аЯрЁБс>ўџ 46ўџџџ3џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС'` №ПPbjbjыШыШ .$‰Ђ‰ЂPџџџџџџЄЄЄЄЄЄЄЄИ\\\\p ИкЖˆˆˆˆˆˆˆˆY[[[[[[$hј pЄ ˆˆ  ЄЄˆˆ”ЕЕЕ RЄˆЄˆYЕ YЕЕЄЄЕˆ| Р.40Э@Ъ\[ЕYЊ0кЕh k(h Еh ЄЕЄˆœЕЊ ЖSˆˆˆ“"ˆˆˆк    ИИИЄ\ИИИ\ИИИЄЄЄЄЄЄџџџџ Bridget Smith 9/29/09 ARCH1900 Week 3 Historical Archaeology Documentary evidence can give archaeologists new ideas, reinforce preexisting interpretations, and completely change the direction of a dig. Furthermore, as Wilkie suggests in her paper, they can humanize the cold artifacts found on a dig, making the findings relatable and changing an assortment of facts into a history. There are a great number of types of documents that can be used to this purpose, and each of them presents a different look at the people who lived on or used the site. At the John Brown House, we have used the resources we have available to do the same, but we might also have fallen into one of the traps of documentary archaeology: straying from the truth of the artifacts because of suggestions in the archives. Mrozowski, in the two papers we read, presents an assortment of ways to understand people through the centuries. In one article, he dwells upon the usefulness of newspapers: as a means of communication amongst people, they are an excellent source of information about both those who wrote them and those who read them. He particularly likes the advertisements and letters, as reader-contributed material that contributes a wealth of information both about the goods available at the time and the values of those who bought and sold said goods. There are stories to be found in newspapers, even beyond those presented on the front page. Less obvious, however, are the documents Mrozowski discusses in the other article. Titled “Individuals in Context,” the first chapter attempts to discern individuals’ stories from the documents they left behind, including ledgers, wills, and maps. He pieces together histories based on these documents and then fits the individuals he’s studied into the greater puzzle of the society they lived in. This effectively merges the nitpicky documents and the greater view of the city through the life of an individual. The Seasholes article delves further into the use of historical maps in archaeology. She cites the importance of the people who made the maps and the audience for whom they were intended as a huge influence on the ultimate appearance of the map. Bearing these factors in mind can give an archaeologist a better idea of the people involved in the documentation, whether it is a mariner creating a harbor-centered map or a business owner emphasizing the location of his business over those of his competitors. Furthermore, the use of more specific maps can tell us a great deal about landowners and their transactions: looking at many years’ worth of detailed maps in sequence can show how land passed between owners, whether purchased or handed down. While all these articles spend a great deal of time delineating how historical documents can be useful in archaeology, they are also careful to reinforce the point that a healthy skepticism is necessary when approaching these documents. They are not always accurate, having been influenced by misinformation, less exacting standards than we have today, or biases held by the reporters. They can be enormously useful, but they should not be depended upon without reservations. Doing so can get an archaeologist into trouble, either by causing them to misinterpret the data or by leading them to excavate in the wrong location. For example, at the John Brown House, we have documents suggesting that servants lived on the lawn. Based on this evidence, any sort of structure we might find could be interpreted as servants’ quarters, even if it is truly a stable or a storage building or a wall. However, this information can also make the quest for more information easier by suggesting places to dig or offering explanations for the data we find. Archaeologists do not need these documents to find and interpret artifacts; archaeology has been successfully performed in locations where no documents were available or where they were not readable (for example, see the Mayan ruins). However, there are numerous examples of archaeologists misinterpreting the evidence in these locations as well. Documents can be a great help, particularly in locations like New England where the land has been used and reused for centuries. They can help sort out the information that is found. Documents are helpful both in interpreting the findings of archaeologists and in understanding the people who created and used these objects. Archaeology is partly about the actual artifacts, but more important are the people whose lives shaped the course of the land. The documentary evidence can help us learn who these people were, humanize the things we find, and understand the greater context in which they lived, so it should not be discarded when it is available, but neither should it be the only source of information. It is a tool, and a valuable one at that, but tools are only as good as the archaeologists who wield them.  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