Laboratory Primate Newsletter

VOLUME 40 NUMBER 4 OCTOBER 2001

CONTENTS

Articles and Notes

Behavioral Differences Between Sexes in Captive Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), by C. Anaya-Huertas and R. Mondragón-Ceballos......1

A Comparison of Methods Used to Census Mantled Howlers in the Dry Tropical Forest of Costa Rica, by M. R. Clarke, C. M. Crockett, and E. L. Zucker......4

Symposium: Critical Issues in Captive Care......7
. . . Primate-Focused Ecotourism: Proceed with Caution, by C. Russell...7
. . . Rehabilitating orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus): Behavioral Competence, by A. E. Russon...8
. . . Captive Care in Primates: Application to a Chimpanzee Release Program (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Republic of Congo, by B. Goossens, M. Ancrenaz, C. Vidal, and A. Jamart...10
. . . Potential Solutions to Managing a Population of Surplus Research Chimpanzees, by F. L. Dolins...11

News, Information, and Announcements

Meeting Announcements......3

Workshop in Tropical Ecology......6

Hal Eyestone, 1918-200......13

Resources Wanted and Available......13
. . .Retroperitoneal Fibromatosis; Revised Red List Criteria; Version 2.0 of Ramas Red List Software Available; Environmental Enrichment Helpers

Grants Available......15
. . . Antioxidants in Prevention of Diabetic Complications; Cognitive Neuroimaging; Caloric Restriction and Aging in Nonhuman Primates; Fyssen Foundation Research Grants; Aging Research Grants; Extramural Research Facilities Improvement; Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates; Mechanisms in Nutrition and Infection

Research and Educational Opportunities......18
. . . Research Fellowship Program - WCS; Postdoctoral Training in Biomedical Research; Postdoc in Lab Animal Medicine or Pathology; Postdoc - Comparative Field Study of Baboons; Behavior and Ecology, Costa Rica and Nicaragua; Training Opportunities in Comparative Medicine; Teaching Research Ethics

Information Requested or Available......20
. . . Society for Conservation Biology - NeoCons; New On-Line Journals; Bioinformatics Resources and Tools; Recently Described Primate Species and Subspecies; 2000 IUCN Red List; New Species Survival Commission Website; More Interesting Websites

News Briefs......24
. . . Lemur Sanctuary in Texas; AALAS Appoints New Executive Director; Rhesus Monkeys Drowned in Houston Flood; Man Jumps Into Zoo’s Gorilla Exhibit; Can Wood Labeling Save Asia’s Tropical Forests?

Announcements from Publications......25
. . . Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects; ACLAD Newsletter

Volunteer Opportunity: Research on Spider Monkeys, Yucatan, Mexico......25

Travelers’ Health Notes: Malaria Chemoprophylaxis......26
. . . Deaths Following Inappropriate Chemoprophylaxis; Sudden Death Following Halofantrine Administration

Departments

Primates de las Américas...La Página......14

Positions Available......21
. . . Environmental Enrichment, Tulane RPRC; Clinical Veterinarian, Tulane RPRC; Department of Psychology, University of Chicago; Research Support Supervisor - Washington State; Animal Resources, Oregon RPRC; Colony Manager and Assistant Operations Manager; Environmental Enrichment Coordinator; Laboratory Animal Technician - Maryland; Chimpanzee Trainer - Alamogordo

Recent Books and Articles......27

* *

Behavioral Differences Between Sexes in Captive Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)

Introduction

Mexico has a large tropical zone: threatened rain forests are found in the southern part of Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Chiapas, and part of the Yucatan Peninsula (Estrada & Coates-Estrada, 1989). Among the animals typical of this ecosystem is the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). The spider monkey is endangered due to a number of factors, principally massive destruction of its natural habitat; poaching for food and the pet market also plays an important role in destroying natural populations.

In the wild, spider monkeys have a fission-fusion social system, different from most Old World monkeys’, but similar to that of the chimpanzee and bonobo. Spider monkey groups form or split as a result of selective pressures, fundamentally access to food. Females travel alone and can be dominant to the males. They are the first to abandon sleeping sites, facilitating their access to food resources, and determining that day’s itinerary and patterns of activity of the group. Because of food competition, the males direct most of their affiliative behavior to other males and are aggressive toward females, sometimes forming coalitions to attack them (Eisenberg & Kuehn, 1966).

Most monkeys rescued from the pet trade have serious biological and behavioral handicaps, because they were reared out of contact with conspecifics. They are often beaten or kept chained. Captivity thus not only inhibits adequate development of sexual identity and behavior, but also elicits a number of bizarre and antisocial behaviors.

The present work is a study of behavioral differences and similarities between males and females in a newly formed heterosexual group of Ateles geoffroyi.

Methods

This study was carried out with a group of spider monkeys that had been confiscated by the Mexican Secretary of Urban Development and Ecology (SEDUE) and given to the Ethology Department of the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry. As soon as the animals arrived, we began developing an extensive ethogram, based on behavior catalogues provided by van Roosmalen & Klein (1988). The group consisted of 14 individuals (8 males and 6 females), raised as pets since infancy, that were not acquainted with each other. They are a part of a research program that intends to develop a rehabilitation technique for spider monkeys, so they can be used to colonize areas where natural populations are, or are nearly, extinct. One male was voluntarily given by his owners, who were worried about his psychological well-being, and a female and male were given by a Psychology faculty member, who had kept them for about five years, caged alone (Anaya-Huertas & Mondragón-Ceballos, 1998).

The group is housed in a 6 x 6.2 x 6 m outdoor cage entirely covered with a wire mesh roof from which hang numerous plastic ropes (Anaya-Huertas, 1998). The cage is washed each morning, but the animals are not otherwise disturbed. At 9:00 hours they are fed fresh fruits and vegetables, bread, maize tortillas, and monkey chow. Clean water is always available.

From November, 1990 (arrival of the monkeys at the Ethology Department), to September, 1991, we carried out observations on the monkeys, using scan sampling (Altmann, 1974). For 31 weeks, five days a week, from 8:00 to 18:00 hours, the animals were sampled every half hour. Only nonsocial activities (18 categories) are analyzed for this paper. Student “t” tests were used to evaluate behavioral differences by sex (Siegel, 1990).

Results

Table 1 shows the differences in rates of behaviors between male and female spider monkeys. Only seven of the 18 behaviors were significantly different (38.9%); nine were not statistically different; and in two (masturbation and solitary play), one sex didn’t show the behavior at all.

Discussion

The nonsocial behaviors reported here were 70% of all behaviors recorded (that is, there were 2.3 times more nonsocial behaviors than social). This is low compared with some species of macaques, which spend up to 90% of the time in social activities. However, other primates, such as Lemur catta, only spend 20% of their time in social activities (Jolly, 1972).

Activity in this species is directly related to food availability; if this problem is resolved, as in captivity, then locomotion is low. It has been observed that, if resources are available, they remain still for long times (Richard, 1970). Males walked more across the cage, probably because they were in smaller spaces before. Apparently a larger space encourages Walking.

Climbing (along a wall) was also observed more frequently in males than in females. This behavior may also be related to feeding, since this species tends to remain in the tops of trees (where they obtain their food) and only go to the forest floor under exceptional conditions (Hladik, 1972).

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category            8 Males         6 Females           t       p
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eating            175 (12.40)      151.43 (11.78)     1.37     n.s.
Walking            57.77 (4.56)     30.21 (3.04)      5.02     0.0005
Lying down         57.26 (8.36)     46.36 (7.03)      0.99     n.s.
Sitting           187 (12.41)      131.29 (9.31)      3.59     0.003
Climbing           38.51 (3.29)     34.2 (3.23)       0.93     n.s.
Acrobatics          1.26 (0.50)    153 (0.50)         2.91     0.064
Swinging            3.04 (1.01)      3.99 (1.14)      0.62     n.s.
Brachiating        16.97 (1.52)     16.72 (1.71)      0.10     n.s.
Hanging            96.54 (2.08)     77.14 (8.71)      2.3      0.038
Manipulating        1.52 (0.50)      2.09 (0.38)      0.90     n.s.
object
Solitary play       0                0.19 (0.1)       n.s.     n.s.
Genital self-       1.01 (0.25)      0.19 (0.15)      2.81     0.0015
manipulation
Masturbation        0.10 (0.07)      0                n.s.     n.s.
Genital self-       4.95 (1.01)      1.14 (0.19)      2.83     0.014
grooming
Other self-        36.48 (3.54)     14.25 (1.33)      5.87     0.0002
grooming
Displaying          0.10 (0.07)      0.38 (0.38)      0.72     n.s.
Self-aggression     8.60 (2.02)      6.46 (1.52)      0.84     n.s.
Stereotypy          1.52 (0.76)      3.29 (1.14)      1.29     0.21
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The high incidence of Acrobatics (climbing at high speed while moving among the ropes) in females is probably due to the fact that they are naturally more active and solitary (Fedigan & Baxter, 1984). On the other hand, this kind of behavior and groin presentation to males have been observed when they are in estrous, probably to attract the males (Eisenberg, 1966; 1973).

Hanging is defined here as hanging still by the arms or tail, while Swinging is hanging and swinging in place and Brachiating is hanging with progressive movement.

Genital self-grooming was not very frequent in females. It may be related to the menstrual cycle. It has been observed that males increase this activity when there is an estrous female in the group (Eisenberg, 1973). Genital and Other self-grooming were more frequent in males; however these behaviors are not common in this species (Eisenberg & Kuehn, 1966).

Genital self-grooming involves cleaning small particles off the genitals, while Genital manipulation is touching or manipulating the genitals with hands, mouth, or tongue. Masturbation is defined here as repeated manipulation of penis or clitoris with up-and-down movements, as well as perineal rubs against the floor.

These spider monkeys, reared as pets, once grouped and removed from most human contact, started to show social behavior at rates similar to those described for free-ranging animals (Anaya-Huertas, et al., 1994). Despite having been raised as pets since infancy, isolated from contact with other monkeys, they still show behaviors consistent with those seen by authors working with free ranging animals. This implies good adjustment to their new conditions.

References

Anaya-Huertas, C., Arenas-Frías, V., Mayagoitia L., & Mondragón-Ceballos, R. (1994). Socialization pat-terns in a group of hand-reared spider monkeys. In J. J. Roeder, B. Thierry, J. R. Anderson, & N. W. Herrenschmidt (Eds.), Current primatology, Vol II, Social development, learning, and behaviour (pp. 303-307). Strasbourg: Université Louis Pasteur.

Anaya-Huertas, C., & Mondragón-Ceballos, R. (1998). Social behavior of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) reared as home pets. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 767-784.

Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227-267.

Davis, R. T., Leary, R. W., Smith, M. D. C., & Thompson, R. F. (1968). Species differences in the gross behavior of nonhuman primates. Behaviour, 31, 326-338.

Eisenberg, J. F., & Kuehn, R. (1966). The behavior of Ateles geoffroyi and related species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 151[8], i-iv, 1-63.

Eisenberg, J. F. (1973). Reproduction in two species of spider monkeys, Ateles fusciceps and Ateles geoffroyi. Journal of Mammology, 54, 955-957.

Estrada, A. (1988). Comportamiento animal. El caso de los primates. Colección “La ciencia desde México”. No. 65. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Estrada, A. R., & Coates-Estrada, R. (1989). Destrucción de la selva y conservación de los primates silvestres de México (Alouatta y Ateles). In A. Estrada, R. López-Wilchis, R. Coates-Estrada, & D. F. Iztapalapa (Eds.), Primatología en México: Comportamiento, ecología, aprovechamiento y conservación de primates, (pp. 211-233). México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.

Fedigan, L. M., & Baxter, M. J. (1984). Sex differences and social organization in free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Primates, 25, 279-294.

Hladik, C. M. (1972). L’Atèle de Geoffroy ce singe-araignèe. Science et Nature, 111, 1-11.

Jolly, A. (1972). The evolution of primate behavior. New York: Macmillan.

Richard, A. (1970). A comparative study of the activity patterns and behavior of Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi. Folia Primatologica, 12, 241-263.

Rondinelli, R., & Klein, L. L. (1976) An analysis of adult social spacing tendencies and related social interactions in a colony of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at the San Francisco Zoo. Folia Primatologica, 25, 122-142.

Siegel, S. (1990). Estadística no paramétrica aplicada a las ciencias de la Conducta. Ed. Trillas, 3a edición. México.

Van Roosmalen, M. G. M., & Klein, L. L. (1988). The spider monkeys, genus Ateles. In R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, A. F. Coimbra-Filho, & G. A. B. da Fonseca (Eds.), Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates (pp. 455-537). Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.

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First author’s address: Department of Psychobiology, Fac. of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Somosaguas 28223, Madrid, Spain [e-mail: pspscz0@sis.ucm.es].
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Meeting Announcements

Primate Society of Great Britain - Winter Meeting 2001, December 5, 2001, Meeting Rooms of the Zoological Society of London. The theme of the meeting will be the Primates of the Western Ugandan Forests, organized by Vernon Reynolds, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford University. Speakers include: Linda Vigilant (Leipzig), Tony Mutebi (Leipzig), Martha Robbins (Leipzig), Tweheyo Mnason (Uganda), Donna Sheppard (U.S.A.), Chie Hashimoto (Kyoto), Duane Quiatt (Colorado), Nick Newton-Fisher (Washington State), Vernon Reynolds (Oxford), Chris Fairgrieve (Edinburgh), John Bosco (Bwindi), Craig Stanford (UCLA). There will also be posters. For further information, please contact: Professor V. Reynolds, Institute of Biological Anthropology, 58 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6QS, U.K. [(0)1865-274693/274700; fax (0)1865-274699; e-mail: vernon.reynolds@bioanth.ox.ac.uk].

The International Conference on Bioinformatics 2002: North-South Networking, will be held February 6-8, 2002, at Le Royal Meridien, Bangkok, Thailand, sponsored by the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) of Thailand, in collaboration with the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) and the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA. Keynote speakers will include Prof. Carlos Morel (Director, TDR/WHO), Prof. Michael S. Waterman (University of Southern California), Prof. Minoru Kanehisa (Kyoto University) and Dr. Tim Hubbard (Sangre Centre). For more information, see <incob.biotec.or.th> or contact the Secretariat of The International Conference on Bioinformatics 2002: North-South Networking, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 539/2 Gypsum Metropolitan Tower, 15th Floor, Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand [662-642-5322-31, ext 219, 224, 117; fax: 662-248-8305; e-mail: incob@biotec.or.th].

The Animal Behavior Management Alliance will be holding their 2nd Annual Conference, “Enhancing Animal Welfare through Positive Reinforcement”, February 26-March 2, 2002, in San Diego, California, hosted by the San Diego Zoo, San Diego Wild Animal Park, and Sea World San Diego. For information, contact Gary Priest [619-231-1515; e-mail: gpriest@sandiegozoo.org].

The Scientists Center for Animal Welfare’s Annual Spring Meeting will be held May 16-17, 2002, in Baltimore, Maryland. Their Annual Winter Meeting will be December 9-10, 2002, in New Orleans, Louisiana. For information regarding program and registration, visit <www.scaw.com> or contact SCAW [301-345-3500; e-mail: info@scaw.com].

The Ecological Society of America’s 87th Annual Meeting will be held jointly with the Ecological Society of Mexico on August 4-8, 2002 in Arizona. For information contact ESA, 1707 H St., NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20006 [202-833 8773; fax: 202-833 8775; e-mail: esahq@eas.org].

The second announcement and registration information for the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, to be held August 4-9, 2002, in Beijing, China, can be found at <www.ips.ioz.ac.cn/>.

The Fourth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Research will be held August 11-15, 2002, in New Orleans. To submit an abstract or get more information, see <www.worldcongress.net>.

* * *

A Comparison of Methods Used to Census Mantled Howlers in the Dry Tropical Forest of Costa Rica

Various census methods have been used to evaluate population parameters for mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in North and Central America (e.g. Mexico: Estrada, 1982; Guatemala: Cant, 1986; Costa Rica: Heltne et al., 1976; Lippold, 1988, 1989), but comparisons between populations have been limited because different census methods were used.

The howlers on Hacienda La Pacífica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, have been surveyed informally since 1974, and were formally surveyed in 1984 (Clarke et al., 1986), 1991 (Clarke & Zucker, 1992) and 1998 (Clarke et al., 1999). All surveys included a “Transect Method” survey (NRCC, 1981), but the 1991 and 1998 surveys each included two repeat surveys, which we refer to as “Census Walks”. The combined data sets from 1991 and 1998 reveal more groups and more animals than any single survey in those years, suggesting that the combined method was superior (Clarke & Zucker, 1994).

These comparable data sets from 1991 and 1998 (i.e., one transect survey and two walks each year) provide the basis to compare methods. Unlike other reports on this population (Clarke & Zucker, 1992; Clarke et al., 1999, under review), this analysis only includes animals located south of the Tenorio/Tenorito rivers, because the survey north of the rivers consisted of a transect survey only. For the 1991 and 1998 data sets, we will first compare the results of each initial transect survey with the combined total for that year. The next comparison will be between each initial transect survey and the total from both census walks for that year. The final comparison will be for the 1998 data set only, and will compare the results from a) the transect survey, b) the first census walk, c) the second census walk, and finally d) the combined outcome for all three “passes” through La Pacífica.

Methods

Site and Subjects: All transect method surveys and census walks were carried out on Hacienda La Pacífica. La Pacífica is a working cattle and rice ranch that is located in the deciduous dry tropical forest zone (Holdridge, 1967) and consists of both riparian and upland habitat. La Pacífica has been only partially deforested, to minimize wind erosion, and a series of windbreaks and forested areas can be found throughout.

Howlers (Alouatta palliata) inhabit the upland habitat windbreaks and forests as well as the riparian forests associated with the three rivers that border the ranch (see Glander, 1992, for a detailed map). Many animals are individually identifiable by colored collars, tags, and leg bands, as well as by white patches on appendages, and unique scars and palmar patterns. These marks have been noted, and collars and leg bands placed, during a series of annual capture-and-mark sessions between 1983 and 1998 and additional capture sessions between 1972 and 1983 (Scott et al., 1976; Glander et al., 1991).

Survey Procedures: The 1991 and 1998 surveys were all carried out during July and August, which is el veranillo (little summer), a drier part of the wet season. The order of areas surveyed during 1998 was identical to that of the 1991 survey (Clarke & Zucker, 1994). Both animal visibility and habitat accessibility were excellent, although overgrowth of trails and increased understory growth due to the removal of many of the larger trees in the upland habitat areas made progress slower in 1998, and additional days were required to complete the transect survey. The methods used in both years are described in detail in Clarke & Zucker (1994).

Transect Survey: The initial transect survey consisted of a “sweep” of a predetermined area of forest. Each fieldworker remained in vocal contact with his nearest neighbor, but once animals were located, everyone converged to identify and count monkeys. All tags, chains, leg bands, and unusual coat colorations were noted, and the group location was noted on a map. The count was considered complete when everyone agreed on the number and age-sex classes of the animals, which took between 30 and 75 minutes. The 1991 transect survey party consisted of four persons and took six days; in 1998 it consisted of seven persons and took seven days.

Census Walks: The two census walks (repeat surveys) each year were done in the same order as the transect survey. The area covered in the first day of that year’s transect survey was divided among survey parties, and the fieldworkers “walked” their designated area two days in a row. This procedure was repeated until all areas were covered. Repeat census walks in 1991 were carried out by two survey parties of one to three persons over a 17-day period, and in 1998 by three parties of one to three individuals over 10 days. Once a group was located, fieldworkers remained with that group for two hours. As with the transect survey, all animals were counted, marks noted, and group locations placed on an additional map.

Data Analysis: Results of the transect surveys and census walks were tallied in an identical manner for 1991 and 1998 to allow direct comparison between them. The data for each year’s transect survey and census walks were combined to produce a “best count” for each howler monkey social group, and represent the total count for La Pacífica for each survey year. While solitary animals are included in the total population, this analysis treats animals in groups and solitary animals separately. Census walks for each year were combined for a “census walk best count” to compare with each transect survey. For the 1998 survey, we also compared the transect survey, census walk 1, and census walk 2 separately with the total best count for the population. While a combination of data undoubtedly would reveal the best overall count, we wanted to determine the best strategy if only one transect survey or only one or two census walks could be completed. Positively identified animals, as well as habitual home range use (Glander et al., 1991; Zucker et al., 1996), were used to identify groups.

Results and Discussion

-----------------------------------------------------------------
                          1991              1998
                    Transect  Total   Transect  Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Animals in Groups      202     341     199      347
Solitary                 6       3       4        4
Groups plus Solitary   208     344     203      351
Groups                  21      27      22       34
Mean Size                9.6    12.6     9.1     10.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Table 1: Transect method vs. total survey

Transect Survey vs. Total Survey: In both 1991 and 1998, the total survey revealed more animals in the total population, more groups, and more animals per group than the transect survey method alone (Table 1). During the census walks in 1991, three of the animals recorded as “solitary” by the transect survey were found to be in groups. The differences are remarkably similar in the two years: with the transect survey, 60% of the total number (in groups plus solitary) were found in 1991, and 58% in 1998. The proportions of groups the transect survey found were less similar: 78% in 1991 and 65% in 1998. Part of this difference is due to the fission of one large group into six smaller groups between 1991 and 1998.

------------------------------------------------------------
                          1991                1998
------------------------------------------------------------
                   Transect  Combined  Transect  Combined 
                               Walks               Walks
Animals in Groups    202        291       199       273
Groups                21         24        22        27
Groups seen Once       3          2         7         4
Solitary Animals       6          3         4         1
------------------------------------------------------------

Table 2: Single transect survey vs. two census walks combined

Transect Survey vs. Census Walks combined: The transect survey revealed fewer animals and fewer groups than the two census walks combined in both survey years (Table 2), and the results again were very similar for the two survey years. The combined census walks for 1991 revealed 85% of the grand total of monkeys and 89% of the grand total of groups. The combined census walks for 1998 revealed 78% of the grand total of monkeys and 79% of the grand total of groups. Nevertheless, the transect survey contacted more groups that were seen only once during the total survey, and also located more solitary animals than the census walks combined (Table 2), although a few of the latter were determined by a census walk to be in groups after all.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
             Survey     Seen in     Not in   Total  % Final Count
                        Transect   Transect
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Animals     Transect     199                  199       57%
in           Walk 1      105           63     168       48%
Groups       Walk 2      130           83     213       61%
-----------------------------------------------------------------
             FINAL                            347     
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Number      Transect      22                   22       65%
of           Walk 1       10            8      18       53%
Groups       Walk 2       13            9      22       65%
-----------------------------------------------------------------
             FINAL                             34     
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Table 3: 1998 Transect survey vs. each census walk

Transect Survey vs. each Census Walk: While the combined census walks produce a better estimate of the total population, is it the two walks combined or the nature of the walk itself that provides a better estimate? In Table 3 we present, for 1998, the results of the transect and each walk separately to compare each of the three with the total count for the population. Thus, animals may be counted in all “passes”, two “passes” or only one “pass”. The percentages represent the proportion seen in a given pass and are not additive. When the transect survey is compared to each of the census walks alone, the transect survey gives a better estimate of total population and number of groups (Table 3) than the first census walk, and a similar estimate to the second census walk. With each walk there is increasing familiarity with the habitat and group location by the fieldworkers, which probably accounts for the increasing success of locating animals.

Recommendations

1. For animals that are not individually identifiable: * Either the transect survey or a single census walk reduces the chance that an animal will be counted more than once. * The transect survey would be preferred as it misses only about 40% of the animals and groups. * The single census walk misses approximately 50% of the animals and groups, but is usable if the survey party is limited to one or two persons. * Either method provides a basis for comparison of populations already surveyed by the other method.

2. If some animals are identifiable: * The transect survey plus two census walks gives the best estimate of the total population. * If the survey party is limited to one or two persons, then the repeated census walk would be preferred as that underestimates the total population by only 40%, an amount similar to the single transect survey.

References

Cant, J. G. (1986). Locomotion and feeding postures of spider and howling monkeys: Field studies and evolutionary interpretations. Folia Primatologica, 46, 1-14.

Clarke, M. R., Zucker, E. L., Crockett, C. M., & Zaldivar, M. (1999). Assessment of the howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) population on Hacienda La Pacifica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 28, 108-109.

Clarke, M. R., & Zucker, E. L. (1994). Survey of the howling monkey population of La Pacifica: A seven-year follow-up. International Journal of Primatology, 15, 61-73.

Clarke, M. R., Zucker, E. L., & Scott, N. J., Jr. (1986). Population trends of the mantled howler groups at La Pacifica, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. American Journal of Primatology, 11, 79-88.

Estrada, A. (1982). Survey and census of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the rainforest of “Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz, Mexico. American Journal of Primatology, 2, 363-372.

Glander, K. E., Fedigan, L. M., Fedigan, L., & Chapman, C. (1991). Field methods for capture and measurement of three monkey species in Costa Rica. Folia Primatologica, 57, 70-82.

Glander, K. E. (1992). Dispersal patterns in Costa Rican mantled howling monkeys. International Journal of Primatology, 13, 415-436.

Heltne, P. G., Turner, D. C., & Scott, N. J., Jr. (1976). Comparison of census data on Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica and Panama. In R. W. Thorington, Jr., & P. G. Heltne (Eds.), Neotropical primates: Field studies and conservation (pp. 10-19). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Holdridge, L. R. (1967). Life zone ecology. Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center.

Lippold, L. K. (1988). A census of primates at Cabo Blanco Absolute Nature Reserve, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 29, 101-105.

Lippold, L. K. (1989). A wet season census of primates at Cabo Blanco Absolute Nature Reserve, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 31, 93-97.

National Research Council Committee on Nonhuman Primates: Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Populations. (1981). Techniques for the study of primate population ecology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Scott, N. J., Jr., Malmgren, L. A., & Glander, K. E. (1978). Grouping behavior and sex ratio in mantled howling monkeys. In D. J. Chivers & J. Herbert (Eds.), Recent advances in primatology, Vol. 1 (pp. 183-185). New York: Academic Press.

Scott, N. J., Jr., Scott, A. F., & Malmgren, L. (1976). Capturing and marking howler monkeys for field behavioral studies. Primates, 17, 527-534.

Zucker, E. L., Clarke, M. R., Glander, K. E., & Scott, N. J., Jr. (1996). Sizes of home ranges and howling monkey groups at Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica: 1972-1991. Bresnesia, 45-46, 153-158.

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First author's address: Dept of Anthropology, Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA 70118 [e-mail: mrclarke@tulane.edu].

This research was supported by National Geographic Research Grant #6244-98 and a faculty research grant from the Roger Thayer Stone Center for Latin American Studies, Tulane University. Previous studies have been supported by National Geographic Research Grant #4546-91, The School for Field Studies, Faculty Grants from Loyola University, and NIH Grant RR00164 to the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center. We would like to thank the previous and present ownership of Hacienda La Pacífica for graciously allowing us to work on their property, specifically Fernando Estrada, Luis Herra, and Lilian and Werner Hagnauer. We gratefully acknowledge the immense support provided by Vreni Hagnauer, Antonio Leigh, Paulina and Alfredo Chacon, and Luis Herra, and most especially the information and support provided over the years by Ken Glander, Norm Scott, Jr., Mike Stuart, Mark Teaford, and innumerable undergraduate students, graduate students, and Earthwatch volunteers.
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Workshop in Tropical Ecology

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Symposium: Critical Issues in Captive Care

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Primate-Focused Ecotourism: Proceed with Caution
Constance Russell, Lakehead University

Boo (1990) defined ecotourism simply as “travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals” (p. xiv). This approach to ecotourism, according to Orams (1995), is a passive one whereby the only responsibility of tourists is to be unobtrusive and not damage the environment. He prefers a more active approach, which emphasizes attitude and behavior change in tourists, such that they depart with a greater commitment to conservation. Obviously then, for Orams, more attention must be paid to the educational potential of ecotourism. More commonly, we hear about the economic rationale for ecotourism, whereby it is hoped that governments and local communities, encouraged by the potential income to be made, tend and protect the wildlife and natural features that are attractive to tourists; much has been written about both the potential and pitfalls of this approach. With the exception of Orams and a few others, much less has been written about the educational aspects of ecotourism. My research on orangutan-focused ecotourism and whalewatching can be seen as an attempt to fill that gap.

Orangutan-focused Ecotourism: In 1992, I conducted research on tourist-orangutan interactions at the Orangutan Research and Conservation Project, located within the Tanjung Puting Reserve of Indonesian Borneo. Both wild and ex-captive rehabilitant orangutans live in the Reserve. Through analysis of data from observing participants, guided conversations, and post-trip questionnaires, three primary ways of perceiving orangutans emerged: orangutan as child; orangutan as the embodiment of pristine nature; and orangutan as photographic collectible. Each approach, quite logical in particular cultural and historical contexts, had different implications for environmental education and conservation practice, not all positive.

For example, some tourists imagined young, ex-captive rehabilitant orangutans to be much like human infants and sought out every opportunity to hold and cuddle them. While these young orangutans undoubtedly did need comfort, many of the tourists seemed unable or unwilling to acknowledge that the orangutans could become infected by human diseases or humans could be hurt by habituated animals (Russell, 1995). Further, I was concerned about the educational message that seemed to prevail: do we really want tourists to think that it is acceptable to cuddle wild animals? Other tourists were more interested in the wild orangutans to the point of dismissing the ex-captives because they were less “real.” Their days were thus spent in the forest seeking out wild orangutans. This emphasis on pristine nature can put increasing pressure on rare and endangered species and can lead to further exploitation of natural areas as tourists push into wilder areas (Russell, 1995). For those tourists fixated on getting the perfect photograph, much on the periphery of their camera lens was overlooked, giving them a decontexualized, fragmented view of nature (Russell & Ankenman, 1996).

Whalewatching: In my most recent research, I conducted a case study of whalewatching in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park in Quebec, Canada (Russell, 2001). Data was collected on whalewatchers through observing participants, interviews, and pre-trip, post-trip, and follow-up questionnaires. Since most whalewatchers showed strong commitment to whale conservation prior to the trip, they did not have their attitudes significantly shifted - it seemed to be a matter, really, of preaching to the converted. In fact, there was little evidence of much learning of any kind on the boats. In pre- and post-expedition tests of whale knowledge, many fared more poorly after whalewatching. Close to a third reported in the interviews that they learned very little or nothing on the trip, and expressed desire for more emphasis to be placed on educational interpretation.

With such minimal educational gains and growing concerns about the negative impacts of whalewatching on whales, one must ask whether it is really worth the potential costs? I am tempted to simply answer “no.” If, however, educational interpretation shifted from only providing basic facts (e.g., naming the species seen, their size, what they eat) to explicit discussion of recent scientific research on the impacts of whalewatching on whales, current threats to whales, and concrete suggestions for activism on behalf of whales, it would hold more possibility.

Conclusion: Ecotourism is unlikely to go away. I thus believe that greater attention must be paid to educational interpretation. A strong educational program ought not to stop with the simple relaying of facts but ought to explore the complexities of the conservation of the particular primate species and other members of the natural community. Further, education needs to explicitly address the negative impacts linked to primate-focused ecotourism (eg. disease transmission, habituation, trash, habitat destruction). This will require an investment of thought, time and money. With few positive role models, one should proceed carefully, if at all.

References

Boo, E. (1990). Ecotourism: The potentials and pitfalls. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund.

Orams, M. B. (1995). Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism. Tourism Management, 16[1], 3-8.

Russell, C. L. (2001). Tales of whales: Whalewatching as environmental education? Unpublished PhD Disserta-tion, Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.

Russell, C. L. (1995). The social construction of orangutans: An ecotourist experience. Society and Animals, 3[2], 151-170.

Russell, C. L. & Ankenman, M. J. (1996). Orangutans as photographic collectibles: Ecotourism and the commod-ification of nature. Tourism Recreation Research, 21[1], 71-78.

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Address: Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada [e-mail: constance.russell@lakeheadu.ca].
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Rehabilitating orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus): Behavioral Competence
Anne E. Russon, York University

Orangutan rehabilitation remains a major concern despite continuous operation since the 1960s. One site still receives 100-200 ex-captives annually (Boestani & Susilo, 2000). This paper sketches the strategies, problems, and successes of programs for rehabilitating orangutans behaviorally, i.e., fostering the social and ecological expertise to support feral life. As background, most ex-captives are rescued when still infants, under four years old, after being captured from the wild by killing their mothers (Swan & Warren, 2000). Orangutans gain expertise slowly, mainly by learning during immaturity. Ex-captives are even slower because of the disturbances, handicaps, and developmental disruptions caused by captivity. Behavioral rehabilitation typically entails several years of protective care plus several years of support while ex-captives readapt to forest life.

Ecological rehabilitation: My focus is foraging, although arboreality, navigation, predator avoidance, and nesting are also essential. Orangutans rely on a very diverse diet (>200 species) that is highly site-specific and fluctuates seasonally. Even wild orangutans may not master adult-level foraging until adolescence (van Schaik, Deaner & Merrill, 1999). Captivity-induced delays and damage complicate the task.

How best to foster foraging expertise remains uncertain. Programs commonly rely on ex-captives’ initiatives to learn, through experience, and offer supplemental provisions in support. Some introduce forest foods prior to release (Aveling, 1982; Smits et al., 1994), but which to offer is unclear: mainstay fruits, difficult-to-obtain foods, age-appropriate foods, or permanent foods. Experiential learning is slow, dangerous, and error-prone, however. Social learning is likely more to be effective (Box & Gibson, 1999) but is difficult to orchestrate. As tutors, humans often know little of orangutan foods, so skilled orangutans are preferable. Orangutan tutors’ availability, however, depends on their tolerance for learners, which depends on their relationships with each other (Russon, 2000). Development can complicate the task for foods requiring abilities attained only near maturity.

Ex-captives can learn basic foraging expertise within a few months and those captured late in infancy may retain expertise they acquired in the wild (e.g., Peters, 1995; Rijksen, 1978). Basic, infant-level skills are unlikely to support adults, however. Young ex-captives tend to have narrow diets and can remain ignorant of key foods even after 4-5 years of forest life (personal observation), even though dietary diversity may be critical during food scarcities. After identifying foods, ex-captives can spend another two years learning how to obtain them (Russon, 2000). The implication is that ecological rehabilitation can be a longer, more difficult process than expected.

Social rehabilitation: Evidence suggests that orangutans live in loosely dispersed communities (van Schaik & van Hooff, 1996). Skills in communicating, building relationships, and integrating into a community are then important to readaptation - doubly so, if they underpin social learning (Russon, 2000; van Schaik et al., 1999). Ex-captives’ social skills are commonly lacking or distorted. Social rehabilitation is clearly needed, as early as possible, and it is difficult to achieve (Rijksen, 1978).

The typical strategy is to bring ex-captives together via age-graded social groups or feeding sites, combined with surrogate parenting for young infants and reduced human contact. The orangutan companions available are mainly ex-captives - themselves inept, needy, and immature - so parenting often falls to humans even though it retards resocialization by prolonging human dependency. For similar reasons, tourism retards resocialization. Ex-captives face a final hurdle at release, entering a feral community, because newcomers may be repulsed (Rijksen, 1978). Some programs try to circumvent this hurdle by “creating” communities, i.e., releasing ex-captives in pre-established groups.

Success is mixed. Human-oriented ex-captives may be disinclined to interact with orangutans, foiling efforts to resocialize them. Existing relationships may disintegrate after release, perhaps because the transition stresses partners differentially (Russon, 1996). Community integration is hard to assess, given orangutans’ dispersal habits. Probably it is feasible for juveniles but increasingly difficult after puberty except for adolescent females. It also poses unpredictable challenges in ex-captive communities, which may have atypical social structures, age/sex distributions, etc. Atypical communities may also fail to provide the structures that normally support the acquisition of feral expertise. Insofar as readaptation depends on normal community operation, it may take generations.

Discussion: Statistics are sparse, uneven, and variable (e.g., survival estimates vary from 20-80%: Rijksen & Meijaard, 1999), partly because assessment is difficult. The typical success index, duration of independent survival, is insensitive to major irregular challenges such as droughts. Assessing survival also entails long-term, systematic tracking of highly dispersed, cryptic individuals. The practical difficulties are enormous and remain to be solved. Even reliable statistics would be hard to interpret, because they confound rehabilitation practices, ecological conditions, and orangutans’ capacity to readapt.

What programs commonly report is opportunistic sightings of surviving or reproducing ex-captives years after release. Well-known individual factors, e.g., late capture, brief captivity, moderate captive conditions, and having skilled friends, may remain the best predictors of success. The most effective programs may be individualized ones that simulate species-normal processes, especially the roles of mother and community as conduits of expertise. Given the difficulty of simulating feral problems in pre-release conditions and the stress caused by abrupt change, the best strategies may be post-release programming and graded release. Success also turns on research-guided program enhancement. Programs could benefit from research on long-term monitoring, early detection of problems, assessing release readiness, social learning, individual differences in readapting, and post-release support. Important above all, as new programs replace older ones, is to avoid the errors of the past.

References

Aveling, R. J. (1982). Orang utan conservation in Sumatra, by habitat protection and conservation education. In L. E. M. de Boer (Ed.), The orang utan: Its biology and conservation (pp. 299-315). The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.

Boestani, A. N., & Susilo, A. (2000). A report on the orangutan status in Kalimantan after the forest fires 1997-1998. Presented at The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, May 10-13.

Box, H. O., & Gibson, K. R. (eds.), (1999). Mammalian social learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Peters, H. H. (1995). Orangutan reintroduction? Development, use and evaluation of a new method: Reintroduction. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Rijksen, H. D. (1978). A field study of Sumatran orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1872), Ecology, behavior and conservation. Wageningen: H. Veenman and Zonen B. V.

Rijksen, H. D., & Meijaard, E. (1999). Our vanishing relative : The status of wild orang-utans at the close of the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Russon, A. E. (1996). Observations on release group VI. Unpublished report to the Orangutan Reintroduction Project, Wanariset-Samboja, Dec., 1996.

Russon, A. E. (2000). How great apes create their cultures. Paper presented at Culture and the Cultural: New Tasks for an Old Concept? Wenner-Gren Confereence, Sept., Morelia, Mexico.

Smits, W. T. M., Heriyanto, & Ramono, W. (1994). A new method of rehabilitation of orangutans in Indonesia: A first overview. In J. J. Ogden, L. A. Perkins, & L. Sheehan (Eds.), Proceedings of the international conference on “Orangutans: The Neglected Ape” (pp. 29-40). San Diego: Zoological Society of San Diego.

Swan, R. A., & Warren, K. S. (2000). Health, management, and disease factors affecting orang-utans in a reintroduction centre in Indonesia. Presented at The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, Chicago, May 10-13.

Van Schaik, C. P., Deaner, R. O. & Merrill, M. Y. (1999). The conditions for tool use in primates: Implications for the evolution of material culture. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 719-741.

Van Schaik, C. P., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1996). Toward an understanding of the orangutan’s social system. In W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Great ape societies (pp. 3-15). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

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Address: Psychology Dept, Glendon College of York Univ., 2275 Bayview Ave., Toronto M4N 3M6, Canada [e-mail: arusson@gl.yorku.ca]
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Captive Care in Primates: Application to a Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) Release Program in the Republic of Congo
B. Goossens, M. Ancrenaz, C. Vidal, and A. Jamart
Cardiff University, Kinabatangan Orang-Utan Conservation Project, and HELP Congo

Orphaned chimpanzees have long been illegally offered for sale in central Africa. Today, this traffic continues and is one of the major threats for the long-term survival of the species throughout its entire range. In the Republic of Congo, the pressing need to identify solutions to the problem of orphan chimpanzees led to the creation by Mrs. Aliette Jamart of HELP (Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates), a non-governmental organization. In May, 1991, authorization was obtained from the Congolese Ministry of Wildlife Services to create a sanctuary, made up of three islands located in a lagoon in the Conkouati Reserve. Between 1991 and 1994, 59 young chimpanzees have been confiscated by the Congolese Wildlife Services and entrusted to HELP. All of them were brought to these islands. Their actual reintroduction into the wild in the Conkouati Reserve started in 1996.

This paper describes the evaluation, monitoring, and control of disease agents with potential to jeopardize reintroduction. Disease is here defined as any impairment that interferes with or modifies the performance of normal functions, including responses to environmental factors such as nutrition, toxicants and climate; infectious agents; inherent or congenital defects; or combinations of these factors (Wobeser, 1981). Special emphasis is given here to infectious agents, other agents being extensively discussed elsewhere (Tutin et al., in press).

The release of chimpanzees into the Conkouati Reserve carries with it the risk of introduction of new diseases with the potential to jeopardize the health of native wildlife and human communities, and the risk that the released animals themselves will be vulnerable to diseases normally present at the release site (Griffith et al., 1993).

A strict preventive medical program was designed and implemented since the onset of this project, well before the first reintroduction into the wild. There have been two veterinary evaluations of the whole colony, in 1992 and 1996, by a professional team from the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, in neighboring Gabon. The medical evaluation included body condition assessment (weight, measurements, dental formula, fat deposits, presence of external parasites, etc.); hematological, blood chemical and serological analysis (hepatitis A, B, C, filovirus, retrovirus); as well as collection of hair samples for DNA analysis (Goossens et al., 2000). The preventive veterinary program included deworming, vaccination (tetanus and poliomyelitis), and tuberculin test in the eyelid (old mammalian strain).

At both of these general veterinary screenings, all of the animals appeared in good external body condition. Weights, measurements, and dental formulas were within the physiological norms available for the species. Patches of depilation and superficial interdigital lesions of mycosis were recorded in several animals, and were attributed to the damp conditions on the islands. Hematology and blood chemistry did not show any particular trouble. A blood parasite (Mansonella perstans) was recorded in seven individuals. This filaria is commonly found in wild primates of central Africa and is not pathogenic. All animals were negative for retrovirus (ELISA and Western Blot tests), filovirus, hepatitis A and C, and tuberculosis. Hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) were positive for 15% of the colony. Hepatitis B virus infections in chimpanzees are only diagnosed by the appearance of antigens/antibodies, as clinical symptoms are infrequent. This infection occurs in chimpanzees under natural conditions (Maynard, 1971), so the detection of HBsAg in recently wild-caught and captive chimpanzees is frequent (Brack, 1987). This disease is not considered a major pathogen in this species, and to date there is no evidence of hepatitis B virus transmission from chimpanzee to man (Pattison et al., 1975). Direct analysis of feces showed that 85% of individuals were infested with intestinal parasites. The most common parasites were Ancylostoma duodenale (15% prevalence) and Strongyloides stercoralis (75%). Ivermectine (1 ml/25 kg BW) was administered subcutaneously to all animals.

The general medical screening showed that the colony was free of major pathogens, and according to the “IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Reintroduction”, there was no sanitary objection to the release of these chimpanzees in the Conkouati Reserve.

Before any reintroduction into the wild, each chimpanzee undergoes another veterinary screening. Only those individuals free of major pathogens are reintroduced. So far, four individuals with slight physical and/or behavioral incapacity have been judged to be unsuitable for release. The health of the chimpanzees after their release is also regularly monitored through direct observation and general body condition evaluation, as well as regular collection of fecal samples for intestinal parasite analysis.

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B. Goossens, Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 915 Cathays Park, Cardiff CF 10 3TL, Wales, U.K. [e-mail: goossensbr@cardiff.ac.uk].
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Potential Solutions to Managing a Population of Surplus Research Chimpanzees
Francine L. Dolins, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn

At present, approximately 1,800 chimpanzees are maintained in United States laboratory facilities. A significant proportion of these individuals have been determined to be surplus to research requirements. It has been proposed that the retired chimpanzees should live out the remainder of their natural lives in sanctuaries with minimal interference from humans. This paper will discuss the specific problems and efforts towards a solution of how to manage that part of the population.

Many of the same problems face both U.S. and African chimpanzee sanctuary efforts; funding is the main issue. Passage of the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection Act (the CHIMP bill) was sought to address funding in the U.S. Other questions which must be addressed include: * How many HIV/hepatitis positive chimpanzees are there? * What type of research should be allowed, if any, and how much or how little human interaction should be allowed? * Should breeding be allowed, or should it be controlled by contraceptive implants or by vasectomizing the males? * Should the social groups be all-male and all-female, or integrated male-female?

A History of the Problem: Sufficient similarities exist between chimpanzees and humans that the chimpanzee has served as a human surrogate in research in the U.S. since the mid-1950s. Since then, captive chimpanzees have been bred extensively for use in many types of research, including space exploration, development of infectious disease vaccines, biomedical and behavioral studies, and cognitive research. In the mid-1980s, an initial investigation indicated that chimpanzees might serve as a model to understand HIV. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) established a breeding program in 1986 to assure sufficient numbers of chimpanzees to meet future research requirements. The large numbers of surplus chimpanzees presently in U.S. laboratories are due to a number of factors: * the success of the NIH chimpanzee breeding program; * a decreased need for chimpanzees as a research model; * the ethical considerations posed by such research; and * the high cost of maintaining captive chimpanzees in laboratories.

By the mid-1990s there were approximately 1,700 chimpanzees maintained in research facilities in the United States. At about the same time, the need for the chimpanzee-HIV model in research declined considerably as other and more effective animal models were found. In response to the perceived oversupply of chimpanzees in laboratories, and anticipating a need for a new management plan, in 1994 the NIH requested the National Research Council (NRC) to investigate the problem and report on potential ways to address the following issues: * the size of the breeding colony required to support future research needs; * issues of ownership, long-term care, and use in research; and * mechanisms by which non-governmental organizations could assist in achieving appropriate goals and solutions for the long-term care of chimpanzees.

Among the recommendations of the National Research Council’s 1997 report, Chimpanzees in Research - Strategies for Their Ethical Care, Management, and Use, were: * a five year breeding moratorium (1997-2001); * euthanasia should not be considered a management option; and * sanctuaries should be established.

At about the same time, a number of animal protection organizations requested that those chimpanzees surplus to research needs be “retired” permanently into sanctuaries. The National Chimpanzee Research Retirement Task Force (NCRRTF) was formed, consisting of representatives from a number of these organizations.

In light of the 1997 NRC report, NCRRTF pointed out that the federal government directly and indirectly financially supports hundreds of chimpanzees no longer needed for experimental medical research. The establishment of less costly sanctuaries using federal money would be the most cost-effective and humane solution to a problem created by the federal government. These ideas were summarized in the CHIMP bill, which was introduced to Congress in 1999 by Representative Greenwood, and to the Senate by Senator Bob Smith.

Housing and maintaining chimpanzees in laboratories is costly and poses management problems, including significant challenges to providing appropriate living conditions. Currently, NIH owns and supports nearly 1000 chimpanzees at a cost of between $20 and $30 per day per individual. This amounts to approximately $1 million for the lifetime care of a chimpanzee, given that they can live up to 60 years in captivity. Instead, the surplus chimpanzees could be maintained, at a far lower cost, in better environments where they would be allowed to live the remainder of their natural lives without further invasive research or return to a laboratory. Sanctuary care would cost between $8 and $15 per chimpanzee per day. The design of Chimp Haven, for example, which is destined to be built in Shreveport, Louisiana, under the direction of Dr. Linda Brent, proposes a number of adjacent open, grassy enclosures with trees and indoor areas for protection from the harsher elements. The chimpanzees can be rotated among the enclosures, experiencing different amounts of space and environments, and providing opportunities to clean the enclosures.

Such sanctuaries, designed and maintained by experts in the care and management of this species, are the appropriate solution to the problem of lifetime care for unneeded research chimpanzees, as recommended in the 1997 NRC report and by other experts. Moreover, the creation of these sanctuaries represents a win-win situation for the chimpanzees and the scientific community. By freeing space, care staff, and finances devoted to caring for the chimpanzees, the research facilities can further fulfill their biomedical and scientific missions.

The Structure of the CHIMP Bill: The CHIMP bill provides $30 million over a number of years, with public/private matching funds to help establish and maintain chimpanzee sanctuaries. These sanctuaries could maintain not only ex-research chimpanzees, but also accept ex-pet and ex-entertainment chimpanzees for a fee with prior agreement from the government.

It is important to note that the bill designates that research facilities themselves determine which chimpanzees are no longer needed and can be retired.

The CHIMP bill sets in place minimum standards for sanctuaries, and a nonprofit entity, the Governing Board of Directors, to oversee that standards are met. This Governing Board will determine which sanctuaries will receive establishment grants and grants for long-term operating costs. The Governing Board now being created will be composed of a number of individuals with expertise in the management of sanctuaries for ex-biomedical research chimpanzees. Most notably, no members of the board may have been fined, or signed a consent decree, for any violation of the Animal Welfare Act.

In terms of sanctuary standards, the legislation relies on compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and conditions that provide for the psychological well-being of the chimpanzees. Sanctuaries are also prohibited from breeding the chimpanzees.

Annual physical check-ups, during which physiological data will be collected, are mandated. Any chimpanzee that dies (of natural causes) at a sanctuary will have a complete necropsy conducted by a trained veterinary pathologist to ensure that any useful data are collected. All of these data or samples will be available upon request. There is also a euthanasia clause in the bill, which states that a chimpanzee may only be euthanized if it is in its own best interests.

Where is the CHIMP Bill Now? The politics involved in the chimpanzee retirement issue have been thorny. When President Clinton signed the CHIMP bill into law on December 20, 2000, he was not the only one to have reservations about the final version. A number of animal protection organizations and individuals opposed the final version of the CHIMP bill, objecting strongly to the non-permanency clause that had been added.

The original version of the bill specifically stated that once a chimpanzee entered the sanctuary system, that chimpanzee could never be recalled into research (i.e., invasive, harmful research). Additionally, in the original version of the bill, there were limits placed on the kinds of research that could be done with the chimpanzees at any federally funded sanctuary: only noninvasive or observational research would be allowed. However, members of NCRRTF clearly understood that Congress had, at any time, the ability to overturn this permanency condition; the conditions for this would be a national medical emergency of some type, assumed an unlikely occurrence.

The biomedical community strongly opposed the permanency issue in the original version of the bill, stating that it should not be necessary to go to Congress to retrieve chimpanzees if necessary for some medical emergency. They suggested that such emergencies were likely to occur, necessitating larger numbers of chimpanzees than would be kept in research facilities, and that these decisions should be made at a faster pace. In turn, the animal protection organizations stated that the biomedical community would decide which chimpanzees to retire, thus any chimpanzees possessing value for future research should not be retired if there is a chance they would need to be recalled from a sanctuary. Dr. Jane Goodall stated strongly in her presentation to Congress last year that it would be cruel to remove a chimpanzee from its social group and the sanctuary environment once it had been acclimated. However, the final version of the CHIMP bill does not contain the right of permanency for any chimpanzee entering into the sanctuary system.

In summary, at present there are between 200 and 300 chimpanzees that could be immediately retired to the various existing and proposed sanctuaries - with finances the limiting factor. Funding will take time as the government processes the CHIMP bill, setting into motion the necessary committees and funding mechanisms.

In presenting these details about the U.S. surplus research chimpanzee situation, I hope to have provided an update and a guide for other countries facing similar issues with surplus research primates. While the CHIMP bill does not provide any easy solutions to the problem of how to deal with surplus research animals, it certainly is one step in the right direction.

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Address: Dept of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Polytechnic Univ., Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201 [e-mail: fdolins@poly.edu].
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Hal Eyestone, 1918-2001

In 1972, after 23 years of federal service, Eyestone moved to the University of Missouri where he was Chairman of Veterinary Pathology until 1978. He later served as interim dean of the Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine.

Born on January 7, 1918, in Mulberry, Kansas, he married Betty Johnson on June 28, 1952, in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. He is survived by his wife, two sons, two daughters, and seven grandchildren. He will be missed by all who knew him. - Dick Dukelow

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Resources Wanted and Available

Jonathan Ryan, of the University of Washington, writes: “A few years ago our lab identified what we believe is the causative agent for Retroperitoneal Fibromatosis (RF), a gamma-herpesvirus we have called RFHV. Sequence analysis of a small genomic region reveals that RFHV is the macaque homolog of KSHV or Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus. KSHV is the causative agent for several AIDS-related malignancies, most notably Kaposi Sarcoma.

“Our research has been hindered by not having appropriate samples for doing our work and difficulty identifying samples and infected animals. Our ability to study and understand these viruses could, and most likely will, have a positive effect, not only on people suffering AIDS-related malignancies, but on the animals in the research community. I am asking people with RF samples or RF-diseased animals to contact us at the Dept of Pathobiology, F146 Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 [e-mail: jtryan@u.washington.edu].

Revised Red List Criteria

The new, improved categories and criteria used for listing plants and animals on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are now available after a four-year review, called for by IUCN members. The review, coordinated by SSC, involving broad consultation with users and organizations from around the world, has produced a clearer, more open, and easy-to-use system for assessing species. With particular attention paid to marine species, harvested species, and population fluctuations, the review has refined the effectiveness of the Red List categories and criteria as indicators of extinction risk. See <www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RLcategories2000.html> for more details. - From: IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) E-Bulletin, March 2001. Anna Knee, Communications Officer, SSC/IUCN

Version 2.0 of Ramas Red List Software Available

Version 2.0 of the RAMAS® software, used for assessing the conservation status of species for possible inclusion in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, is now available. The software incorporates the revised Red List Categories (2000). To purchase a copy, contact Isabelle Weber, IUCN/SSC, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland CH-1196 Switzerland [fax: +41-22-9990015; e-mail: isc@iucn.org]; or Applied Biomathematics, 100 North Country Road, Setauket, NY 11733 [fax: 516-751-3435]. Single-user and site-licensed copies of the software are priced US$295 and US$445 respectively. From: IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) E-Bulletin - May 2001. Anna Knee, Communications Officer, SSC/IUCN

Environmental Enrichment Helpers

“Friends of Gorillas” is a volunteer enrichment group. “We do not interact with the animals directly but work with our local zoo helping the keepers with enrichment supplies. We bring in enrichment items the keepers request monthly, providing supplies for the various kinds of resident primates. Right now we work with zoos, but it is our belief that laboratory primates might benefit from similar enrichment. We hope to offer our services to local laboratories soon. We are interested in getting in touch with other volunteer enrichment groups who work with zoos or labs to exchange ideas. Please contact Mary Weber, 20 Spalding St, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 [617 524 2240; e-mail: Annielaure@aol.com].”

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Primates de las Américas...La Página

BioEstat 2.0 - Um Pacote de Bioestatística para as Ciências Biológicas e Médicas no Brasil
BioEstat 2.0: Aplicações Estatísticas nas &AACUTE;reas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas, autores Manuel Ayres, Manuel Ayres, Jr., Daniel Lima Ayres, e Alex Santos dos Santos. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico MCT-CNPq, Tefé e Brasília, 2000, 259 pp. ISBN 85-85924-07-1. Acompanha CD-ROM compatível com Windows 95/98/NT.
O livro tem uma história de 13 anos. Em 1987 foi apresentado a primeira versão do Bioestat - Aplicações Estatísticas em Basic - publicada pela editora McGraw Hill. A segunda versão evoluiu para o BioEstat 1.0, editada pelo CNPq-MCT e Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, e reunia 100 testes estatísticos, paramétricos e não-paramétricos. A versão atual - BioEstat 2.0 (2000) - também tem CD-ROM e apresenta 139 testes estatísticos, além de gráficos e tabelas de frequência. Possui também maior número de testes de análise multivariada, regressão logística e polinomial, análise de sobrevivência e modelos de distribuição de probabilidades, dentre outros. O objetivo dos autores é facilitar o acesso e uso da estatística entre os estudantes de graduação e de pós-graduação nas universidades do Brasil, e por isso sua distribuição é gratuita. Deste modo acredita-se que este pacote de bioestatística poderá contribuir com o desenvolvimento do ensino e pesquisa das ciências biológicas e médicas no país. Para maiores informações: Prof. Manuel Ayres, Rua Boaventura da Silva 304, Apto. 1.001, Bairro Reduto, Belém 66053-050, Pará, Brasil [e-mail: mizayres.bel@zaz.com.br].

Um Livro Vermelho para o Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção no Município do Rio de Janeiro: Flora e Fauna, editado por Fernando Régis Di Maio e Márcia Botelho R. Silva. Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, 2000. 68 pp.
Inclui uma listagem de 50 espécies (27 de plantas e 23 de animais) já extintas no município. A categoria “Criticamente em perigo” inclui 46 espécies (35 de plantas e 14 de animais). “Em perigo” e “Vulnerável” somaram mais 345 espécies (274 plantas e 170 animais). No total foram listadas como ameaçadas 274 espécies da flora e 170 espécies da fauna do munícipio. A parte de mamíferos (pp. 39-43) foi elaborada por uma equipe coordenada por Carla Fabiane de Vera y Conde e incluiu Cecília Bueno (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino (Instituto Nacional do Câncer), Sérgio Maia Vaz (Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro) e Carlos Esbérard, especialista em Chiroptera (Fundação Rio Zôo). Alouatta fusca, Brachyteles arachnoides e Leontopithecus rosalia foram todas registradas como extintas no município. - Sérgio Maia Vaz, Museu Nacional, Seção de Mamíferos, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Nueva Revista Zoológica Latinoamericana (Revista Trimestral)
Revista cuya finalidad es difundir la investigación científica realizada en varias áreas con animales silvestres y cautivos, así como las múltiples experiencias de la comunidad zoológica latinoamericana, Zoológica Latinoamericana acepta artículos y notas preferentemente en castellano, si bien admite escritos en inglés, portugués y francés. Todos los manuscritos que se presenten a la revista, serán sometidos a la consideración de científicos o especialistas en el tema, y la decisión final de aceptación es responsabilidad del propio Comité Editorial. Los trabajos sobre fauna neotropical tendrán prioridad de publicación sobre otros de fauna exótica. Los trabajos monográficos tendrán preferencia por sobre los meramente descriptivos. Para instrucciones para los autores y normas editoriales contactar a: Lic. Alejandro D. Scataglini, Director/Editor [e-mail: scatagli@mail.retina.ar], y/o Marcia Sabán, Coordinadora Editorial, [e-mail: orangutimo@hotmail.com], Zoológica Latinoamericana, República de la India 3000, (C1425FCF) Capital Federal, República Argentina [+54 11) 48067412 int. 113/144; e-mail: Zoologicalatinoamericana@latinmail.com].

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Grants Available

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Eye Institute (NEI), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) seek basic and clinical research applications to 1) determine the efficacy of vitamin E or other antioxidants in preventing, delaying or ameliorating the micro- or macro-vascular complications of diabetes; and 2) provide insight into the mechanism(s) by which antioxidants might prevent or influence the development of diabetic vascular disease.

Appropriate topics for investigation would include but are not limited to: * Preclinical studies to determine the mechanism(s) by which antioxidant(s) prevent or influence the development of diabetic vascular disease, including neurovascular and cerebrovascular disease; * Studies to define interactions between oxidative pathways and free radical formation and the signaling pathways by which insulin, glucose and other factors affect the endothelium; * Studies to define similarities and differences in the mechanisms by which oxidative stress and anti-oxidant therapies affect microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes; * Studies to develop new strategies to inhibit oxidation/glycoxidation and to examine the effect of these strategies on microvascular or cardiovascular disease.

Direct inquiries to: Barbara Linder, Div. of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolic Diseases, NIDDK, 6707 Democracy Blvd, Rm 699, MSC 5460, Bethesda, MD 20892-5460 [301-594-0021; fax: 301-480-3503; e-mail: bl99n@nih.gov]; Peter Dudley, Vision Research Program, NEI, Executive Plaza South, Rm. 350, Bethesda, MD 20892 [301-496-0484; fax: 301-402-0528; e-mail: pd8n@nih.gov]; Momtaz Wassef, Div. of Heart & Vascular Diseases, NHLBI, 6701 Rockledge Dr., Suite 10186, Bethesda, MD 20892-7956 [301-435-0550; fax: 301-480-2848; e-mail: mw47d@nih.gov]; David B. Finkelstein, Biology of Aging Program, NIA, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Suite 2C231, MSC 9205, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 [301-496-6402; fax: 301-402-0010; e-mail: df18s@nih.gov]; Paul Nichols, NINDS, Neuroscience Ctr, Rm 2118, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 [301-496-9964; fax: 301-401-2060; e-mail: pn13w@nih.gov]; or Rebecca B. Costello, ODS, Bldg 31, 1B29, Bethesda, MD 20892 [301-435-2920; fax: 301-480-1845; e-mail: bc135d@nih.gov].

Cognitive Neuroimaging

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) invite research grant applications that offer the promise of exceptional technical and conceptual advances in our understanding of the nature of the signal being recorded in hemodynamic brain imaging techniques. We currently have a fundamental gap in our knowledge, because we do not truly understand the linkage between the hemodynamic response that is being recorded in imaging techniques and the supporting cellular and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the time course of the hemodynamic response, which evolves over 10 to 15 seconds, has made it difficult to apply functional imaging techniques to issues involving temporal sequencing of various cognitive events. Of particular interest would be approaches involving functional imaging and neurophysiological (e.g., single and multi-unit recording) studies conducted entirely in nonhuman primates. Such approaches would address the issue of the neural mechanisms underlying functional activation determined using functional-MRI or PET techniques. Also of interest are proposals that take advantage of improved understanding of the link between hemodynamic and neural events, increasing the ability of functional imaging to assess the temporal sequencing of cognitive activation that cannot be answered, with current technology, in humans. Thus, proposals are sought that will increase the utility of functional imaging techniques by * providing greater understanding of the link to underlying neural activity; and * improving the ability of these techniques to address questions with a significant temporal component.

For more information, see <grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-NS-02-009.html> and direct inquiries to: Emmeline Edwards, Systems & Cognitive Neuroscience, NINDS, 6001 Executive Blvd., Rm 2109, Bethesda, MD 20892-9521 [301-496-9964; fax: 301-402-2060; e-mail: ee48r@nih.gov]; Kevin Quinn, Behavioral & Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, NIMH, 6001 Executive Blvd., Room 7N-7168, Bethesda, MD 20892-9637 [301-443-1576; fax: 301-443-4822; e-mail: kquinn@mail.nih.gov]; Molly V. Wagster, Neuroscience & Neuropsychology of Aging Program, NIA, 7201 Wisconsin Ave., Gateway Bldg., Suite 3C307, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 [301) 496-9350; fax: (301-496-1494; e-mail: wagsterm@nia.nih.gov]; Lynn E. Luethke, Scientific Programs Branch, NIDCD, 6120 Executive Blvd, MSC 7180, Bethesda, MD 20892-7180 [301-402-3458; fax: 301-402-6251; e-mail: lynn_luethke@nih.gov]; or Thomas G. Aigner, Div. of Neuroscience & Behavioral Research, NIDA, 6001 Executive Blvd., Rm 4282 MSC 9555, Bethesda, MD 20892-9555 [301-435-1314; fax: 301-594-6043; e-mail: ta17r@nih.gov]. Application receipt date is November 28, 2001.

Caloric Restriction and Aging in Nonhuman Primates

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) is soliciting applications to utilize the nonhuman primate (NHP) resources maintained by the NIA Intramural Research Program. This Program has developed colonies of rhesus monkeys and squirrel monkeys under either chronic or short-term caloric restriction protocols. These monkeys have been studied extensively and characterized by the NIA Intramural Research Program. NIA will provide support for extramural investigators to perform additional studies on these cohorts of monkeys, thereby extending and expanding on the information about the effects of caloric restriction on the physiology of aging in NHP.

These studies will use the cooperative agreement mechanism, an assistance mechanism in which substantial involvement of the NIA with the recipient is anticipated during performance of the planned activity. Responsibility for the planning, direction, and execution of the proposed project will be solely that of the applicant/awardee.

Caloric restriction is the one paradigm that has been demonstrated through extensive experimentation to extend lifespan in a variety of species, including flies, yeast, and rodents. In addition to increased longevity, caloric restriction also has a positive effect on many metabolic and physiological variables in rodents, such as immune function, stress response, and spontaneous and induced tumor genesis. However, although there is a large body of experimental evidence for the benefits of caloric restriction in rodents, the mechanism by which it effects those benefits has yet to be elucidated. It is also unknown at this time the extent to which the findings in rodents will be recapitulated in NHP. The limited studies that have been done in NHP, primarily examining metabolic variables, have shown a remarkable level of agreement with the rodent data. It is important now to expand these studies in NHP to examine a broad range of variables to determine if caloric restriction has benefits to both lifespan and health-span in NHP and to investigate the mechanism(s) by which it acts.

NIA investigators have already generated a significant amount of data on these colonies, with publications listed at <www.grc.nia.nih.gov/Branches/lns/rfa.htm>. These investigators are available to any applicant for collaborative studies.

The purpose of making this resource available is to stimulate research in all areas of study relating to the mechanism of action of caloric restriction in NHP. One goal is to determine if the health-span and lifespan benefits observed in rodents are also observed in NHP. The second goal is to promote more mechanistic studies to identify target systems, processes or molecules by which caloric restriction exerts its beneficial effects on healthy aging. To this end, many diverse areas of research are relevant, including investigations into maintenance of immune function with aging, behavioral studies, cognitive and motor function, sensory modalities including taste and olfaction, endocrine and neuroendocrine status, reproductive function, renal function, cardiovascular health, and hepatic function. The role of oxidative stress is also of interest, since there is considerable evidence that oxidative stress is a major factor in aging and that caloric restriction reduces the level of oxidative stress in rodents.

Due to the limited nature of the resource, significant coordination of studies may be necessary to facilitate multiple investigations using the same animals. Therefore, experimental protocols and timing of experiments will be coordinated by an Advisory Panel.

Letter of intent receipt date is November 11, 2001, and application receipt date is December 11, 2001. Direct inquiries regarding the application process or technical issues on the cooperative agreement mechanism to Nancy L. Nadon, Head, Office of Biological Resources and Resource Development, NIA, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, GW 2C231, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 [301-496-6402; fax: 301-402-0010; e-mail: nadonn@exmur.nia.nih.gov]. Direct scientific inquiries regarding the primate colonies, including background information available, the CR protocols, and restrictions to research protocols, to Mark Lane, NIA, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore MD 21224 [301-594-1210; fax: 301-480-0504; e-mail: ml124y@nih.gov].

Fyssen Foundation Research Grants

The aim of the Fyssen Foundation is to “encourage all forms of scientific enquiry into cognitive mechanisms, including thought and reasoning, that underlie animal and human behavior, their biological and cultural bases, and phylogenetic and ontogenetic development.” The Foundation supports research in ethology, psychology, neurobiology, anthropology, ethnology, human paleontology, and archaeology. The Foundation will award Research Grants, intended to support postdoctoral researchers, under 35 years of age in biological sciences, and under 40 years of age in human sciences, who will settle themselves independently within a laboratory in France, which works in keeping with the Foundation’s goals.

Priority will be given to researchers who will develop their project in a different laboratory from the one they received their doctorate, and from the one they are working in at present. The grant will be from 100,000 to 200,000 FF (15,000 to 30,000 Euros) without renewal.

Applications should consist of 15 copies of the following: a CV; a list of publications; a description of the research project with budget forecasts; a list of people who have been approached about working on the project; and a list of other financial requests. The original letter from the inviting laboratory and original recommendation letters from two senior scientists outside the inviting laboratory should also be sent. The address is Secrétariat de la Fondation Fyssen, 194, rue de Rivoli, 7500l Paris, France [e-mail: secretariat@fondation-fyssen.org]. The closing date for proposals is October 31, 2001.

Aging Research Grants

The American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR) is accepting applications for its 2002 Grant Programs. AFAR will award more than $9 million to some 200 junior faculty, fellows, and students. Application materials can be obtained by contacting AFAR, 1414 Avenue of the Americas, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10019 [212-752-2327; fax: 212-832-2298; e-mail: amfedaging@aol.com]; or see <www.afar.org>.

Among the grants available are: * awards for junior faculty to do research that will serve as the basis for longer-term research efforts, and * AFAR/Pfizer Grants in Immunology and Aging, both with December 14, 2001 application deadlines; and * Glenn Foundation/AFAR Scholarships for Research in the Biology of Aging, with a February 26, 2002 application deadline.

Extramural Research Facilities Improvement

The National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) is authorized to “make grants or contracts to public and nonprofit private entities to expand, remodel, renovate, or alter existing research facilities or construct new research facilities.” The facilities will be used for basic and clinical biomedical and behavioral research and research training. Applications are encouraged from institutions of emerging excellence, which are defined as recipients of a “Center of Excellence” award in the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year in which an application is submitted. Centers of Excellence awards are made by the Division of Health Professions Diversity, Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, Dept. of Health and Human Services. For this Program Announcement, the needs of smaller and developing institutions will be given special consideration.

The principal objective of this program is to facilitate and enhance the conduct of Public Health Service-supported biomedical and behavioral research by supporting the costs of designing and constructing non-federal basic and clinical research facilities to meet the biomedical or behavioral research, research training, or research support needs of an institution or a research area at an institution.

Direct inquiries regarding programmatic issues, requests for application Standard Form 424, and application supplemental instructions to: Willie D. McCullough, Div. of Research Infrastructure, NCRR, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Rm 6132, MSC 7965, Bethesda, MD 20892-7965 [301-435-0766; fax: 301-480-3770; e-mail: mcculloughw@ncrr.nih.gov]; direct inquiries regarding engineering and architectural issues to: Esmail Torkashvan, same address [301-435-0766; fax: 301-480-3770; e-mail: torkashvane@ncrr.nih.gov]. Application receipt dates are October 1 and February 1, annually.

Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates

The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) recognizes the increasing trend toward the use of interdisciplinary approaches to advance the nation’s research endeavor and thus the need to encourage cross-disciplinary training for the next generation of researchers. Therefore, it is providing opportunities for those in the quantitative and physical sciences to take part in mentored biomedical research experiences with NIH-supported investigators. Such programs should provide innovative, mentored, realistic, eight-to-ten-week, summer laboratory research experiences for an appropriately targeted group of five to ten undergraduate students in biomedical research projects at the institution. The application should include strong faculty involvement, interactive group activities, presentations, and seminars.

Applications may be submitted by domestic, non-profit organizations, public and private, that have a cohort of mentors with NIH support. Mentors should have an active NIH research grant and be able to provide sufficient mentoring and a realistic research experience. The total project period may not exceed four years.

Direct inquiries regarding programmatic issues to: Hinda Zlotnik, Program Director, Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates, NIGMS, Bldg 45, Rm 2AS.37K, MSC 6200, Bethesda, MD 20892-6200 [301-594-2651; fax: 301-480-2554; e-mail: hindaz@nigms.nih.gov]; or see <www.nih.gov/nigms/>. Letter of intent receipt date is January 15, 2002; application receipt date is February 15, 2002.

Mechanisms in Nutrition and Infection

The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) invite grant applications to investigate basic, epidemiological, and clinical research on nutrition (including dietary supplements) and infection. Applicants are encouraged to assemble research expertise in the areas of nutrition, microbiology, and immunology to explore the complex interrelationships between nutrition and infection. Mechanistic studies aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular connections between nutrition and infections, immunity, and inflammation are especially needed.

Direct inquiries regarding programmatic issues to: Dennis Mangan, Infectious Diseases and Immunity Branch, Div. of Basic and Translational Sciences, NIDCR, Natcher Bldg, Rm 4AN-32F, Bethesda, MD 20892-6402 [301-594-2421; fax: 301-480-8318; e-mail: Dennis.Mangan@nih.gov]; Christopher E. Taylor, Div. of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, Rm 3128, MSC-7630, 6700-B Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-7630 [301-496-5305; fax: 301-496-8030; e-mail: ct18m@nih.gov]; Michael K. May, DDDN/NIDDK, 6707 Democracy Blvd., 2 Democracy Plaza, Rm 663, MSC 5450, Bethesda, MD 20892-5450 (For UPS and Fed EX use 20817) [301-594-8884; fax: 301-480-8300; e-mail: mm102i@nih.gov]; or Becky Costello, Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, 31 Center Dr., Rm 1B29, Bethesda, MD 20892-2086 [301-435-2920; fax: 301-480-1845; e-mail: CostellB@od.nih.gov].

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Research and Educational Opportunities

The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Research Fellowship Program (RFP) awards small grants to field research projects leading directly to the conservation of threatened wildlife and wildlife habitat. RFP applications must demonstrate strong scientific merit as well as direct relevance to wildlife conservation. The RFP will support fieldwork on a wide spectrum of wildlife species, habitats, and conservation issues. Previous RFP Fellows have conducted surveys of the population status of endangered species, investigated ecological processes in rainforests, savannas, and wetlands, analyzed the effects of habitat disturbance on wildlife, and assessed the impacts of management strategies. The RFP is coordinated through WCS’s core programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Please note that the RFP does not support research in North America (excluding Mexico), Australia, or Europe and their territories. The RFP will not limit any individual from applying. However, most of the grantees are professional conservationists from the country of research, and/or postgraduates pursuing a higher degree. There are the following restrictions: Organizations are not eligible for funding; previous research fellows are not eligible for funding for the same project; faculty and/or research advisors should not be listed as principal investigators unless they plan to carry out the majority of the field work; the principal researcher must write the proposal (those written on behalf of another individual will be disallowed).

For more information, or an application, contact the Program Coordinator, Research Fellowship Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460 [+1 (718) 220-6828; fax: + 1 (718) 364-4275; e-mail: fellowship@wcs.org]; or see <wcs.org/home/wild/researchfellowship/4596>. The application may be downloaded from the Website. Biannual deadlines: Must be post-marked by January 1 or July 1 of every year.

Postdoctoral Training in Biomedical Research

The MIT Division of Comparative Medicine is seeking veterinarians for its NIH-funded training program in biomedical research. The program incorporates a year of clinical training followed by three years of research training. The clinical experience and didactic training in laboratory animal medicine, laboratory animal pathology, and research prepare candidates for the ACLAM board examinations and a career in research. Clinical training will entail daily rounds at the Division’s state-of-the-art, AAALAC-approved animal facilities that include extensive surgical resources and fully equipped transgenic laboratories. Training activities also occur in the Division’s diagnostic laboratory, at the New England Regional Primate Center, and at other biomedical research institutions. Candidates have the option of pursuing a master’s degree or doctorate through MIT’s Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health. See <web.mit.edu/comp-med/postdoc/> for details concerning the program.

Requirements are a DVM from an AVMA-accredited institution, strong interest in research, and U.S. citizenship or permanent residency.

Interested candidates should send a cover letter, CV, and three letters of support to: Dr. James G. Fox, MIT Division of Comparative Medicine, 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 [e-mail: jgfox@mit.edu]. MIT is an AA/EOE. - Posted to CompMed, July 5, 2001

Postdoc in Lab Animal Medicine or Pathology

The Department of Comparative Medicine at the University of Washington is inviting applications for postdoctoral training positions starting on July 1, 2002. The training program is designed to provide individuals with a broad foundation to build a career in teaching, research, and service in laboratory animal medicine or laboratory animal pathology, and to prepare them for ACLAM or ACVP board certification. We are seeking candidates with a strong interest in research. One year of clinical and pathology training in laboratory animals supported by the University is followed by three years of research training, which is supported by an NRSA training grant from the National Center for Research Resources, NIH. Financial support for the training includes stipend support, travel, medical/dental insurance programs, and partial support of tuition (in accordance with NIH policies). The stipend rate for the first year internship is approximately equivalent to the stipend levels established by NIH; the NIH stipend is $28,260 to $44,412 per year, commensurate with experience, for the three years of research training. Prerequisite for the program is a veterinary medical degree (DVM) or equivalent. Opportunities exist for qualified trainees to pursue advanced study for a MS or PhD degree. To be eligible for support, individuals must be U.S. citizens or have been lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the U.S. at the time of appointment. Individuals on temporary or student visas are not eligible. Persons interested in exploring the opportunity further may request a brochure containing a more detailed program description and an application by contacting Ms. Alice Ruff, Dept of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195-7190 [e-mail: alicer@u.washington.edu]; or see <www.washington.edu/medical/som/depts/compmed/overview.html>. The University of Washington is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

Postdoc - Comparative Field Study of Baboons

A postdoctoral position is available in an ongoing field study of two populations of wild savanna baboons: olive baboons in Kenya and chacma baboons in Botswana. The comparative study investigates intra- and inter-population variation in social behavior, particularly the adaptive significance of male-female “friendships” and male-infant social relationships, and male infanticide. The 2.5-yr postdoctoral position is funded by the National Science Foundation and is for the Kenyan component of the research. The work will involve collecting DNA samples (non-invasively), conducting quantitative observation of olive baboon behavior, and performing playback experiments of vocalizations. Candidates should have field experience and should have completed their PhD by the start date of January (or February), 2002. Applicants with additional experience in the design and execution of playback experiments are preferred. Applicants should send a letter and CV, together with the names of 2-3 people willing to write on their behalf, to: Ryne Palombit, Dept. of Anthropology and the Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, 131 George St, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414.

Behavior and Ecology, Costa Rica and Nicaragua

Courses in Primate Behavior and Ecology will be given December 27-January 18, 2001, and May 25-June 19; June 22-July 17; and July 20-August 14, 2002, at La Suerte Biological Field Station, Costa Rica, and Ometepe Biological Field Station, Ometepe Island, Nicaragua. These courses cover the behavior and ecology of Old and New World primates from an evolutionary perspective. Emphasis will be given to the three species present at La Suerte: Cebus capucinus, Alouatta palliata, and Ateles geoffroyi. The material and topics covered in this course are equivalent to an upper division university course in primate behavior and ecology. Background in biology or physical anthropology is helpful but not required; it is far more important to have a serious interest in learning about primates and a desire to do field work in a tropical rainforest. Flora and fauna of interest will be pointed out and discussed as they are encountered. Students are encouraged to familiarize themselves in advance with general information about primates, tropical ecosystems, and Costa Rica. A list of books for the course is available at our Website. To request an information pack contact La Suerte Biological Field Station/Ometepe Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 55-7519, Miami Fl 33255-7519 [305-666-9932 (9-5 EST); e-mail: lasuerte@safari.net]; or see <www.studyabroad.com/lasuerte>.

Training Opportunities in Comparative Medicine

The Section on Comparative Medicine of the Wake Forest University School of Medicine is seeking candidates for postdoctoral fellowships in comparative medicine. These positions offer unique opportunities for highly motivated veterinarians interested in research careers and in the care and study of primates, rodents, and a variety of other species in a research setting. The duration of the NIH-sponsored postdoctoral fellowship is typically three years. The postdoctoral fellowships are designed to provide research training to veterinarians, and may lead to the PhD degree. Training faculty includes 24 faculty, 11 of whom are veterinarians and 6 of whom hold board certification by ACLAM or ACVP. Areas of research include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer biology, and behavioral medicine with an emphasis on research in women’s health and nutrition. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents and graduates of AVMA-accredited veterinary schools. Stipends range from $30,000 to $55,000 per year depending on previous experience. Interested applicants should send a statement of career goals and interests, a CV, college transcripts, and three letters of reference to Jan Wagner, Dept of Pathology, Section on Comparative Med., Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040; [336-716-1630; fax, 336-716-1515; e-mail: jwagner@wfubmc.edu]. AA/EOA.

Teaching Research Ethics

Indiana University’s ninth annual Teaching Research Ethics Workshop will convene on the campus at Bloomington, Indiana, May15-18, 2002. Session topics will include an overview of ethical theory; using animal subjects in research; using human subjects in clinical and non-clinical research; and responsible data management. Many sessions will feature techniques for teaching and assessing the responsible conduct of research. For more information, contact Kenneth D. Pimple, Teaching Research Ethics Project Director, Poynter Center, Indiana Univ., 618 East Third St, Bloomington, IN 47405-3602 [812-855-0261; fax: 812-855-3315; e-mail: pimple@indiana.edu]; or see >poynter/Indiana.edu<.

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Information Requested or Available

The Neotropical Conservation Biology Bulletin - NeoCons - is an electronic bulletin produced and edited at <www.conservationbiology.org/> by the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) as a forum for conservation issues in South and Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The first issue was released in February, 2001. SCB is an international organization dedicated to promoting the scientific study of phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biological diversity. Mac Hunter is the SCB President and Co-Chair of the Internationalization Committee.

NeoCons is distributed electronically and free to all interested individuals, whether or not they reside in the region or are members of the SCB. The purpose of NeoCons is to facilitate information exchange and strengthen the discipline of conservation biology in the Americas. NeoCons is published every two months and has two main sections: * the table of contents of each issue of Conservation Biology in Spanish, and * a compilation of information relevant to the practice of conservation biology. Contributions to NeoCons may be made in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French. The subscription form and other information are available at <www.conservationbiology.org/SCB/Publications/NeoCons/>. For additional information contact Jon Paul Rodríguez, Editor NeoCons, Centro de Ecología - IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela [+58 212 504 1194; fax: +58 212 504 1088; e-mail: jonpaul@ivic.ve].

New On-Line Journals

BioMed Central (BMC) Ecology covers environmental and population ecology of plants, animals, and microbes. The journal is one of 60 or so published by BioMed Central, <www.biomedcentral.com/>, a recently established on-line publishing house that is committed to making original research articles in biological and medical science freely available to all.

BMC believes that communication of original research is the single most important part of the scientific process and that the current publishing model often hinders more than helps because of the limited circulation and high costs of many journals. BioMed Central overcomes this by making papers available on-line to anyone at no cost, while also having them listed in PubMed. Anybody publishing with BMC Ecology (or any of the other BMC journals) will have their article: * made freely available to anyone with Internet access - more people than ever will be able to read the results of your work; * peer reviewed in the normal way but using the speed of the Internet to expedite the process - BMC’s average time from submission to publication is currently 6.5 weeks, and the aim is to reduce this further; * cited in PubMed and archived in PubMed Central, the NIH’s central research repository - this will make your article easily accessible and securely archived; * drawn to the attention of the readers of the two other BioMed Central journals that you deem most appropriate, by including it in their tables of contents as “related papers”; and * once your article is published you will be able to see exactly how many people have accessed it. BioMed Central is guided by an Editorial Directorate, including some of the world’s leading scientists and clinicians. Instructions for submission: <www.biomedcentral.com/manuscript/checklist.asp>. Some recently published research articles in BMC journals are at: <www.biomedcentral.com/biology.asp>. For more information, contact Peter Newmark, Biology Editorial Director, BioMed Central [e-mail: editorial@biomedcentral.com]. For updates on research, reviews and editorials published by BioMed Central, register at: <www.biomedcentral.com/registration/>.

Bioinformatics Resources and Tools

Alberto M. R. Davila, of the Lab. de Biologia Molecular de Tripanosomatideos, DBBM/IOC/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-Brasil 21045-900 [e-mail: davila@gene.dbbm.fiocruz.br], announced on the “tdr-scientists list” that he is building a site containing links to “Bioinformatics Resources and Tools”. He intends to include links on * Research centers and departments * People * Jobs and postdoc openings. People working on computational biology, evolutionary genomics, phylogenomics, etc., are invited to e-mail him with links and suggestions. The site is temporarily <www.geocities.com/amrdavila/links.html>, but he hopes it will eventually find an academic home.

Recently Described Primate Species and Subspecies

Anthony Rylands, of Conservation International, has composed a list of nonhuman primates described since 1990. This list, of 36 species and subspecies, is at <www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/newspecies.html>.

2000 IUCN Red List

"The IUCN Red List Website has been revamped, and is now back up on-line again at <www.redlist.org/>. The site looks much the same but the database behind the search function has been moved to a faster, more stable platform. Taking advantage of the opportunity, a number of changes were made: * Correction of some errors in the data, particularly the distributions of the birds; * Improved functionality of the search options by adding some new search 'modifiers' and a list of special animal keywords to help those without any taxonomic knowledge (i.e., it is now possible to search under words like 'bats', 'sharks', etc.); * A complete rewrite of the Help menu to provide improved guidance on the search functions, and printing and saving options; * Updates to many of the static background documents; * Addition of a new static page providing links to a number of other related Websites which contain additional information on species, photographs, and details of conservation programs. We hope that you will all find the revamped site much more accessible and faster. Please report any problems you may encounter. The next major update to the site will be in January, 2002, when the 2002 Red List is launched. The IUCN Red List Programme is sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science (Conservation International) and the U.K. Dept. of Environment, Transport & the Regions. - Craig Hilton-Taylor, IUCN Red List Programme Officer, IUCN/SSC U.K. Office, 219c Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0DL, U.K. [+44-1223-277966; fax: +44-1223-277845; e-mail: craig.hilton-taylor@ssc-uk.org]. [See also p. 13 of this issue.]

New Species Survival Commission Website

The Sustainable Use Specialist Group has launched its own Website to further raise its profile as IUCN’s major vehicle for promoting understanding of sustainable use. The site <www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg> includes 17 regional SUSG Web areas and contact details for chairs and focal points. There are a number of feature articles such as the Pan African Symposium, the IUCN Small Grants Program, and the Lessons Learned in Sustainable Use Case Study Series. Several items are available in French and Spanish. - From IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) E-Bulletin, May 2001. Anna Knee, Communications Officer, SSC/IUCN.

More Interesting Websites

* Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program: <www.bioko.org>

* Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics, a component of the Knowledge Management System of the World Bank’s Human Development Network: <devdata.worldbank.org/hnpstats/>

* Infection, Genetics and Evolution - the Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases: <cepm.mpl.ird.fr>

* International Journal of Comparative Psychology abstracts: <rana.uqam.ca/IJCP>

* International Veterinary Information Service: <www.ivis.org/>

* International Veterinary Information Service Calendar: <www.ivis.org/calendar/calendar.asp>

* IUCN Guidelines for Re-Introductions: <www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/reinte.htm>

* Nature’s job market site:<www.naturejobs.com>

* Tropical Disease Research News: <www.who.int/tdr/publications/tdrnews/default.htm>

* Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow: <www.vetscite.org>

* Virtual Anesthesia Machine: <www.anest.ufl.edu/vam>

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Positions Available

The Tulane Regional Primate Research Center is seeking a Veterinary Technician for the following duties: * Implements enrichment procedures in all areas daily, as per departmental procedures; * Prepares and distributes enrichment items to research animals; * Documents compliance with the Environmental Enrichment Plans for all species; * Assists with data management and record keeping; * May assist in developing, reviewing, and revising, and will implement, Standard Operating Procedures relating to environmental enrichment; * Performs behavioral observations and assessments, including compatibility of socially housed animals; * Trains various species to cooperate with basic husbandry and research procedures; * Orders and creates enrichment items.

Qualifications include prior experience working with animals and/or animal behavior; the ability to read and interpret documents such as safety rules, operating and maintenance instructions, and procedure manuals; basic math skills; writing and oral communication skills; the ability to solve problems and deal with a variety of situations; and the ability to work independently and in groups. A bachelor’s degree with a background in behavioral sciences, plus two years of experience in laboratory animal, care are desirable.

The salary will be $18,000 to $22,497 annually ($9.23 to $11.54 per hour), depending on experience. Contact K. Phillippi Falkenstein, Program Coordinator, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane RPRC, 18703 Three Rivers Rd, Covington, LA 70433 [985-892-2040, ext. 6317; fax: 985-871-6328; e-mail: shelley@tpc.tulane.edu].

Clinical Veterinarian, Tulane RPRC

Tulane RPRC is also seeking applications for the position of Clinical Veterinarian within the Department of Veterinary Medicine. The Tulane RPRC is an AAALAC International-accredited facility, housing approximately 5000 nonhuman primates (NHP) of nine different species. The largest research program involves infectious disease research, concentrating on the study of AIDS. Other areas of research involve gene therapy, reproduction, vaccine studies, malaria, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, antiviral therapy, and clinical NHP medicine and surgery.

Responsibilities include general medical and surgical care of breeding colony and research animals; provision of research support; and training of investigators, veterinary students, and technicians. The successful candidate will be provided opportunities to participate in the conduct of independent or collaborative clinical research directed toward nonhuman primate medicine and surgery.

The candidate must hold a DVM/VMD degree from an AVMA-accredited college of veterinary medicine and be licensed to practice veterinary medicine in one of the 50 states. ACLAM, ACVIM, or ACVECC board certification or eligibility is desirable. The candidate should have good verbal and written communication skills and the ability to interact positively with others. This position will remain open until a qualified candidate is selected.

Interested persons should submit a letter of interest, CV, and a list of three references to: Skip Bohm, Associate Director for Veterinary Resources, at the address given above. For more information call 504-871-6362 or e-mail: bohm@tpc.tulane.edu. Tulane University is an AA/EOE and encourages applications from women and members of minority groups.

Department of Psychology, University of Chicago

The Department of Psychology at the University of Chicago is seeking to fill several faculty positions in Biopsychology. Our primary goal is to understand behavior and minds in relation to biological mechanisms. We construe biological mechanisms to include the endocrine and immune systems as well as the nervous system. Biopsychologists who study either animals or humans are encouraged to apply. We are open to a wide range of research areas and will ultimately select a group with diverse and complementary perspectives. Research areas include the reciprocal relations between psychological processes and biological systems, with an emphasis on their evolution, development, or mediating mechanisms. The University of Chicago has established an Institute for Mind and Biology and constructed a new biopsychology research facility to house these research efforts - see <socialpsy.uchicago.edu/imb.htm>. This building includes research laboratories for both human and animal studies, fully accredited animal care facilities, offices, and rooms for equipment to be shared in common. Positions are open at both junior and senior levels. Evaluation of applicants will begin November 1, 2001, and will continue until all positions have been filled. The anticipated start date is Fall, 2002, but is flexible. Applicants should submit a CV, a conceptual summary of research, and representative publications. In addition, junior candidates should have three letters of reference sent to: Biopsychology Search Committee, c/o Gwen Stevenson, The University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Avenue, Green Hall, Room 109, Chicago, IL 60637.

Research Support Supervisor - Washington State

SNBL USA, Ltd., is seeking a research support supervisor to supervise animal technicians in the operation of a centralized animal facility. This person will monitor and maintain animal health under the supervision of the attending veterinarian; oversee activities concerned with feeding and care of animals, and maintenance of animal quarters to ensure compliance with laboratory regulations and quality control standards; maintain an inventory of animal feed and supplies; initiate purchase requisitions as needed; maintain animal records, including records used for research purposes; and act as after-hours emergency contact for the department.

Qualifications include a bachelor’s degree in a related field and 1-3 years of directly related supervisory experience and training; or 4-6 years of related supervisory experience and training. An equivalent combination of education/experience may substitute for these requirements. AALAS certification is preferred. For more information, contact Mark Honda, 6605 Merrill Creek Pkwy, Everett, WA 98203 [425-407-0121; fax: 425-407-8601; e-mail: hr@snblusa.com]. To apply, please send him a cover letter and resume.

Animal Resources, Oregon RPRC

The Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, an institute of Oregon Health and Science University, has reopened the search to fill the position of Head of the Department of Animal Resources. This position provides the leadership and management skills for our AAALAC-accredited Primate Center animal care program. The animal resource department employs five veterinarians and approximately 60 technicians; it provides care for approximately 2,700 nonhuman primates and a small number of other laboratory animals.

Duties of the position include maintaining and enhancing an organizational structure that assures quality research support and animal health care. The individual selected for this position will provide administrative direction and support for the following programs: preventive medicine, pathology, surgery, specific pathogen free breeding, non-human primate psychological well-being, and staff training. In addition, the responsibilities include the design and development of new animal facilities.

Qualifications: A Doctor of Veterinary Medicine or equivalent degree from an accredited college of veterinary medicine is required. The successful candidate must be licensed to practice in at least one state and be ACLAM board-certified or board eligible. The candidate must have knowledge of the federal regulations governing the care and use of primates in research, and ideally, extensive experience in managing primate research facilities. The candidate must have strong leadership, communication, and administrative skills, and experience with budgets and cost-accounting issues.

To apply, send CV, letter of introduction, and names and telephone numbers of three references to David Hess, Oregon RPRC, 505 N.W. 185 Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006 [e-mail: hessd@ohsu.edu].

Colony Manager and Assistant Operations Manager

The Mannheimer Foundation, Inc., invites applications for the position of Colony Manager. Candidates must have training and experience as primate behaviorists and be knowledgeable about the biology and social structure of nonhuman primates, with at least three years' experience with macaque behavior and breeding. Individuals must have either a master’s or PhD degree. The position requires maintaining comprehensive demographic records for individuals in our macaque and baboon breeding colonies, and developing breeding strategies that will maximize social harmony and production of the colony. Most animals at the Foundation are housed outdoors, in a variety of housing designs. The Colony Manager will continually monitor all aspects of the environmental enrichment program for all species at the Foundation. Opportunities are available for conducting related research and for postdoctoral training.

Applications are also sought for the position of Assistant Operations Manager. Candidates must have training and experience in primate colony management, and supervisory experience in overseeing the daily operation of a large multi-species nonhuman primate breeding facility. Individuals must have a bachelor’s degree, certification as a Laboratory Animal Technologist, and at least three years’ supervisory experience. Applicants who have had AALAS course training who have and advanced computer skills will be given special consideration.

The Foundation is a not-for-profit organization, located on a 90-acre tract in Homestead, Florida, 20 miles north of Key Largo, which is bordered by Biscayne and Everglades National Parks. A short drive north to Miami and Miami Beach affords a wide variety of cultural and entertainment opportunities. Interested candidates should send a letter of application with a CV and a list of three references to: Joseph L. Wagner, Director, The Mannheimer Foundation, Inc., 20255 SW 360 St, Homestead, FL 33034-4106 [e-mail: wagnerj@bellsouth.net].

Environmental Enrichment Coordinator

The Wake Forest University School of Medicine is seeking an individual to fill the position of Environmental Enrichment Coordinator in the Animal Resources Program. This full-time job will entail working with nonhuman primates, and possibly a variety of other laboratory animal species, and assisting in the development and implementation of the Wake Forest University Plan for the Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates. Additional responsibilities include consulting with faculty and staff in order to blend environmental enrichment plans with their research needs, and gathering and reviewing relevant literature to provide references in this field. Candidates should be university graduates in the behavioral, biological and/or physical sciences and have two years of related clinical/research experience. Excellent interpersonal and writing skills are essential, in addition to conversance with computer language and techniques. Experience working with nonhuman primates is desired, as is AALAS certification, and a working knowledge of animal welfare regulations and guidelines.

Please send resume, letter of interest, and names of three references to Jan Wagner, Assistant Director, Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest Univ. School of Med., Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040 [336-716-1630; e-mail: jwagner@wfubmc.edu]. Wake Forest University School of Medicine offers a competitive compensation and benefits package, and is an EO/AA employer.

Laboratory Animal Technician - Maryland

Logicon ROW Sciences has an immediate opening for a lab animal technician, experienced with nonhuman primates, to perform behavioral enrichment, hands-on duties such as feeding and occasional husbandry, and detailed record-keeping. A degree in animal scienc