www.dichtung-digital.de/2001/06/09-Federman

From Surfiction to Hypertext
Interview with Raymond Federman

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RS: Thanks for not really sending our readers away to the library but supporting them with a first idea of what Sufiction and Critifiction mean. For further and future reading, one may turn to the next edition of The Oxford English Dictionary, were both terms will appear, since both are now widely used by critics. Next question.

In your poetic lectures you give four proposals for the present and future of literature. The first is to break with the concept of syntax as we know it: to start first page at the top left and to finish last page bottom right. Your complain that this syntax reduces the polyvalence of words and demand that we rethink and alter the concept and position of word, sentence, paragraph, chapter, page number and punctuation in order to open up new ways of reading a book. However, what you are saying reminds me of hyperfiction in digital media rather than of book literature. And your second proposal- non-linear writing - reminds me also of Ted Nelson's definition of hypertext as non-sequential writing. Therefore it comes as no surprise that your novels "Take It or Leave It" and "Double or Nothing" sometimes mentioned as precursors of hyperfictional writing. What is your relation to hyperfiction, especially in these novels?

RF: I made these proposals in 1973, soon after the publication of my first novel, "Double or Nothing" (Alles Oder Nichts), a novel which has now been recognized by a number of critics as a precursor of hypertext and hyperfiction. Of course, in the early 1970's, the terms hypertext and hyperfiction were not known, and yet a number of novelists (I was not alone in trying to invent a new way to write fiction) were already transforming traditional syntax, and undermining narrative linearity. My proposals were perhaps more radical than most because they also asked not only for a new way to write fiction, but also a new way to read fiction. And so, I invented what I called paginal syntax, and the leap-frog technique.

Paginal syntax allows the words to float freely on the page and organized themselves visually and typographically in such a way that the shape of language becomes more important than the meaning the words are tying to convey. Paginal syntax allows improvisation in writing as well as in reading. Each page is more or less self-contained. In this sense then, the relation of the pages to each other becomes unpredictable, in the same way that the elements of an hypertext are unpredictable in relation to each other. Paginal syntax engenders a sense of free participation in the writing/reading process. Both "Double or Nothing" and "Take It or Leave It" exemplify this method

The leap-frog technique is primarily a succession of narrative digressions. Each page, each paragraph of the narrative digresses in relation to the next. Consequently, linearity and sequentiality become obsolete and irrelevant. In a digressive narrative structure the overarching plot-line is no longer important as the individual page anticipates the power of the single hypertextual lexia. Digressive narrative will not have a beginning, middle, and end , it will not lend itself to a continuous and totalizing form of reading. It will refuse resolution and closure, it will always remain an open discourse, and this, of course, is also true of hyperficition. Hyperfiction progresses by leaps and bounds.

In this sense then, my novels "Double or Nothing," "Amer Eldorado" (written in French) and "Take It or Leave It" prefigure the hypertexutal instant in American fiction. So, to answer the final sentence of your question. My fiction of the early 70's harmonizes conceptually with a number of other currents on the contemporary scene, especially Hyperfiction.

RS: Did you ever consider employing all the new writing tools of digital media and work on the web?

RF: I have already done a number of pieces of fiction using and abusing the tools of digital media, some of these are on the net - but more important I am currently writing (in collaboration with another writer) a novel literally invented on the internet by using email and instant messages, besides telephone tapes video letters conversation etc. The book is called "In Search of Mona, a Love Story Improvised on the Spot." Weidler Verlag in Berlin will publish in June (I will be there for the occasion) the first volume of email correspondence between the editor and the author. The book is called "Mentir ou Mourir / Lie or Die: Naissance des livres dans l'esprit e-mail" (the book is mostly in French though there are some emails in English and in German too.)

And George Chambers and I started another collaborative project via e-mail - interlacing our words. George Chambers and I wrote "The Twilight of the Bums" (Penner Rap, in German) which will be launched as an e-book in July by AltX.

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