relationship.
It is worth noting that, although veterinary care was needed in some of the
instances described, none of the contributors reported life-threatening
injuries. This demonstrates that pair-housing male long-tails can be done not
only with a high rate of success, but also safely. This gives merit to its
implementation in the large majority of laboratory situations. Care should be
taken, through protocol design and attentiveness to individual personalities,
to give the monkeys the highest chance of success. In some instances, it may
be indicated to use "grooming-contact cages" as suggested by Crockett to form
nonbreeding male-female pairs, for those males that would otherwise be
incompatible with other males or when either sex cannot be paired for medical
or experimental reasons.
In any event, the results of this inquiry lend support to the practicality and
importance of providing physical or social companionship for caged male
long-tailed macaques. The ability of most macaques to spend 100% of their
lives in close quarters for years and exhibit almost no aggresssion
demonstrates not only great patience and tolerance on their part, but also
extreme intimacy between the partners. The former is what allows pair-housing
to be done, but it is the latter that justifies the effort and care required to
implement it. Continuous social contact, by providing macaques the opportunity
for physical touch and the formation of emotional attachments, is the only
means of providing macaques the opportunity to express what appears to be a
deep-seated need in their biological make-up. Hence, pair-housing (and its
alternatives) is the foremost component of housing and enrichment in ensuring
an adequate quality and richness of life for male long-tailed macaques and all
other members of their genus.
References
Crockett, C. M., Bellanca, R. U., Bowers, C. L., & Bowden, D.M.
(1997). Grooming-contact bars provide social contact for individually caged
laboratory macaques. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science,
36[6], 53-60.
Crockett, C. M., Bowers, C. L., Bowden, D. M., & Sackett, G. P. (1994).
Sex differences in compatibility of pair-housed adult longtailed macaques.
American Journal of Primatology, 32, 73-94.
Line, S. W., Morgan, K. N., Markowitz, H., Roberts, J., & Riddell, M.
(1990). Behavioral responses of female long-tailed macaques (Macaca
fascicularis) to pair formation. Laboratory Primate Newsletter,
29[4], 1-5.
Lynch, R (1998). Successful pair-housing of male macaques (Macaca
fascicularis). Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 37[1], 4-5.
Reinhardt, V. (1994). Pair-housing rather than single-housing for laboratory
rhesus macaques. Journal of Medical Primatology, 23, 426-431.
Reinhardt, V., Bryant, D., Kurth, B., Lynch, R., Bryum, B., St. Claire, M.,
& Seelig, D. (in press). Guest editorial: A plea for pair-housing of
adult macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter.
Reinhardt, V., Liss. C., & Stevens, C. (1995). Social-housing of
previously single-caged macaques: What are the options and the risks?
Animal Welfare, 4, 307-328.
Reinhardt, V., & Seelig, D. (1998). Environmental Enrichment for Caged
Rhesus Macaques: A Photographic Documentation. Washington, DC: Animal
Welfare Institute. Available at
Editors' Note: Lynch's and Line et al.'s articles, as well as a number of
Reinhardt's articles which appeared in the Laboratory Primate
Newsletter, are available on the World Wide Web at
-------------------------------------
Author's address: Yale Station, P.O. Box 200186, New Haven, CT 06520 [e-mail:
[email protected]].
-------------------------------------
* * *
The Committee on Animal Nutrition's Subcommittee on Nonhuman Primate
Nutrition of the National Research Council's (NRC) Board on Agriculture is
seeking the views of experts and interested parties on several issues relating
to the nutrient requirements of nonhuman primates. To assist the subcommittee
in obtaining input to revise the 1978 edition of Nutrient Requirements of
Nonhuman Primates, you are invited to respond to the questions below.
Although some questions below may not be appropriate for your expertise and
experience, please answer those that you are comfortable addressing and forward
this list of questions to colleagues and clientele who could also provide
input. For each question, please explain the basis of your views (personal or
professional experience, supporting data, regulatory or policy influences).
1. What is wrong with the 1978 NRC Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman
Primates report? What parts are wrong or not useful? Be specific.
2. Is there anything you wouldn't change about the 1978 NRC Nutrient
Requirements of Nonhuman Primates report? What parts are useful?
3. What would you like the new NRC Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman
Primates report to contain?
4. How do you expect to use this information?
5. What changes do you think are needed in recommended nutrient requirements or
food fractions (e.g., protein, fiber fractions, fat, micronutrients) in the new
NRC Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates?
6. Do you use food or browse as a part of your environmental enrichment
program? If so, what do you use and how do you use it?
7. Would you like to have recommended nutrient requirements for hand-rearing
infant primates? Do you have any information to share on this topic?
8. Would you like to have tables of food composition in the new report? If
so, what items should be included, and can you provide references for this
information?
9. In estimating nutrient requirements or formulating diets for under-studied
species, are you more comfortable extrapolating from animals that are
taxonomically related or from those that have similar feeding strategies?
10. Would you like to see standard reference diet formulations included in the
report? What are your criteria for adequately tested reference diets? Can you
supply formulations for such diets along with supporting evidence of their
adequacy?
We encourage you to provide input or submit documents that would be helpful to
the subcommittee in its deliberations. Your comments will be used by the
subcommittee in developing its report and your response to the above questions
will be most useful if it is no longer than a few pages. Please mail or fax
your comments and information to: Charlotte Kirk Baer, Program Director,
Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, Suite 394, NRC, 2101
Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20418 [202-334-3062; fax: 202-334-1978;
e-mail: [email protected]].
* * *
Karl A. Andrutis, Dept of Biomed. Sciences, Tufts Univ. School of Vet. Med.,
200 Westboro Rd, Bldg 20, North Grafton, MA 01536.
Erica Bammel, 11119 Pagewynne Dr., Frisco, TX 75035.
Bobby G. Brown, NIH, OPRR, 6100 Executive Blvd., Suite 3B01, Rockville, MD
20892-7507.
Charles River Key Lois, 24244 Overseas Highway, Summerland Key, FL
33042-4803.
Nancy Gold, P.O. Box 245038, Sacramento, CA 95824.
Richard B. Huneke, Senior Research Veterinarian, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical
Company, P.O. Box 80400, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400.
David Lee-Parritz, Center for Animal Resources & Comparative Medicine,
Harvard Medical School, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115.
Preston Marx, 455 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016-9102.
Alvin Moreland, 2424 Andrews Circle, Aiken, SC 29803-7016.
Rebecca Schwiebert, 7812 Truxton Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90045.
Stephanie Torlone, 2 Royalston Ave, Winchester, MA 01890.
* * *
Coulston Faces USDA Animal Welfare Charges
The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently charged the Coulston
Foundation, a registered research facility in Alamogordo, N.M., with violations
of the Animal Welfare Act. "Our Animal Care inspectors uncovered numerous
noncompliance items spanning several months at the Coulston facility in New
Mexico," said Michael V. Dunn, Assistant Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory
Programs.
Noncompliance items included failure to: * Handle three sedated chimpanzees as
carefully as possible in a manner that did not cause behavioral stress,
physical harm, and unnecessary discomfort; * Provide adequate veterinary care to
three chimpanzees in sedating them as a group; * Establish and maintain programs
of adequate veterinary care, including procedures and equipment for emergency
care; * Provide adequate pre-procedural care in accordance with current
established veterinary medical and nursing procedures, in that Coulston
personnel failed to ensure that the chimpanzees had fasted prior to sedation;
* Provide adequate pre-procedural care in accordance with current established
veterinary medical and nursing procedures in that Coulston personnel failed to
treat a chimpanzee for shock and stabilize its condition prior to surgical
treatment; * Provide adequate veterinary care to the chimpanzee "Echo," in that
Coulston personnel undertook an extensive surgical procedure under
inappropriate conditions; * Provide adequate post-proce-dural care in accordance
with current established veterinary medical and nursing procedures in that
Coulston personnel failed to adequately monitor the chimpanzee following
surgery; * Maintain primary enclosures for nonhuman primates in good repair so
as to protect the animals from injury and contain them; * Store supplies of food
for nonhuman primates in a manner that protects them from spoilage,
contamination and vermin infestation; * Provide for the regular and frequent
collection, removal, and disposal of animal and food wastes, in a manner that
minimizes contamination and disease risk; * Construct surface materials of
housing facilities in a manner that allows for easy cleaning, sanitization and
replacement; * Clean and sanitize primary enclosure for nonhuman primates as
required; * Maintain structurally sound housing facilities and maintain them in
good repair so as to protect the animals from injury; * Maintain sheltered
housing facilities for nonhuman primates in a manner that ensures that the
animals were protected from temperature extremes, and to provide for their
health and well-being; and * Establish and maintain an effective program for the
control of insects and mammals that are pests so as to promote the well-being
of the animals and reduce contamination by pests.
The Coulston Foundation has 20 days from the date of being served to answer
these charges. As with all AWA administrative actions, the Coulston Foundation
will have the opportunity for a hearing if desired. -- From a March 26, 1998
APHIS press release
Rare Wildlife at Risk as Fires Ravage Borneo
Fires continued their advance across Indonesia's charred East
Kalimantan province yesterday, destroying ancient forests and threatening rare
wildlife. More than 1,000 separate blazes were raging throughout the Borneo
island province, where severe drought conditions were hampering firefighting
efforts and threatening the region's rich biodiversity, including its orangutan
population. Nunuk Kasyanto, director of the Lories, a non-governmental
organization dedicated to the preservation of flora and fauna in East
Kalimantan, said the wildlife damage was not limited to Indonesian species.
"Birds migrating from Siberia stop here on their way to Australia and are now
losing their way because of the smoke," Mr. Kasyanto said. Dozens of horses
near the Wanariset research station in Semboja, north of the oil city of
Balikpapan, had died from starvation after drought killed off the vegetation in
their habitat.
Mr. Kasyanto said the fires were bad but added that the absence of rain since
December was perhaps even more life-threatening. "The canopies high up in the
trees containing fruit and sources of food for orangutans are dying because of
the drought, and they can't go down below because there are so many ground
fires," he said.
The estimated population of 2,500 orangutans in the jungles of East Kalimantan
was also being diminished by illegal hunting. The loss of vital food sources
was leaving the primates weak and vulnerable to poachers, who mostly export
orangutans as pets. -- From the South China Morning Post, March 27,
1998, as posted to Primate-Talk
Birth and Death Among Zoo Gorillas
March 20, 1998 -- "Kibabu and Frala of Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, are
delighted to announce the arrival of their as yet unnamed son, born at Taronga
Zoo, Sydney, Australia on March 7, 1998. Brother to Shinda and Anguka. Mother
and son both well." -- Posted to Primate-Talk by Hope Walker
March 31, 1998 -- A three-week-old gorilla, the first born naturally in
Australia, has been found dead in his mother's arms at Taronga Zoo. Zoo staff
said yesterday the cause of death would not be known until a post mortem
examination later this week. A spokeswoman for the zoo said yesterday that
infant death among gorillas was very high in the first year of life --
estimated at up to 40% in the wild and 30% in captivity. -- Posted to
Primate-Talk by Lynette Shanley
March 27, 1998 (AFP) -- Japanese pathologists have confirmed that their prize
lowland gorilla, Sultan, met with a fatal heart attack within moments of
contacting his new harem for the first time, a zoo official said Friday. "He
died of heart failure," the official from Kyoto Municipal Zoo said Friday after
an autopsy was conducted. Curators lifted cage bars separating the 28-year-old
lowland gorilla from three potential female breeding partners on Monday, ending
months of bachelorhood for Sultan. But after three minutes of frolicking he
had a fatal heart attack. Sultan "chased the females for a few minutes, but
suddenly collapsed forward," said a general curator. A veterinarian and a
curator both attempted mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in vain. It was Sultan's
first direct contact with prospective breeding partners since January when he
arrived at the Kyoto zoo from Tokyo's Ueno Zoo. -- Posted to
Primate-Talk by Robert Beale
April 3, 1998 -- "I'm sorry to report that silverback gorilla Barney
died suddenly this past Tuesday at the Kansas City Zoo. It is my understanding
the cause of death was aortic aneurism. Barney had spent his captive life at
four different zoos --- Toronto, then Bronx, then Colorado Springs, then Kansas
City. He had done his zoo job well, reproducing at three different zoos and
continually impressing zoo visitors. He had been transferred to Kansas City to
be integrated into a bachelor group. I knew Barney from the Cheyenne Mountain
Zoo in Colorado Springs, where he and Juju produced four offspring, two of whom
died of natural causes. His surviving offspring there are two beautiful
daughters, Asha and Zuri. Barney was a very nice guy. It was a privilege to
have known him. -- Posted to Primate-Talk by Sue Woods
May 12, 1998 -- Willie B's third child, named Willie B, Jr. or
"Kidigo" (which means little or small in Swahili), was born on April 8th. Mom
and baby are doing great. The surprise, however, was Choomba, who was holding
Willie B's fourth offspring. No one knew when conception was, so
Choomba's due date had been guessed to be early June. But the baby was born
late last night, or early this morning -- most likely at night, since the baby
was dry and cleaned off pretty well by the time the keepers came in this
morning. Choomba's one of the best gorilla moms around and she and the baby
looked healthy and great. -- Posted to Primate-Talk by Jane
Dewar
WWF Opens Southern African Wildlife College
The World Wildlife Fund announced in the March/April issue of
Focus that their Southern African Wildlife College, "the first of its
kind in the region and only the third in Africa, has officially opened its
doors. Located in the Northern Province of South Africa, adjacent to Kruger
National Park, this institution aims to provide practical education and
training to wildlife managers from all over Africa. Students from as far away
as Kenya and Uganda are presently attending short courses at the college.
Students started attending the first certificate course last month. Their
training will cover all aspects of managing a protected area, from
understanding the region's ecology to developing new management skills and
working with local communities."
Emory University Disputes OSHA Findings
Following an investigation into the death of an employee last December,
the U.S. Labor Department's Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) cited Emory University/Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Atlanta, GA,
for 10 safety violations and imposed a $105,000 civil penalty. Emory/Yerkes
announced that it will "vigorously dispute" the charges brought after the
22-year-old worker contracted herpes B virus and died when liquid from an
animal she was helping to move splashed into her eye. In a press statement,
Emory/Yerkes maintains that it "conformed to all current standards of safety at
the time of the incident," and is "dismayed" with OSHA's repeated statements
that the case was "significant" due to the "... attention it received in the
national press." "We believe that OSHA's actions should be governed by law and
concerns for safety, not by the scope of the media," and that OSHA "... has
ignored the facts, the scientific knowledge, or safety standards followed by
other primate facilities." Further, the university pointed out that it
actively participated in the development of the guidelines that established the
recommended safety practices and personal protection equip-ment worn by
employees at primate centers, pharmaceutical companies and zoos. In light of
the tragic death of the employee, apparently the first occurrence of herpes B
virus transmission through the eye at a primate center, other facilities have
modified safety procedures with respect to eye protection. -- NABR UPDATE,
May 4, 1998
Group Seeking Funds for Air Force Chimpanzees
The Center for Captive Chimpanzee Care has launched a web site
<www.savethechimps.org> announcing the group's intentions to bid for the
143 U.S. Air Force chimpanzees scheduled to be given to the Coulston
Foundation, a New Mexico primate facility. The Florida-based group, directed
by Jane Goodall and Roger Fouts, is "actively seeking funds and land" to create
a sanctuary to retire the chimpanzees. -- NABR UPDATE, May 4, 1998
APHIS Inspection Report on USDA Web Site
Summaries of APHIS animal welfare inspection reports, by institution, are now
available on the World Wide Web. The Animal Plant and Inspection Service
(APHIS) Animal Care (AC) Program has been using this database internally for
some time to monitor Animal Welfare Act compliance. Previously, like most
federal government records, copies of animal welfare inspection reports,
research facility annual reports, as well as other documents on file, were
available to anyone from APHIS on written request under the terms of the
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
Actual inspection reports (APHIS Form 7008) are not yet posted on the USDA
FOIA page; this is planned in the next 18 to 24 months. Currently online for
each site at every registered research facility is a list of findings by
inspection date. The searchable database covers inspections for approximately
the last three years and uses a system of categories devised by AC staff. For
each inspection the system distinguishes between direct (affecting animal
health) and indirect violations (not affecting animal health). Under these two
headings, four "Categories" of violations are reported - (I) corrected in the
past; (II) uncorrected, but still within time allowed for correction; (III) new
this inspection; and (IV) uncorrected past agreed-upon compliance date.
As in any data system, there are bound to be a few glitches. It is suggested
that institutions check their own inspection listings at
<foia.aphis.usda.gov/> and contact their APHIS AC Regional Offices about
any discrepancies. Listings should be monitored periodically thereafter,
especially following inspections. Also it would be a good idea to carefully
review the APHIS Form 7008 with AC staff at the time of each inspection to be
sure notations are clear and any corrected violations are reported as soon as
possible. -- Reported on CompMed
Wisconsin Stumptails to Texas
Madison, May 6, 1998 -- The University of Wisconsin-Madison's colony of
54 stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) housed at the Henry Vilas
Zoo is headed to the Wild Animal Orphanage (WAO) in San Antonio, TX. A
contract was finalized this week to transfer ownership of the monkeys.
UW-Madison has been trying to secure a new long-term arrangement for its zoo
monkeys since last fall, when the National Institutes of Health announced it
would end funding for the facility on February 1. Virginia Hinshaw, dean of
the UW-Madison Graduate School, said the University had limited options in
placing the stumptails, since they are not part of biomedical research studies
and federal support for behavioral studies has declined.
"This sanctuary meets our expectations for housing the stumptails," said
Joseph Kemnitz, interim director of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research
Center, who visited WAO in mid-April. Kemnitz also toured Primarily Primates,
another San Antonio sanctuary that had expressed an interest in the monkeys.
Since December, Primate Center officials had been actively pursuing another
potential option of sending the stumptails to a sanctuary in Thailand, where
stumptails are a native species. The Wild Animal Rescue Foundation in Thailand
had expressed interest in creating an enclosure and public education center for
the colony. But the San Antonio option proved to be more financially feasible
and posed fewer uncertainties than the Thailand option, Kemnitz said.
The University of Wisconsin has agreed to contribute $40,000 for the
construction of an enclosure, which will be similar to the facility in which
they reside at present. It will be in a natural setting. Construction has
already begun. UW has also agreed to vasectomise the males. Should there be a
need for breeding in the future, the females can be artificially inseminated.
The Primate Center also plans to donate Plexiglas, wire mesh, enrichment toys
and other materials from the 35-year-old zoo facility to the sanctuary,
according to Kemnitz.
Death of Former Thai Prime Minister
His Excellency General Chartichai Choonhaven, former Thai Prime
Minister, passed away in early May at the age of 78. During his term of office
he banned all commercial logging in Thailand and revoked all logging
concessions. For this he received the UNEP Global 500 Award. Although illegal
logging is still going on, he did what he could to save the forests and wild
animals and gave a great boost to the environment and conservation movement in
Thailand. Thailand was the first country in the world to completely ban
logging; I believe Laos was the second. -- posted to Primate Talk
on May 8 by P. Vejjajiva
Brundtland New Director-General Of WHO
The Fifty-first session of the World Health Assembly, meeting in
Geneva (11-16 May 1998) under the chairmanship of Dr. Faisal Radhi Al-Mousawi
(Bahrain), elected Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway to the post of
Director-General of the World Health Organization for a five-year term starting
July 21, 1998. Dr Brundtland was nominated to the position by the 101st Session
of the WHO Executive Board in January 1998. Addressing the Assembly, Dr.
Brundtland described the reorganization which she intends to start implementing
"from the very first day." Among her first priorities she proposes to "Roll
Back Malaria," by developing a new health sector-wide approach to combat the
disease at global, regional and country levels".
* * *
Una de las
principales intenciones de "La Página" es el motivar a nuevos
estudiantes -- principalmente latino-americanos -- a involucrarse en el campo
de la primatología, y una forma de lograrlo es el difundir como colegas
de renombre han tenido su primer contacto con estos animales, siendo este el
origen de sus destacadas contribuciones en esta área. En esta
ocasión, presentamos una sección que periódicamente
incluiremos en "La Página" denominada "Primates: Mi primer
contacto" en donde precisamente, prestigiados amigos y estudiosos de estos
primates nos comentan como recuerdan su primera aproximación al estudio
de los primates. Seguimos esperando sus amables contribuciones y sugerencias
para esta sección. Los Editores: Juan Carlos Serio Silva y Elva
Mathiesen.. Departamento de Ecología Vegetal, Instituto de
Ecología, A.C. Ap. postal 63 cp 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
[e-mail: [email protected]].
Primates: Mi Primer Contacto
Monos secos y pasos húmedos, por Dorothy M. Fragaszy,
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-3013,
USA.
Independientemente de cualquier observación casual de primates en el
Zoológico ó en la televisión, yo ví mis primeros
primates "en vivo" a los 20 años, cuando era estudiante de la
universidad de Duke. Aunque en realidad eran prosimios (Lemures), en ese
momento yo pensé que estos animales eran hermosos y divertidos de
observar. Así inicié mi carrera en la primatología.
Durante la Universidad (en California - Davis), tuve el gusto de estudiar
monos ardilla y monos tití, los cuales habían sido capturados
como parte de las investigaciones del laboratorio del profesor Bill Mason. Esos
monos se encontraban en encierros de 2 ha de 10 m de alto, y con un espacio
lleno de árboles pequeños y con el pasto alto; sin embargo, yo
sabía que algún día yo iría a ver a estos monos en
sus propios ambientes en sus propios espacios. Sabía que tenía
que hacer esto para saber como interpretar sus comportamientos en cautiverio.
Además, yo amaba la libertad así como observar a los animales
ocupados en sus propias actividades.
De esta manera, arreglé realizar un estudio post-doctoral con monos
capuchinos (Cebus olivaceus) en Venezuela, en el rancho llamado
"Masaguaral". Un am-igo mío, John Robinson, había estudiado los
capuchinos ahí por varios años, y él se ofreció
llevarme al rancho a ver a los monos; así en el verano de 1980 yo
fuí a Vene-zuela a reunirme con los monos. Por supuesto,
esto fue realmente una aventura! El rancho era muy diferente de cualquiera
granja que yo hubiera visitado. Los bosques de ahí eran diferentes de
los bosques que habían alrededor de mi propia casa: en estos que
veía, las lianas y las enredaderas casi flotaban sobre los
árboles. John me había advertido que me preparara con calzado
adecuado pues quizá tendría que caminar en zonas inundadas, y
esto...se cumplía por meses y meses.
En nuestra primera incursión, salimos aproxima-damente a las 4:30 a.m.
cuando aún estaba obscuro y los monos probablemente dormían.
Todos sentíamos que caminábamos en la obscuridad durante mucho
tiempo (aunque sólo habían sido 30 minutos) y en esas
condi-ciones el agua muchas veces estaba arriba de mis rodillas. Durante esta
caminata me asombré del número de ocasi-ones que caí antes
del amanecer. Simultáneamente, John describía el escenario con
gran emoción, los cantos de las aves, el terreno y cualquier cosa,
mientras yo...luchaba por seguirlo. Finalmente, cuando el cielo comenzaba poco
a poco a iluminarse, una compañera, Debbi Moskovits (también en
el rancho por primera vez), volteó hacia mí y dijo
"Feliz cumpleaños, Doree!" Era verdad, ese día era
mi cumpleaños. Yo reí mucho porque una "trampa de agua" en medio
del bosque y antes del amanecer, no es lo que normalmente esperas
para celebrar un cumpleaños!
Poco después, llegamos al sitio donde los monos dor-mían. Ellos
comenzaban a estirarse y salían del sitio don-de habían dormido,
a partir de ahí fuimos capaces de seguirlos por varias horas antes de
regresar a casa. Ellos me miraban por arriba de mi cabeza y yo emocionada
veía como ellos tomaban grandes caracoles y con un golpe lo
abrían contra las ramas. Realmente, estuve muy feliz al notar que a
ellos no les preocupaba nuestra pre-sencia. Fue así como yo me
reuní por primera vez con "mis monos".
* * *
AICR Grant Program
The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) funds research
relevant to increasing knowledge about the effects of dietary and nutritional
factors on the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of cancer.
AICR gives priority to projects that are novel, which will expand the
understanding of diet and nutrition in the cancer process to include
elucidating interactive and integrated mechanisms, and which are judged to have
the greatest potential for practical application.
AICR's peer review system is similar to that of the National Institutes of
Health and is approved by the National Cancer institute. AICR's Research
Department currently funds four research programs:
* Investigator-Initiated Grants are the major grants of AICR and cover a
variety of topics relating diet and nutrition to cancer prevention and
treatment. Under this mechanism, AICR is seeking meritorious grant
applications from established investigators applying novel approaches and using
state-of-the-art methodologies to broaden our understanding of the relationship
between diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention and treatment.
* AICR/NCTR Collaborative Research Grants are based on a Cooperative
Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between AICR and the National Center
for Toxicological Research (NCTR). Under this arrangement, NCTR will provide
use of its state-of-the-art research laboratories, animals and equipment and
AICR will provide funds for supplies and research staffing.
* Post-Doctoral Awards provide seed money for support of innovative and
promising research in the area of diet, nutrition and cancer for beginning
investigators who have a PhD or MD degree.
* Matching Grants are aimed to fund, in coordination with industry or
individuals, research projects in the area of diet, nutrition, and cancer
prevention and treatment. These projects will be within the interest of AICR
and the private sponsor.
The application deadline is July 1, 1998. Research grants are awarded only to
non-profit institutions. For more information, contact AICR, Attn: Research
Dept, 1759 R St, NW, Washington DC 20009 [202-328-7744].
Heart Association Scientist Development Grant
The American Heart Association's Scientist Development Grant (SDG)
supports highly promising beginning scientists in their progress toward
independence by encouraging and adequately funding research projects that can
serve to bridge the gap between completion of research training and readiness
for successful competition as an independent investigator. Funding is
available for research broadly related to cardiovascular function and disease;
stroke; or related clinical, basic science, and public health problems.
Proposals are encouraged from all basic disciplines as well as for
epidemiological and clinical investigations that bear on cardiovascular and
stroke problems.
Applicants must hold an MD, PhD, DO or equivalent doctoral degree and should
be full-time faculty/staff members initiating independent research careers,
usually at the rank of instructor or assistant professor (or their
equivalents). Applications may be submitted for review in the final year of a
postdoctoral research fellowship or in the initial years of the first full-time
faculty/staff appointment. At the time of award activation, no more than four
(4) years will have elapsed since an applicant's first full-time faculty/staff
appointment at the assistant professor level or its equivalent. The project
submitted can have no scientific overlap with other funded work.
Nonrenewable Scientist Development Grants are awarded for a period of four
years. The application dead-line is June 15, 1998. Information and
application forms are available via the Internet on AHA's World Wide Web Home
Page <www.americanheart.org>. Applications in paper or disk format can
be obtained from your institution's Grants Office after February 15th each
year. For further information contact the Division of Research Administration,
American Heart Association, National Center [214-706-1453; fax: 214-706-1341;
e-mail: [email protected]].
Primate Conservation Incorporated
Primate Conservation, Incorporated (PCI) is a nonprofit foundation,
which funds field research supporting conservation programs for wild
populations of primates. Priority will be given to projects that study, in
their natural habitat, the least known and most endangered species. The
involvement of citizens from the country in which the primates are found will
be a plus. The intent is to provide support for original research that can be
used to formulate and to implement conservation plans for the species
studied.
PCI will grant seed monies or provide matching grants for graduate students,
qualified conservationists, and primatologists to study rare and endangered
primates and their conservation in their natural habitat. Proposals are
evaluated on competitive basis. All appropriate projects will be considered,
but the regions of current interest are Asia and West Africa.
Deadlines for all grant application materials are February 10 and September
20. For an application or more information please contact Noel Rowe or Abigail
Barber at Primate Conservation Inc., 163 Town Lane, East Hampton, NY 11937-5000
[516-267-6856; fax: 516-267-6856; e-mail: [email protected]].
-- Posted to Primate-Talk
Infectious Disease International Collaborations
International Collaborations in Infectious Diseases Research (ICIDR) is a
research program sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID). Actions for Building Capacity (ABC) is a research training
program sponsored by the Fogarty International Center (FIC), NIH. ABC awards
will only be made to awardees of ICIDR Research grants.
The purpose of ICIDR is to stimulate high quality collaborative research that
will lead to or result in prevention, amelioration, and/or treatment of
tropical infectious diseases and thus improve the health and quality of life of
individuals in endemic areas. To facilitate this purpose, NIAID and FIC have
integrated training for foreign investigators into the ICIDR program. The
purpose of ABC is to stimulate high quality training and to support current and
future collaborative research on infectious diseases that are predominately
endemic in or that affect people living in tropical countries.
ICIDR research must focus on protozoan and helminth infections, mycobacterial
diseases, bacterial and viral enteric infections, Hepatitis C and E, and
fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology. Applications in arboviral infections
and other tropical viral infections are specifically encouraged. Studies
focused on the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or
nutrition on tropical pathogens will be considered.
The intent of ICIDR is to bring together relevant biomedical knowledge and
technology to develop new or improved methods for the prevention, detection,
and treatment of infectious diseases, endemic in tropical countries, that
adversely affect human health; to increase relevant research experience for
both U.S. and foreign investigators; to enhance opportunities for scientific
linkages, interaction and collaboration between U.S. and foreign investigators
through regularly scheduled communications, workshops, and meetings; and to
provide opportunities for foreign and U.S. cooperation on emerging research
opportunities in tropical countries.
A letter of intent should be submitted by by August 7, 1998, and applications
must be received by September 15, 1998. Direct inquiries to Elizabeth S.
Higgs, Div. of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, NIAID, 6003 Executive
Blvd, Rm 3A34, Bethesda, MD 20892-7630 [301-496-2544; fax: 301-402-0659;
e-mail: [email protected]]. Direct inquiries regarding ABC training scope
and eligibility issues to: Joel G. Breman, Division of International Training
and Research, Fogarty International Center, 31 Center Drive, Room B2C39, MSC
2220, Bethesda, MD 20892-2220 [301-496-1653; fax: 301-402-0779; e-mail:
[email protected]].
Mentored Research Scientist Development Award
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) invites applications for Mentored Research Scientist Development Awards
from basic scientists interested in pursuing research careers in the areas of
diabetes, endocrinology, metabolic disorders, digestive diseases, nutrition,
obesity, and kidney, urologic, and hematologic disorders. The intent of these
awards is to provide support for the critical transition period between
postdoctoral training and independent funding for those non-clinical
investigators whose careers are vital for the future excellence of the NIDDK
research endeavor. Candidates must justify the need for a three-year period of
mentored research experience and provide a convincing case that the proposed
period of support will substantially enhance his/her career as an independent
investigator.
Applicants must have a research or a health-related professional doctorate,
usually a PhD degree, and have completed at least two, but not more than five,
years of postdoctoral research training prior to submission of the
application. Postdoctoral work should have been in an area clearly relevant to
the mission of the NIDDK. Applicants may not have been principal investigators
on peer-reviewed research project grants, or their equivalent, from the NIH or
other federal or non-federal sources.
The candidate must identify a mentor with extensive research experience, and
must be willing to spend a minimum of 75 percent of full-time professional
effort conducting research and research career development activities for the
period of the award.
Direct inquiries to Paul Coates, Div. of Diabetes, Endocrinology, &
Metabolic Diseases [301-594-8805; e-mail: [email protected]];
Judith Podskalny, Division of Digestive Diseases & Nutrition [301-594-8876;
e-mail: [email protected]]; or Charles Rodgers, Division of
Kidney, Urologic, & Hematologic Disorders [301-594-7717; e-mail:
[email protected]] -- all at NIDDKD, 45 Center Dr., MSC 6600,
Bethesda, MD 20892-6600.
Research Scholar Development Award
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
invites applications from outstanding intramural and extramural postdoctoral
fellows for the Research Scholar Development Award (RSDA). The RSDA will
provide support for postdoctoral fellows who are moving to assistant professor
positions in an academic institution.
The purpose of the RSDA is to ease the transition to an academic position by
enabling the awardee to focus on the establishment of his/her research
laboratory prior to submitting applications for grant support.
This is a two-year pilot program. Inquiries may be directed to Milton J.
Hernandez, Division of Extramural Activities, NIAID, 6003 Executive Blvd, Rm
3C21, Bethesda, MD 20892-7640 [301) 496-3775; FAX: (301) 402-0369; e-mail:
[email protected]].
* * *
Pathology of Laboratory Animals
The 45th Annual Pathology of Laboratory Animals (POLA) and 4th Annual
Current Laboratory Animal Science Seminar (CLASS) courses will be held August
10-14, 1998, at the Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Naval
Medical Center, Bethesda, MD. These courses are intended to help attendees
interpret spontaneous diseases which might affect experimental results or alter
the health of laboratory animals. The POLA course encompasses a wide range of
diseases, to include infectious, neoplastic, and iatrogenic conditions in a
variety of laboratory animal species. The CLASS course includes lectures on
animal models, research methods, animal medicine and surgery, emerging
diseases, occupational health issues, regulations, laws and guidelines,
alternatives to laboratory animals, and facility management. For more
information, contact the Armed Forces Inst. of Pathology, Dept. of Education,
Washington, DC 20306-0001 [202-782-2637].
Zoo & Wildlife Pathology Workshop
The fifth Annual Zoo and Wildlife Pathology Workshop will be held in
conjunction with the week-long joint conference of the American Association of
Zoo Veterinarians in Omaha, NE, October 18, 1998. Participants are asked to
send 75 slides (70 stained, 5 unstained, all protected against breakage) plus
description of peculiar marks, clinical history, and names of contributor(s)
and contributing institution(s) by September 18. Also include your diagnosis,
a brief discussion of the case, and references, which will expedite compilation
of diagnoses after the meeting.
A registration fee of $25 includes a slide set, written case histories,
diagnoses, and refreshments. Make checks payable to UAREP, Inc. For more
information, contact the Registry of Comparative Pathology, Washington, DC
20306-001 [202-782-2440; fax: 202-782-9150].
* * *
Software for Animal Behavior
Robert Huber (University of Graz, Austria) and Jack Bradbury (UCSD)
have both developed Mac programs for the analysis of spatial data, particularly
for use in animal behavior. Recently they combined their efforts in an attempt
to provide a general set of tools for an analysis of movement patterns and
spatial distributions.
HomeRange is at Version 2.0.1 for PCs as well as for 68K Macs. You can
download a self-extracting archive with both programs and sample data files
from <wwwzoo.kfunigraz.ac.at/~lobsterman/Analysis.html>
More Interesting Web Sites
* PETA's homepage: www.peta-online.org
* ASKNIH (new address):
* CDC's Parasitology Diagnostic Website: www.ncid.cdc.gov/dpdx
* Private Ownership of Primates Information Database:
www.angelfire.com/wa/PetMonkey/Primate.html
* Internet Resource for Biol. & Med. Researchers: biomednet.com
* Online Medical Dictionary, with over 46,000 definitions:
www.graylab.ac.uk/omd/index.html
* CancerWEB: www.graylab.ac.uk/cancerweb.html
* Center for the Advanced Study of Ape and Human Evolution:
www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS
* * *
GrantsNet
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the American Association for
the Advancement of Science have launched a new Web site offering "one-stop
shopping" for young scientists seeking information on grants and other forms of
support for research and training in the biomedical sciences. GrantsNet
<www.grantsnet.org> features an extensive database on fellowships, grants
and various sources of research support, as well as links to funders' Web
sites, online applications, and comments from recent application reviewers.
The site currently focuses on graduate and postgraduate training and junior
faculty positions, but expansion is planned to encompass undergraduate and
precollege science training.
Sedation, Immobilization, and Anesthesia
A sixteen-hour course on sedation, immobilization, and anesthesia of
nonhuman primates will be presented by Dr. Keith Beheler-Amass of Safe-Capture
International, Inc., Drs. Jan Ramer and Carol Emerson of the Wisconsin RPRC,
and Drs. Joanne Paul-Murphy and Dave Brunson of the University of Wisconsin
College of Veterinary Medicine. Topics will include: (for captive and
free-ranging conditions) * Humane capture: How to minimize stress * Conditioning
and training: What's possible without drugs * Oral medications * Remote drug
delivery methods: The latest in equipment and technology * Pharmacology for
nonhuman primate immobilization * The use of analgesics in nonhuman
primates * Species-specific immobilization dosage regimens and protocols
* Anesthetic monitoring for captive and field procedures * Capture-related medical
emergencies: Recognizing, treating, and preventing problems * Personnel safety
protocols: Procedures for human exposure to immobilizing agents * The effects
of immobilizing agents on hematology, blood chemistry, and hormonal studies
* Zoonotic disease implications with chemical immobilization of nonhuman primates
* Developing ethical Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols.
In 1998 courses will be held in Winston-Salem, NC (July 11-12); Chicago, IL
(September 12-13); College Park, MD (September 26-27); Boston, MA (October
3-4); Santa Ana, CA (November 4-5); and Walnut Creek, CA (November 7-8).
These courses are intended for primate veterinarians and technicians, primate
researchers, primate care staff, and informed owners. This program is approved
for Veterinary Continuing Education. All attendees will receive a 110-page
training manual, including immobilization protocols for over 50 species of
nonhuman primates. the registration fee is $400 ($350 in advance). For a
detailed information packet or registration, contact: Dr. Keith Beheler-Amass,
Safe-Capture International, P.O. Box 206, Mt. Horeb, WI 53572 [608-767-3071;
fax: 608-437-5287; e-mail: [email protected];
<www.safecapture.com>].
Internship Program -- Kansas
The Animal Behavior and Research Department at Sedgwick County Zoo is
beginning an internship program for students in the various fields of animal
behavior. The program is designed to give students experience in both
research and animal behavior. All students will be involved in enrichment,
training, and a research project.
Students should be juniors, seniors or in graduate school. A GPA of at
least 3.5 in the area of major is required, as are the following courses:
statistics, research methods, and animal behavior (comparative psychology). A
course on learning is highly recommended. At this time there is no stipend
available, but part-time jobs will be made available for students, and we are
hoping to have dormitory housing. The internship will run every semester (the
summer position is already filled). To apply, please send CV, two references,
and a short essay stating why you want this internship to the address below.
For more information contact: Emily Weiss, Curator of Behavior and Research,
Sedgwick County Zoo, 5555 Zoo Blvd. Wichita Kansas, 67212 [316-942-2212, ext.
257; e-mail: [email protected]]. -- from ABSnet 4[12]
Summer Programs in Japan and Korea
NSF, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and
the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), administers Summer Programs in Japan
and Korea, which consists of three separate programs designed to provide
participants with first-hand experience in Japanese or Korean research
environments, an introduction to the science and science policy infrastructure
of the respective countries, and language training. The primary goals of the
programs are to introduce American students to Japanese or Korean science and
engineering in the context of a research laboratory, and to initiate personal
relationships that will better enable them to collaborate with Japanese or
Korean counterparts in the future. All qualified graduate students in science
and engineering, including the biomedical, agricultural, and social sciences,
may apply. The deadline for application is December 1. For information,
requirements, and application materials, contact Japan and Korea Program, Rm
935, Div. of International Programs, NSF, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA
22230 [703-306-1701; fax: 703-306-0474; e-mail: [email protected];
<www.nsf.gov/sbe/int/japkor/>].
Research Fellowships in Japan
The National Science Foundation (NSF) nominates researchers for five
fellowship programs administered by the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS) and the Science and Technology Agency of Japan (STA). The range
of programs allows visits of nearly any length to Japanese universities,
inter-university research institutes, and over 120 Japanese national
laboratories, public corporations, and non-profit research organizations. The
following fellowships are available:
* JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships support 12 to 24 month research stays for
researchers who have received their PhD degree within the last six years.
* JSPS Short-term Postdoctoral Fellowships support 3 to 11 month research stays
for researchers who have received their PhD degree within the last ten
years.
* JSPS Short-term Invitation Fellowships support research visits to Japan of 7
to 60 days for researchers with a PhD degree.
* STA Postdoctoral Fellowships support 6 to 24 month research stays for
researchers who have received their PhD degree within the last six years.
* STA Short-term Fellowships support research visits to Japan of 1 to 3 months
for researchers with a PhD degree.
See address above for information.
Graduate Fellowships -- Massachusetts
The graduate program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at the University
of Massachusetts at Amherst is pleased to announce the availablity of seven PhD
fellowships, sponsored by the Department of Education as part of their program,
Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN). Organismic and
Evolutionary Biology (OEB) is a cross-disciplinary program that trains students
in many areas, including animal behavior. It includes over 70 faculty from the
departments of biology, entomology, psychology, plant and soil sciences,
forestry and wildlife, and others. More details about the program and
information on specific faculty can be found on our Web site,
<www.bio.umass.edu/oeb/>.
Each Fellow receives a stipend of $15,000 per year for the first three years.
Funding for the last two years of the PhD is guaranteed, and will be in the
form of a combination of teaching assistantships (Fellows are required to teach
for a minimum of 1 year), research assistantships, and fellowships. In
addition, UMass will pay the health fees of the Fellows. Fellows may request
an educational allowance of $2,500 for their first year, and $1,000 in each of
the subsequent four years, to be used for books, computer hardware and
software, and other research materials. Fellows may request up to $500 per
year for travel to meetings or off-campus short courses.
Fellowship recipients must enter the OEB program in the fall of 1998, be of
superior ability, have an excellent academic record (3.0 or better), have
financial need, be PhD students (Master's students are not eligible for
fellowships), be planning a career in teaching or research, be U.S. citizens,
nationals, or permanent residents, or intend to become permanent residents, of
the U.S. or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. We particularly
encourage applications from members of underrepresented groups.
For more information or to request an application, please contact Penny
Jaques, OEB Program Manager [413-545-0928; e-mail: [email protected]].
Analysis of Biological Diversification, Arizona
A coalition of faculty members from several departments at the
University of Arizona, including Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Molecular
& Cellular Biology, and the Divisions of Neurobiology and Biotechnology, is
continuing a Research Training Group (RTG) in the Analysis of Biological
Diversification, with funding from the National Science Foundation and the
University of Arizona. A one- to two-year postdoctoral fellowship is
available to pursue innovative research projects that integrate disparate
approaches to biological diversification, including molecular biology,
organismal biology, systematics, ecology, paleobiology, developmental biology,
and population genetics. The goal is to encourage persons with training in any
of these areas to cross the boundaries of traditional disciplines and, in
particular, to use phylogeny or other historical frameworks to understand
patterns of diversity of life and evolutionary processes.
The RTG postdoctoral fellow will participate in such RTG program training
activities as discussion groups, workshops, individual tutorials for graduate
and undergraduate trainees, and occasional lectures in RTG courses. Research
Associate candidates must have a PhD in a field related to the research area.
Send CV, statement of research project that demonstrates relevance to the RTG
Program (five page limit including figures and references), and three current
letters of recommendation to Cheryl Craddock, RTG Program Coordinator, RTG in
the Analysis of Biological Diversification, Dept of Ecology & Evolutionary
Biol., P.O. Box 210088, 1041 E. Lowell, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088
[520-621-5483; e-mail: [email protected];
<ebweb.arizona.edu/RTG/rtg.html>]. The application deadline is September
30, 1998.
Positions Available
Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Stony Brook
The Department of Anthropology at the State University of New York at Stony
Brook invites applications for a tenure-track position at the level of
Assistant Professor, beginning September, 1999. Applicants should have an
active and ongoing research interest in the study of behavior or ecology with a
strong basis in evolutionary theory and a focus on the biology of nonhuman
primates. Special consideration will be given to applicants who approach
sociobiological questions from a combined perspective of behavioral field
studies and genetic or hormonal analyses. Send application letter, curriculum
vitae, a brief description of ongoing and planned research, and name, addresses
and telephone numbers of three references to Diane Doran, Search Committee,
Department of Anthropology, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364
before September 30, 1998. Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. SUNY
is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer.
Veterinarian, U. C. San Francisco
The University of California San Francisco is seeking a veterinarian to
provide clinical support and management within the Animal Health Program. The
successful candidate will be responsible for administration of all aspects of
care of species (including rodents, non-human primates, small ruminants,
rabbits, dogs, and cats) including: clinical support; animal housing, care and
husbandry; environmental enrichment; personnel management; ensuring compliance
with applicable laws and regulations; and facilitating support of research
programs. The ideal candidate will hold a professional degree in veterinary
medicine, be ACLAM (or other specialty) board-eligible or -certified and have
clinical medicine and managerial experience.
Please send resume and three references to Dr. Nina Hahn, Animal Care
Facility, University of California San Francisco, Box 0654, San Francisco, CA
94143-0564.
Veterinary Technician, West Virginia
The Office of Laboratory Animal Resources (OLAR) of West Virginia
University is seeking a veterinary technician. This position is responsible
for providing care to a variety of laboratory animal species, including
nonhuman primates; maintaining health surveillance and preventive medicine
programs; providing research support; training investigative personnel; and
other veterinary technology duties.
Requirements include: * Associate Degree in Veterinary Technology, Animal or
Veterinary Sciences, or a related field * State Veterinary Technician
Certification as a Registered or Licensed Veterinary Technician in any state *
Minimum of one year of experience (post-state veterinary technician
certification) as a veterinary/animal health or research technician involved in
the care or use of animals in a private practice, academic, or commercial
facility * Certification as an American Association for Laboratory Animal
Science (AALAS) Laboratory Animal Technologist (LATG) is preferred but not
required at the time of employment. If not already certified at the AALAS LATG
level, the successful candidate is expected to achieve LATG status while at
this institution.
Applicants should send a detailed resume to Human Resources, Robert C. Byrd
Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9028, Morgantown, WV
26506-9028. West Virginia University is an affirmative action/equal
opportunity employer.
Animal Resources Manager -- Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles announces an opening for an animal
facility supervisor, classified as a Managment Services Officer II. The
position will be available on July 1, 1998. Under the general direction of the
Facility Veterinarian, the individual will manage and direct the
technical/operational program of the Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, a
multi-discipline, AAALAC-accredited, animal research facility.
Major duties include program development, space utilization, facilities
planning, material management, and personnel resources management. The
successful candidate will assume full responsibility for the management of the
technical program for the Division, within the guidelines of campus and
department policies and procedures and governmental/accrediting agency
regulations.
Candidates must possess demonstrated abilities in leadership, human resource
motivation, and labor relations. Interpersonal and communication skills are
essential. Independent decision making and original problem solving are
required, as well as working knowledge of animal husbandry regulatory agency
and accrediting agency laws, policies, and procedures sufficient to retain
accreditation. Certification through AALAS at LATG level and knowledge of Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) is highly desirable.
Applications will be accepted until the position is filled. Please submit a
letter of intent, resume, and references to Dr. Gregory B. Heisey, Director,
UCLA Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Rm 1V-211 CHS, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1718 [fax: 310-825-6119; e-mail:
[email protected]].
Manager, Husbandry & Facility Operations, NYC
The Research Animal Resource Center (RARC) at the Cornell University
Medical College (CUMC) in New York City is seeking candidates for the position
of Manager, Husbandry and Facility Operations. The Manager will coordinate all
aspects of the husbandry and facilities section of RARC which includes
management and coordination of the activities of ten supervisors and animal
care technicians; development and implementation of policies pertaining to
husbandry and physical plant; overseeing the maintenance of all RARC-managed
facilities; preparation and administration of operational and capital budgets;
coordination and implementation of a training program for husbandry staff; and
oversight and evaluation of cost recovery systems. RARC-CUMC operates an
AAALAC-accredited animal facility, housing approximately 7,000 animals at three
sites on the Manhattan campus.
The candidate must have a minimum of a BA/BS in the biological sciences or a
related field, at least five years of supervisory and/or management experience
in an animal care and use program, AALAS certification at the LATG level, be
capable of functioning independently with minimal supervision, and have proven
ability in operations and personnel management.
CUMC offers competitive salary and an outstanding benefits package which
includes pension, health, dental, and tuition plans. CUMC is an
EEO/AA/M/F/D/V. For more information, contact Dr. Neil Lipman [212-639-8591;
e-mail: [email protected]]. Interested individuals should
send their resume to N. L. Brown, Cornell University Medical College, Personnel
Department, Olin Hall, Room 211, 445 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021.
* * *
The American Psychological Association's 106th Annual
Conference will be held 14-18 August, 1998, in San Francisco, CA. Contact the
APA Conference Office [1-202-336-6020; fax: 1-202-336-5956].
The International Society For Comparative Psychology will hold
their 9th biennial meeting 1-5 September, 1998, in Cape Town, South Africa.
The meeting is hosted by Professor L.C. Simbayi and the Department of
Psychology, University of the Western Cape and will focus on all aspects of
comparative psychology. It will also include a regional perspective of
animals, animal behavior, or animal ecology as related to South Africa.
Contact Professor Simbayi, Dept of Psychology, Univ. of the Western Cape,
Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa [0404-22011; fax:
0404-31643; e-mail: [email protected]].
The American Zoological Association's annual conference will be held
13-17 September, 1998, in Tulsa, OK. Contact AZA, Executive Office, 7970-D Old
Georgetown Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814-2493 [301-907-7777; fax: 1-301-907-2980
<www.aza.org>].
The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) will hold their
annual meeting 8-11 October, 1998, at the Pacifico Yokohama Conference Center,
Yokohama, Japan, sponsored by the CBSG, the Zoological Gardens of the City of
Yokohama, and the Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums.
Contact the Secretariat of the 1998 CBSG Annual Meeting, c/o ASTEION Co., Ltd,
Rm #401, Toranomon Sangyo Bldg, 1-2-29 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001
Japan [+81 3 3593 2565; fax: +813 593 1088; e-mail:
[email protected]].
The Canadian Association for Physical Anthropologists will hold a
conference 5-7 November, 1998, at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Contact Lisa Hansen [e-mail: [email protected];
<www.acs.ucalgary.ca/anth/CAPA98.html>].
The 1998 Conference of the Australasian Primate Society is to be held
at Perth Zoo on December 4-6. The theme is "Creating a home away from home:
Species-specific exhibits for captive primates." Abstracts are due by mid
October. Papers on any primate-related topic are welcome. Contact Graeme
Crook, APS, P.O. Box 500, One Tree Hill, South Australia
5114 [+61 8 82807670; fax: +61 8 82807078; e-mail:
[email protected]]; or Rosemary Markham, Perth Zoo, Labouchere
Rd, South Perth, Western Australia 6151.
The Endocrine Society's 81st Annual Meeting will be 12-15 June, 1999,
in San Diego, CA. Contact Kim Akoto, The Endocrine Society, 4350 East West
Hwy, Suite 500, Bethesda, MD 20814-4410 [1-301-941-0220; fax: 1-301-941-0259;
<www.endo-society.org>].
* * *
As usual, a silent auction to benefit the Conservation Committee will
be held at the ASP meeting this year. Proceeds finance the various Awards and
Grants presented to students, scholars, and other workers in conservation. If
you wish to send items for the auction ahead, rather than carrying them, or if
you are not going to be attending the meeting but wish to contribute, just send
packages to Steve Schapiro, Dept. of Psychology, Southwestern Univ., University
at Maple, P.O. Box 770, Georgetown, TX 78627-0770.
Naturally, primate-theme articles are welcomed, but art and other cultural
objects from source countries have been great money raisers.
For several years, Chris Caleffi (also known to us as Maria Boccia's husband)
has been prominent as a helper at the auction. This year Maria and Chris won't
be there, but Chris has written the following, expressing his ambivalence about
going somewhere else:
To the Auction in Austin
Although we are not here this year,
We shook and shook our grants around,
Then Chris was brooding day and night,
He never thought he'd miss it,
Salt and pepper shakers,
Now take that pen and quill in hand,
With tears now streaming down both his cheeks,
"Five minutes more, five minutes more!"
So this was the story of an auction lover,
-- Christopher Caleffi
* * *
View Point, a French
company working in the field of animal behavior analysis, has recently
announced a new product named Vigie Primates, suggested for analysis of general
activity of primates, dogs, minipigs, etc., based on the use of cameras and
image processing. The system is being used in applications such as: *
toxicology (for activity and behavior monitoring during day and night) *
cardiology (usually coupled with telemetry system for an accurate measurement
of animals' activity) * the study of Parkinson's disease (for an accurate
measurement of animals' motor function).
For information, see their Web page or contact Didier Neuzeret, President,
View Point, 4 rue Etienne Richerand, F-69003 Lyon, France [+33 4 78 53
78 38; fax: + 33 4 78 53 36 20; e-mail: [email protected];
* * *
Books
*Chimpanzees in Research: Strategies for Their Ethical Care,
Management, and Use. ILAR Committee on Long-term Care of Chimpanzees,
National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997. 108
pp. [Price: $21.75 (U.S.), $26.25 (international), from National Academy
Press, P.O. Box 285, Washington, DC 20055]
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 8th Ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, 20 vols. [Price: $1995].
Catalogs
*Mosby's NetVet Veterinary Guide to the Internet. K. Boschert
& H. James (Eds.). [Price: $24.95]
Magazines and Newsletters
*AAALAC International Connection, April 1998. [AAALAC
International, 11300 Rockville Pike, Suite 1211, Rockville, MD 20852-3035]
* Boletín de la Asociación Primatológica
Española, Febrero 1998, 5[1]. [Área de
Psicobiología, Dpcho. 31, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid,
28049-Madrid,Spain]
*Centerline, Spring 1998. [Wisconsin RPRC, 1220 Capitol Ct,
Madison, WI 53715-1299]
* Gorilla Gazette, December, 1997, 11[1]. [Columbus
Zoological Park Assn, 9990 Riverside Dr., Box 400, Powell, OH 43065-0400]
*IPPL News, April 1998, 25[1]. [IPPL, P.O. Box 766, Summerville,
SC 29484]
*Neotropical Primates: A Newsletter of the Neotropical Section of the
IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, March, 1998, 6[1]. [Conservation
International, Ave. Antônio Abrahão Caram 820/302, 31275-000, Belo
Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil]
*Primate Report, October, 1997, 49. [German Primate Center (DPZ),
Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany]
Manuals
*Orangutan Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual. C. Sodaro
(Ed.). 1997. [Price: $25 in U.S., $35 foreign (payable to Zoo Atlanta) from
Lori Perkins, Orangutan SSP Coordinator, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave SE,
Atlanta, GA, 30315-1440]
Monographs
*Methods in Developmental Toxicology and Biology. S. Klug
& R. Thiel (Eds.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1997. [Price: $165]
Reports
*NCRR: A Catalyst for Discovery: A Plan for the National Center for
Research Resources: 1998-2003. Bethesda, MD: NIH, 1998. 24 pp. [Office of
Science Policy, MCRR/NIH, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Rm 5046, Bethesda, MD
20892-7965].
Special Journal Issues
*Animal models of aging research. ILAR Journal, 1997, 38[3].
* Priorities for biodiversity conservation in Madagascar. Primate
Report, June, 1997, 48-1. [German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany]
* First Göttinger Freilandtage. Primate Socio-ecology: Causes and
consequences of variation in the number of males per group. Primate
Report, December, 1997, 48-2. [Address same as above]
Anatomy & Physiology
*A preliminary survey of syndactyly in the mountain gorilla (Gorilla
gorilla beringei). Routh, A. & Sleeman, J. (Stapeley Grange Wildlife
Hospital, London Rd, Stapeley, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 7JW.). Proceedings of
the Spring Meeting of the British Veterinary Zoological Society, 14-15 June
1997 (pp. 22-25).
Animal Models
*Comparative analysis of human and macaque monkey CD4: Differences in
formaldehyde lability and conformation. Akari, H., Terao, K., Nam, K.-H.,
Adachi, A., & Yoshikawa, Y. (Dept of Virology, School of Med., Univ. of
Tokushima, 3 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770, Japan). Experimental Animals,
1998, 47, 23-27.
Behavior
*Flexibility in the species-typical songs of gibbons. Haraway, M. M.
& Maples, E. G. (College of Education, Psych. Dept, NE Louisiana Univ.,
Monroe, LA 71209). Primates, 1998, 39, 1-12.
*A case report of a male rank reversal in a group of wild white-faced
capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Perry, S. (Dept of Anthropology, UCLA, 405
Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553). Primates, 1998, 39,
51-70.
*A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain
gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Watts, D. P. (Dept of
Anthropology, Yale Univ., P.O. Box 208277, New Haven, CT 06520-8277).
Primates, 1998, 39, 71-78.
*Visual scanning by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus):
Functional aspects and the special role of adult males. Koenig, A.
(German Primate Center, Dept of Ethology/Ecology, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077
Göttingen, Germany). Primates, 1998, 39, 85-90.
*Percussive foraging: Stimuli for prey location by aye-ayes (Daubentonia
madagascariensis). Erickson, C. J., Nowicki, S., Dollar, L., &
Goehring, N. (Psychology Dept, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708). International
Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19, 111-122.
*Proximal spacing between individuals in a group of woolly monkeys
(Lagothrix lagotricha) in Tinigua National Park, Colombia. Stevenson,
P. R. (Dept of Anthropology, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794). International
Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19, 299-311.
*Fruit finding by mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena): Are monitoring of fig
trees and use of sympatric frugivore calls possible strategies? Olupot, W.,
Waser, P. M., & Chapman, C. A. (P. M. W., Dept of Biol. Sci., Purdue Univ.,
West Lafayette, IN 47907). International Journal of Primatology, 1998,
19, 339-353.
* Group size and aggression: "recruitment incentives" in a cooperative breeding
primate. Schaffner, C. M. & French, J. A. (Dept of Psychology, St. John's
Univ., Collegeville, MN 56321). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54,
171-180.
*Grooming down the hierarchy: Allogrooming in captive brown capuchin
monkeys, Cebus apella. Parr, L. A., Matheson, M. D., Bernstein, I. S.,
& de Waal, F. B. M. (Div. of Psychobiology, Yerkes RPRC, 954 N. Gatewood
Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54, 361-367.
*The adaptive value of "friendships" to female baboons: Experimental and
observational evidence. Palombit, R. A., Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L.
(Dept of Psychology, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA
19104). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54, 599-614.
*Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: Coping with
long-term crowding. Judge, P. G. & de Waal, F. B. M. (Yerkes RPRC, Emory
Univ., 2409 Taylor Rd, Lawrenceville, GA 30243). Animal Behaviour, 1997,
54, 643-662.
*Push or pull: An experimental study on imitation in marmosets. Bugnyar, T.
& Huber, L. (L. H., Dept of Theoretical Biology, Inst. of Zoology, Univ. of
Vienna, Biocenter, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria). Animal Behaviour,
1997, 54, 817-831.
*Capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, fail to understand a cooperative task.
Chalmeau, R., Visalberghi, E., & Gallo, A. (Lab. de Neurobiologie et
Comportement, Univ. Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex,
France). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54, 1215-1225.
*Red colobus and Diana monkeys provide mutual protection against
predators. Bshary, R. & Noë, R. (MPIV Seewisen, Abt. Wickler. Postf.
1564, 82305 Starnberg, Germany). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54,
1461-1474.
Care
*A simple enrichment device for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes):
"Mr. Sockie." Morris, J., Howell, S., & Fritz, J. (P.F.A., P.O. Box
20027, Mesa, AZ 85277-0027). The Newsletter, 1997, 9[3,4], 1.
*Vertical poles with cow bells: An enrichment device for chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes). Howell, S., Fritz, J., Murphy, J., & Schwandt,
M. (Address same as above). The Newsletter, 1997, 9[3,4],
3-5.
*Clinical conditions encountered in the Howletts gorilla colony: A
twelve year review. Furley, C. W. (Howletts Wild Animal Park, Bekesbourne
Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT4 5EL, U.K.). Proceedings of the Spring Meeting of
the British Veterinary Zoological Society, 14-15 June 1997 (pp. 13-21).
Conservation
*Global primatology in a new millennium: An editorial. Tuttle, R. (Dept
of Anthropology, Univ. of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th St., Chicago, IL 60637).
International Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19, 1-12.
*Survey of Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and
eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega
National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in Eastern Democratic Republic
of Congo. Hall, J. S., White, L. J. T., Inogwabini, B.-I., Omari, I., Morland,
H. S., Williamson, E. A., Saltonstall, K., Walsh, P., Sikubwabo, C., Bonny, D.,
Kiswele, K. P., Vedder, A., & Freeman, K. (Marsh Hall, School of Forestry
& Environ. Studies, Yale Univ., 360 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511).
International Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19, 207-235.
Disease
*Identification of a human population infected with simian foamy
viruses. Heneine, W., Switzer, W. M., Sandstrom, P., Brown, J., Vedapuri, S.,
Schable, C. A., Khan, A. S., Lerche, N. W., Schweizer, M., Neumann-Haefelin,
D., Chapman, L. E., & Folks, T. M. (HIV & Retrovirology Branch,
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333). Nature Medicine, 1998, 4,
403-407.
Evolution, Genetics, and Taxonomy
*Technical note: Chromosomal and mtDNA analysis of Oliver. Ely, J. J.,
Leland, M., Martino, M., Swett, W., & Moore, C. M. (Trinity Univ., Dept of
Biology, San Antonio, TX 78212-7200). American Journal of Physical
Anthropology, 1998, 105, 395-403.
*Genetic variation in remnant populations of the woolly spider monkey
(Brachyteles arachnoides). Pope, T. R. (Dept of Biological Anthropology
& Anatomy, Duke Univ., Box 90583, Durham, NC 27708-0383). International
Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19, 95-109.
*Individual identification and paternity determination in chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes) using human short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Ely,
J. J., Gonzalez, D. L., Reeves-Daniel, A., & Stone, W. H. (Address same as
above). International Journal of Primatology, 1998, 19,
255-271.
*Distribution and biochronology of European and southwest Asian Miocene
catarrhines. Andrews, P., Harrison, T., Delson, E., Bernor, R. L., &
Martin, L. (E. D., Dept of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, NY 10024). In R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, & H.-W.
Mittmann (Eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas
(pp. 169-207). New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1996.
*Genetic correlates of social behaviour in wild chimpanzees: Evidence
from mitochondrial DNA. Goldberg, T. L. & Wrangham, R. W. (Dept of Vet.
Pathobiology, College of Vet. Med., Univ. of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave,
Urbana, IL 61801). Animal Behaviour, 1997, 54, 559-570.
*Systematics of tarsiers and lorises. Groves, C. (Dept of Archaeology
& Anthropology, ANU, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia). Primates,
1998, 39, 13-27.
Field Studies
*Effects of fruit patch availability on feeding subgroup size and
spacing patterns in four primate species at Tinigua National Park, Colombia.
Stevenson, P. R., Quiñones, M. J., & Ahumada, J. A. (Dept of
Anthropology, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794). International Journal of
Primatology, 1998, 19, 313-324.
*Population variation in patch and party size in muriquis
(Brachyteles arachnoides). Rodrigues de Moraes, P. L., de Carvalho, O.,
Jr., & Strier, K. B. (K. B. S., Dept of Anthropology, Univ. of Wisconsin,
1180 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706). International Journal of
Primatology, 1998, 19, 325-337.
General
*Signs of change within the animal rights movement: Results from a
follow-up survey of activists. Plous, S. (Dept of Psychology, Wesleyan Univ.,
207 High St, Middletown, CT 06459-0408]. Journal of Comparative Psychology,
1998, 112, 48-54.
Nutrition
*Relative taste preferences for food-associated sugars in the spider
monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Laska, M., Sanchez, E. C., & Rodriguez
Luna, E. (Inst. für Med. Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ.
München, Goethestrasse 31, D-80336, München, Germany). Primates,
1998, 39, 91-96.
Reproduction
*Growth and reproductive parameters of bonnet monkey (Macaca
radiata). Rao, A. J., Ramesh, V., Ramachandra, S. G., Krishnamurthy, H.
N., Ravindranath, N., & Moudgal, N. R. (Primate Research Lab., Centre for
Reproductive Biology & Molecular Endocrinology, Indian Inst. of Science,
Bangalore 560 012, India). Primates, 1998, 39, 97-107.
*Paternity in sooty mangabeys. Gust, D. A., McCaster, T., Gordon, T.
P., Gergits, W. F., Casna, N. J., & McClure, H. M. (Yerkes RPRC, Emory
Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322). International Journal of Primatology, 1998,
19, 83-94.
-------------------------------------
In many cases, the original source of references in this section has been the
Current Primate References prepared by the Primate Information Center, UW RPRC
Westlake Facility 1101 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-3527. Because
of this excellent source of references, the present section is devoted
primarily to presentation of abstracts of articles of practical or of general
interest. We would also like to acknowledge Primate-Talk as a source for
information about new books.
-------------------------------------
* * *
ACLAD Newsletter
The American Committee on Laboratory Animal Diseases (ACLAD), an
AALAS-affiliated organization which was established to advance and communicate
knowledge about diseases of laboratory animals for the benefit of laboratory
animal science and comparative medicine, is seeking material for its
Newsletter. The ACLAD Newsletter is currently published twice a year,
containing summaries (1-2 pages each) of research relating to laboratory animal
diseases, information on disease incidence or serosurveys, issues in
standardization and improvement of diagnostic methodologies, new animal models
for disease, and similar research relevant to laboratory animal diseases. Such
topics in laboratory animal diseases as natural prevalence,
pathogenesis/immunology, developments in diagnosis and new or improved
diagnostic methods or reagents (serology, PCR and other molecular methods),
special problems of transgenic animals, and animal models, especially for
infectious diseases, are all welcome. The emphasis is on current material,
including high quality research at stages prior to formal publication.
Please submit your materials to Benjamin J. Weigler, Assoc. Director for
Veterinary and Research Resources, Assoc. Professor, Dept. Comp. Med.,
Washington RPRC, Box 357330, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
[206-616-1706; fax: 206-616-1710; e-mail:
[email protected]]. More information about ACLAD,
including back-issues of the Newsletter, can be found at:
Zoocriaderos
Zoocriaderos, edited by Hector F. Aguilar, is an indexed international
publication, intended to establish a close scientific relationship between
universities, zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens, and organized private
collections, as well as professionals and students of related areas in the
whole world. Three issues constitute an annual volume. All articles are
arbitrated; once accepted for publication, they are sent by electronic mail to
an international title list, including authors, summaries and key words. As
each volume is closed, it is printed and sent by air mail to our subscribers.
Meanwhile, titles, summaries, and bibliographies are placed, in Spanish or
English, on the Web at <www.ciens.ula.ve/~cires>.
Issues are closed on the first day of March, July, and November. For more
information, or to submit manuscripts, contact CIRES, P.O. Box 397,
Mérida 5101, Venezuela [voice & fax: (+58 74) 71 29 39; e-mail:
[email protected]].
* * *
All correspondence concerning the Newsletter should be addressed to:
Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the
World Wide Web at
The Newsletter is supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant
RR-00419 from the Comparative Medicine Program, National Center for
Research Resources, N.I.H.
Cover illustration of a lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) by Anne M. Richardson
Copyright (c) 1998 by Brown University
Copy Editor: Elva Mathiesen
Last updated: May 21, 1998
Der Rosenaffe
Placing Hand-Reared Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) into Adult
Social Groups: A Technique for Facilitating Group Integration
Anthropology and Psychology Departments, The University of Michigan
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Suzy Akati
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Nursery Group
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Adult C-score^ groom* play* carry or** C-score groom* play* carry or**
tandem tandem
walk walk
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Beauty 87 3.7 1.1 2.2 49 1.1 .67 0.0
Bubbles 23 47 85 14 46 4.5 1.3 .49
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Whole Group
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Adult C-score^ groom* play* carry or** C-score groom* play* carry or**
tandem tandem
walk walk
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Beauty 65 1.1 4.9 .85 25 .58 2.0 .06
Bubbles 21 .00 .23 .07 20 .62 .79 .15
Peggy 21 .00 .27 .06 12 .05 .95 .00
Sarah 11 .04 .17 .24 5.6 .00 .00 .00
Trixi 16 .00 .00 .02 1.1 .00 .32 .00
Joe 10 .59 .40 .00 5.1 .05 .41 .00
Chuck 10 .00 1.1 .00 19 .19 2.3 .00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
^
Composite proximity scores calculated by C = 4 (S0m + S0.5m) + 0.8
(S2m) * 100 #S
where S0m = number of scans at zero meters (in contact); S0.5m = number of
scans at > (0 - 0.5 meters); S2m = number of scans at > (0.5 - 2
meters); #S = total number of scans during focal observations
* Percentage of scans ** Rate/hourPair-housing Male Macaca fascicularis: A Summary
Yale University and Coulston Foundation
<www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/pef/slide/intro.html>.
<www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/enrich.html>. Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates
Address Changes
News Briefs
Primates de las Américas...La Página
Grants Available
Workshop Announcements
Information Requested or Available
<www.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-068.html> Research and Educational Opportunities
Meeting Announcements
Conservation Auction, ASP
ASP, 1998
Our absence must be felt,
For we're going to a conference,
In the country that makes Delft.
To find the Texas money,
But the pages now were so bone dry,
Maria said, "No way, honey".
He'd miss the auction now,
He's lost his job as barker,
And a chance to take a bow.
Since nineteen-ninety three --
Conservation now is in the hands
Of monkeys in a tree.
And silvery macaques,
"The bids will soon be closed my friends,"
SO, STEP UP NOW AND ACT!!
And make the bids still higher,
Kick that guy who wrote his name,
Who thinks he'll (she'll) be the buyer!
With sadness, toil and trouble,
"Conservation is on the line,
Unless your bids grow double!"
He'd scream with all his heart,
"The auction now is closed, my friends,
Those checks please do impart."
And monkey fancier, too,
He misses being at ASP,
But if he went to Austin this year,
Maria told him he'd never get to Europe.
May, 1998 Resources Available: Large Animal Behavior Analysis
<ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/view_point>]. Recent Books and Articles
(Addresses are those of first authors)
. . .
Recommendations include a five-year breeding moratorium; that euthanasia
should not be endorsed as a general means of population control; that a
core population of about 1000 chimpanzees should be assured lifetime support by
the federal government, and that ownership of these animals should be
transferred to the government; that the concept of sanctuaries for the
long-term care and well-being of "surplus" chimpanzees should be an integral
component of any plan; that a single multiagency organizational unit should be
established and given direct responsibility for government-owned animals that
are considered necessary to meet current and long-term national needs; and that
an appropriate advisory council of nongovernment experts should be created for
the purpose of establishing policies and monitoring them.
. . .
Includes entries by Eric Delson, on fossil human, monkey, and primates.
. . .
Contains a diskette with a set of more than 2000 Internet veterinary
resources, in both PC and Mac formats. On-line ordering is available on the
Web at <www1.mosby.com/Mosby/netvet/>
. . .
Includes "Assessing the health of your occupational health and safety
program," by C. Newcomer.
. . .
Contains an article on environmental enrichment.
. . .
Contains abstracts and posters presented at the 3rd Gorilla Workshop, held at
Pittsburgh Zoo, April, 1997; and an article, "Successful transportation of ten
western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from Apenheul Primate
Park, the Netherlands, to Taronga Zoo, Australia," by L. Kartzoff.
. . .
IPPL's 25th anniversary issue includes still more reports on monkeys,
including infants and pregnant females, shipped by air in apparent violation of
U.S. and international laws and regulations.
. . .
Contents include: Multiple simultaneous breeding females in a pygmy marmoset
group (Cebuella pygmaea), by M. Schröpel; The effect of rainfall
seasonality on the geographic distribution of neotropical primates, by R.
Pastor-Nieto & D. K. Williamson; The squirrel monkey breeding colony of
the Pasteur Institute, Cayenne, French Guiana, by B. de Thoisy & H.
Contamin; First detailed field data on Chiropotes satanas utahicki
Hershkovitz, 1985, by U. L. Bobadilla & S. F. Ferrari; Primates of the
Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by B. A. P. Cosenza &
F. R. de Melo; and Reactions of wild emperor tamarins to the presence of a
snake, by C. A. Nunes, J. C. Bicca-Marques, K. Schacht, & A. C. de Alencar
Araripe.
. . .
Proceedings of the Second EUPREN/EMRG Winter Workshop, "The implications of
housing and husbandry for scientific quality and well-being of non-human
primates."
. . .
All proceeds beyond cost are entirely dedicated to the orangutan SSP account,
which will support projects included in the SSP's Three-Year Action Plan (in
development).
. . .
The contributions to this volume were presented at the international
symposium on "Methods in Developmental Toxicology and Biology" held in Berlin
(Germany) from May 31st to June 2nd, 1995. It includes "Germ cell development
in cultured marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) seminiferous tubules: A model
for reproductive toxicology," by G. M. Rune, P. De Souza, U. Bollmann, S.
Pflieger-Bruss & D. Neubert; and "A procedure to avoid inbreeding in a
small closed marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) population," by S.
Gerstmayr, C. Gericke & A. Felies.
. . .
Includes "Small nonhuman primates as potential models of human aging," by S.
N. Austad.
. . .
This report is a short version of the final report of l'Atelier Scientifique
sur la Définition des Priorités de Conservation de la
Diversité Biologique à Madagascar, 10-14 April 1995,
Antananarivo, edited by B. Rakotosamimanana & J. Ganzhorn.
. . .
Program and abstracts of the conference held 9-12 December, 1997.
. . .
In late 1996 a survey of syndactyly in the 119 individuals of five habituated
groups of gorillas in the Rwandan Parc des Volcans was undertaken. The method
and results of the survey are described and discussed in relation to the
condition and its possible etiologies.
. . .
Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta CD4 was characterized by flow
cytometry. Relatively lower fluorescence intensity was observed depending on
the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used for staining; Leu-3a exhibited four-fold
lower intensity than Nu-Th/i; and formaldehyde fixation dramatically reduced
flourescence intensity of macaque CD4+ cells stained with Leu-3a, but not of
human cells. Nu-Th/i is therefore preferable for the analysis of macaque CD4.
Pretreatment of either mAb inhibited the other mAb binding to human CD4.
Nu-Th/i inhibited Leu-3a binding but Leu-3a poorly blocked Nu-Th/i binding to
the macaque CD4. These results indicate that Leu-3a and Nu-Th/i epitopes are
conserved in macaque CD4 but Leu-3a epitope is conformationally cryptic and/or
fragile, resulting in the lower affinity. Amino acid sequence alignment of CD4
domain 1 shows that the substitutions outside the linear Leu-3a epitope may
determine these characteristics of macaque CD4.
. . .
A review of literature reporting flexibility of gibbon vocal behavior in
relation to reinforcement contingencies, the singing of neighboring gibbons,
development of pair coordination in the duet-singing of siamang gibbons,
sequential progression in the elaboration of organizing sequences in siamang
gibbons, and "repairs" of organizing and great-call sequences. A theoretical
framework to account for the development of flexibility in species-typical
behaviors is drawn.
. . .
During a study of social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins, the
alpha male was deposed by a subordinate male. The social strategies employed
by the group during this rank reversal are compared with those of
chimpanzees.
. . .
Preliminary data show that selective attention mirrors variation in social
relationships. Females are more likely to stop feeding and focus their
attention on males who walk into view than on females, especially when males
give displays. Females are more likely to focus on other females with whom
they have antagonistic relationships than those (mostly close relatives) with
whom they have affiliative, cooperative ones.
. . .
Rates of visual scanning and vocalizations were studied in a group of captive
marmosets after the presentation of five different stimuli (artificial flower,
playback of long calls, female/male conspecific, stuffed wild cat) in order to
assess the function of visual scanning. Only the stuffed cat induced a
significant response. The results indicate that visual scanning in marmosets
is an appropriate measure of vigilance which seems to serve the function of
predator detection and avoidance.
. . .
Aye-ayes use the thin middle finger to tap on wood in search of subsurface
cavities containing insect larvae. The authors designed studies to identify
the cavity features that provide acoustical cues. When cavities were
backfilled with gelatin or acoustical foam, excavation was still successful,
suggesting that echoes in air-filled cavities is not necessary for detection.
A one-dimensional break in the subsurface wood was an effective stimulus for
excavation, suggesting that neither prey nor cavity nor even small air pockets
are necessary to elicit excavation. The question of how the aye-aye manages to
forage efficiently remains.
. . .
Proximate spacing reflects social affinities and is related to mother-infant
relationship and social grooming. There are also differences in spacing
behavior according to different activity types.
. . .
There is no evidence that mangabeys monitor fig trees for the presence of
fruit, but they may use the calls of hornbills to locate fruit. Statistical
evidence that mangabeys use conspecific "whoopgobbles" and chimpanzee pant
hoots in fruit finding is lacking, although anecdotal observations suggest this
possibility.
. . .
This study investigated the association between group size and
aggression towards strangers in Wied's black tufted-ear marmosets
(Callithrix kuhli). Breeders from small groups are tolerant of
strangers, which may facilitate the recruitment of additional group members,
while breeders from large groups, particularly females, are intolerant of
strangers, which may inhibit immigration.
. . .
*Observations of captive female brown capuchin monkeys in five groups
revealed that grooming is primarily the occupation of dominant females. Alpha
females were the only class to perform significantly more grooming than they
received. These results are inconsistent with reports on vervets, baboons, and
macaques, and suggest that grooming in capuchin monkeys may have different
functions from those reported for cercopithecine primates. A dyadic analysis
revealed, however, that grooming occurred more often between closely ranked
females, similar to what is seen in several Old World monkey species.
. . .
Lactating female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) often maintain close
associations with particular males. Almost all mothers of young infants formed
strong bonds with one or two males with whom they had copulated during the
cycle in which they conceived their infants. Females were primarily
responsible for maintaining friendships during lactation, but they terminated
these relationships if their infants died. In playbacks of females' screams,
male friends responded more strongly than control males. They also responded
more strongly to the screams of female friends than to the screams of control
females. Following an infant's death, hosever, male friends responded less
strongly than control males to the same females' screams. Finally, male
friends responded more strongly than control males to playback sequences in
which female screams were combined with the threat vocalizations of a
potentially infanticidal alpha male, but not when female screams were combined
with the threat calls of a noninfanticidal male or the alpha female.
. . .
Seven captive rhesus monkey groups (Macaca mulatta) were observed over
a wide range of population densities, where high-density groups were over 2000
times more crowded than low-density free-ranging groups. As density increased,
males increased grooming and huddling, but did not increase rates of
aggression. Females increased all categories of behavior examined (heavy
aggression, mild aggression, formal bared-teeth displays, grooming, and
huddling), but the increases were not distributed uniformly to all classes of
partners. Increased density had different effects on particular relationships.
The different patterns of response may reflect different strategies depending
on the strength and stability of relationships and the potential consequences
if certain relationships are disrupted.
. . .
Inexperienced individual Callithrix jacchus were allowed to observe a
skillful model that demonstrated one of two possible techniques (pushing or
pulling) to get food from inside a wooden box. Results indicate that marmosets
are capable of learning simple motor skills through conspecific observation.
. . .
Capuchin monkeys were trained to pull one handle, and to pull two
handles simultaneously, for a food reward. They were tested in a task whose
solution required simultaneous pulling of two handles simultaneously for the
reward. Seven subjects successfully pulled one handle while a companion pulled
the other. Further analyses, however, revealed that capuchins did not increase
their pulling actions when a partner was close to or at the other handle,
suggesting that they acted together at the task and got the reward without
understanding the role of the partner and without taking its behavior into
consideration. Social tolerance, as well as their tendency to explore and
their manual dexterity, were the major factors accounting for their success at
the task.
. . .
In Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, red colobus monkeys (Procolobus
badius) used lower strata more often, were more exposed to the forest
floor, and looked down less often while foraging, when in the presence of Diana
monkeys (Cercopithecus diana), suggesting they are under less predation
pressure from ground predators. Diana monkeys used greater heights when in the
presence of collobus, and were more exposed to the front, to the rear, and from
above than when alone. Since neither monkey species improves its foraging
success when associated, this study shows that predation can both maintain and
be the ultimate cause of interspecific associations.
. . .
"Mr. Sockie" is a food treat knotted inside a sock or small square of fabric.
By using different colors and textures of fabric and a variety of treats, a
high interest level has been sustained.
. . .
Results over two years indicate that the bells increase use of climbing poles
and may have resulted in increased locomotor activity.
. . .
Generally the health of the colony is excellent; infectious diseases accounted
for 5% of all disease cases. Parasites have been notably absent.
. . .
"As we approach a new millennium, our challenge is to work together for a
truly global primatology in which leadership is concentrated among scientists
in the countries that are graced with natural populations of nonhuman
primates." A lecture presented at VI Simposio Nacional de Primatología
in Mexico City, Mexico, August 1, 1997.
. . .
A survey over 480 km of transects. Comparing results with data
obtained by Emlen and Schaller in 1959 suggests that gorilla populations have
remained stable in protected areas but declined in adjacent forest. "Forest
reconnaissance is a reliable and cost-effective method to assess gorilla
densities in remote forested areas."
. . .
Studying the transmission of simian retroviruses to humans can help define
the importance of these infections to public health. The authors identified a
substantial prevalence (4/231, 1.8%) of infection with simian foamy viruses
(SFV) among humans occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. Evidence of
SFV infection included seropositivity, proviral DNA detection, and isolation of
foamy virus. The infecting SFV originated from an African green monkey (one
person) and baboons (three people). These infections have not as yet resulted
in either disease or sexual transmission, and may represent benign endpoint
infections.
. . .
Oliver is an African ape whose species identity has been debated in the
popular media and by various scientists since the early 1970s. Many reports
indicated that Oliver was morphologically unusual for a chimpanzee,
particularly in his habitual bipedal posture. In addition, his diploid
chromosome number was reported to be inconsistent with either human or
chimpanzee, but instead intermediate between those species. We performed
standard chromosomal studies which demonstrated that Oliver had the diploid
number expected for a chimpanzee (2N = 48) and that the banding patterns of his
chromosomes were typical for a chimpanzee and different from both humans and
bonobos. We also sequenced a 312 bp region of his mitochondrial DNA D-looop
region. Results indicated a high sequence homology to the Central African
variety of chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes. The highest percent
homology was observed with a previously characterized specimen from Gabon,
strongly suggesting that Oliver originated from this region.
. . .
The known B. arachnoides population consists of < 700
individuals separated into approximately 15 geographically isolated forest
fragments. Data on the distribution of genetic variation within and between
two such remnant populations emphasize the need for the integration of
conservation management efforts throughout the species range.
. . .
The authors investigated STRs in DNA isolated from 41 African-born,
captive-housed chimpanzees. Used in combination to define a multiple-locus
genotype, the five most informative focal STRs can potentially uniquely
identify every chimpanzee alive in the world. These markers represent the
basis of a powerful battery of genetic tests, including individual
identification, e.g., in poaching, paternity testing, or reconstruction of
pedigrees among captive and wild chimpanzee breeding populations.
. . .
A review of later Neogene primate distribution. A summary table gives a
complete listing of the primate-bearing localities in Europe and Southwestern
Asia, and the species identifications for each, arranged by country and
geographic region.
. . .
The hypothesis tested was that matrilineal relatedness predicts social
affiliative preference in wild chimpanzees. None of four strongly affiliative
males in Kanyawara community in Uganda's Kibale Forest could have been maternal
brothers, since no pair shared the same mitochondrial DNA sequence. Fourteen
chimpanzee communities outside Kibale were also studied by using communal
nesting as a rough index of affiliative preference. Results suggest that kin
selection is weaker than previously thought as a force promoting
intra-community affiliation in chimpanzees.
. . .
This paper reports studies in progress on lorises (Loris and
Nycticebus) and tarsiers (Tarsius), and proposes preliminary
changes to their taxonomy.
. . .
An examination of the effects of fruit patch size, density, and distribution
on feeding subgroup size and feeding bout duration in Lagothrix lagotricha,
Ateles belzebuth, Cebus apella, and Alouatta seniculus showed
positive correlations in all species between patch size and subgroup size, but
the determination coefficients are very low.
. . .
Comparative data from two populations of muriquis. Food patches at one site
(PECB) are significantly larger than those at the other (EBC) but, contrary to
expectations, feeding parties were larger at EBC than at PECB. The higher
population density of muriquis and sympatric primates at EBC may make large
associations more advantageous to the muriquis living there than to those at
lower population densities in PECB.
. . .
Results from a 1996 survey of 372 activists attending a national march in
Washington, DC are compared to a similar survey of 402 activists in 1990.
Whereas a majority of activists in 1990 saw animal research as the most
important issue facing the movement, activists in 1996 tended to identify
animal agriculture as the most important issue. The 1996 survey also found a
modest decline in support for laboratory break-ins, and it found majority
support for a 10-point proposal to reduce tensions between activists and
researchers. Although these results are subject to certain limitations, they
suggest that there may be more room for dialogue between activists and
researchers than previously assumed.
. . .
Using five-min. two-solution choice tests, four adult spider monkeys were
given the choice between all binary combinations of sucrose, fructose, glucose,
lactose, and maltose presented in equimolar concentrations of 20, 50, 100, and
200 mM respectively. Preferences for individual sugars were stable across the
concentrations tested and indicate an order of relative effectiveness (sucrose
> fructose > glucose lactose maltose) which is similar to results
obtained with the same method in the squirrel monkey and to findings on
relative sweetness in man. Results support the assumption that this order may
represent a general pattern of preference in frugivorous, and perhaps all,
primates.
. . .
Summary of 30 years of biological and physiological data on bonnet monkeys in
captivity. Data on sexual maturity, menstrual cyclicity, general behavior,
endocrine profile, reproductive physiology, gestation, parturition, postpartum
amenorrhea in the female, and sexual maturity, hormone profile, and seasonal
variation in sperm count of the male monkeys are presented.
. . .
Paternity was determined by DNA profile analysis for 78 Cercocebus
torquatus atys, born into either a large or a small group. Of the two
males in the small group (n = 18), the alpha male sired all of the offspring
during a 3-year period. In the large group (n = 98), the same male did not
always sire the offspring of a given female from year to year. However,
dominance rank generally predicts reproductive success. Announcements from Publications
<www.rprc.washington.edu/aclad/index.html>.
Judith E. Schrier, Psychology Department, Box 1853, Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island 02912. [401-863-2511; FAX: 401-863-1300]
e-mail address: Judith_Schrier@brown.edu
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate ACKNOWLEDGMENTS