This week we will combine First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom royal material. This is in fact a great juxtaposition since the relationship between 11th Dynasty art and architecture and FIP art is one that is often stated but worth spending some time teasing out. The elusive notion of style is going to be very important here. We'll also get slightly into the 12th Dynasty.
Discussion: Kathryn and Oren
Tomb of Ankhtifi of Moalla (and remember to stick more to the art than the history - you can bring that up, but he's so fascinating it's easy to get sidetracked with him) - Peter
Vandier Mo'alla. La tombe d'Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep
Comparison of two FIP private funerary stelae - your choice but try to make them different, perhaps a Theban one and a Middle Egyptian one?
Robins actually has several of these and is a good place to start, also RISD has one and the MFA has a few
False door of Ky and Sat-shedabed - Oliver
Brovarski in Archaeism and Innovation, on the reserve shelf - Brovarski briefly only briefly touches on Ky and Sat-shedabed in his discussion of MK false doors, but unfortunately it is really one of the only discussions of the door at all. He also looks in a little more detail at Sekweskhet tomb, the tomb with the collection of similar double false doors.
C. Ziegler, "Catalogue des Steles, Peintures, et Reliefs Egyptiens de l'Ancien Empire" 1990 - This is the source Brovarski uses, and probably a better source for discussion of this particular false door, although obviously in French.
J. Garstang, "The Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt" 1907 - Garstang's discussion of OK false doors is mentioned by Brovarski in comparison to the Ky and Sat-shedabed door, but I honestly could not see the connection.
Statuary OR relief from the Deir el Bahri temple of Neb. Mont. - Julia
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/26.3.29
Images and short discussion of standing statue found at Temple, now at the MET.
Aldred, Cyril. "Some Royal Portraits of the Middle Kingdom in Ancient Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970).
Arnold, Dieter. The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahari
Arnold received a grant to publish the work of Winlock who excavated at Deir el Bahri in the early 20th century. This book summarizes Winlock’s work, but also adds Arnold’s own commentary, albeit limited. In many cases Arnold had to reconstruct drawings and take a few new photographs, but it is based on Winlock’s reports and personal notes which he was never able to fully publish.
Arnold, Dieter. Der Temple des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir el-Bahari 'v1-3
Most complete discussion of finds and work performed by Arnold at Mentuhotep’s temple at Deir el-Bahri. Volume 1 discusses the reconstruction of the sanctuary and history of the building. Volume 2 discusses the relief in detail (see Peck below for English review of vol2). Volume 3 is dedicated to a discussion of small finds (see Sabbahy below for English review of vol3). Best resource if you can get through the German.
Arnold, Dorothea. "Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes." 'Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991).
Discussion is, as the title suggests, focused on Amenemhat I rather than Mentuhotep, but Dorothea does make helpful reference to Montuhotep II and provides an excellent historical overview of the period.
Peck, William. Reviewed work(s): Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir el-Bahri by Dieter Arnold Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt Vol. 15, (1978), pp. 131-133.
Sabbahy, Lisa K. Reviewed work(s): Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir El-Bahari, die Königlichen Beigaben, Band III by Dieter Arnold Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt Vol. 20, (1983), pp. 107-108
Schwarz, Bruce. "Harry Burton's Photographs of the Metropolitan's Excavations at Deir el-Bahri." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 42 (2007).
"Relief from the royal women's chapels at Deir el-Bahri - Emily
a few relief fragments are published in Pharaohs and Mortals - on the reserve shelf
Senwosret I White Chapel at Karnak - Mike
White chapel.doc
Digital Karnak - This website had good general background about the chapel but was particularly helpful because it had so many awesome pictures. It did provide a bibliography, but only listed papers not written in English which was unhelpful.
Beaux and Goodman, Remarks on the Reptile Signs Depicted in the White Chapel of Sesotris 1 at Karnak - This article was an unexpected find but was very interesting to read. It analyzed the carving of specific hieroglyphs in the White Chapel since they are of such high quality and used that to try to figure out precisely which species was being shown. The paper then drew conclusions on why the Egyptians might have picked each animal.
Smith, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt - This is just our textbook that briefly mentions the chapel and puts it into context
Robins, The Art of Ancient Egypt - This is just our other textbook, but it goes into more detail about how the White Chapel was decorated and places a picture of it side-by-side another relief for comparison.
LDB now adding because I just ran across it: M Pillet, 1923, Le Naos de Senousret I in the Annales du Service 23.
Senwosret I statuary-Amanda
A fair amount of this is in the Met, others in Cairo
Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. New York : Thames and Hudson, 1997.
This was a valuable source in understanding the context that many of these statues were found in, namely those from the causeway. He also describes how the red crowned statues would have been to the north while the white crowned ones would have been to the south and how they were set in niches built into the causeway.
Robins, Gay. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997
Robins was an excellent source as she went into great detail on the materials of these statues, their dimensions, their pigmentation, and the iconographic elements of several of these pieces.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art online. http://www.metmuseum.org/
This was a great source for images and specific information on pieces for my presentation as the Metropolitan has many of these statues as does the Cairo museum, who lamentably don't have a great website.
Egypt : The World of the Pharaohs. edited by Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel. Köln : Könemann, c1998
Another excellent source that featured several of Senwosret I's statues, including the wooden ones, where I learned valuable information about how to gesso a statue and the materials used in construction of these statues.
Smith, William Stevenson. The art and architecture of ancient Egypt. Revised Edition. New York : Penguin Books, 1981.
Smith's book was great on understanding the greater trends in sculpture during the 12th dynasty and how many are seeking to emulate earlier kings of the 6th dynasty, while in the later 12th dynasty there is a move towards more realism and emotion in statuary.
Fagan, Brian M. Egypt of the Pharaohs. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, c2001.
This was a great source as it featured several of Senwosret I's statues and described them to some length, especially the Osirid pillars which I found especially interesting as they functioned not only as statues but as vital parts of the architecture at Karnak.
Bard, Kathryn A. An Introduction to the Archaeology Ancient Egypt. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub., 2008.
Bard's book was good for providing a little bit of background material on the reign of Senwosret I, a lot of the basic facts about him and what he built, where it was at, etc. was derived from this source, there is some discussion on his statues but not in the great depth that Fagan's or the Schulz book contain. Also a lot of background on the growing importance of the god Osiris and his cult at Abydos was mentioned here.
Lahun pyramid complex of Senwosret II''' - Müge
start with Lehner's Complete Pyramids
Kahun is, fortunately and unfortunately, one of the few places in which the pyramid complex is overshadowed by a wealth of other finds.
Brunton, G. 1920. Lahun I: The Treasure. London: British School of Archaelogy.
The original publication of the treasure yielded from the princess tombs. It is a very detailed and meticulous study and speaks for itself. As long as one does not expect a full-fledged discussion and interpretations, this is an excellent catalogue of the material and the associated architecture.
Dodson, A., and S. Ikram. 2008. The Tomb in Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson.
Dodson and Ikram denote only half a paragraph to the pyramid of Senwosret II. Still, their discussion of the broader context of the FIP and Middle Kingdom is worth checking.
Horvath, Z. 2009. “Temple(s) and Town at El-Lahun: A Study of Ancient Toponyms in the el-Lahun Papyri.” In D. P. Silverman, W.K. Simpson, and J.Wegner (eds.) Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt. New Haven: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations.
In this chapter, Horvath brilliantly discusses the interplay between the town and the pyramid complex, and hence the dead and the living in Lahun. Through a study of the papyri, he is able to distinguish two different zones in the seemingly homogeneous grid plan, and labels one as “Sekhem-Senwosret”, the temple precinct attached to the mortuary cult of Senwosret II, while the other as “Hetep-Senwosret”, the actual town itself.
Kemp, B. J. 2006. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization (2nd Edition). London and New York: Routledge.
Between pp. 211-221, Kemp deals with Lahun under the heading in his section “Planning at its Height: the Middle Kingdom town of Kahun”. This is mainly an overview of the settlement and does not have a heavy focus on the pyramid complex. However, this chapter was very useful for contextualizing the pyramid complex and establishing the nature of its relations with the Pyramid Town.
Lehner, M. 1997. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson.
One of the most decent discussions of the El-Lahun Pyramid. In 2 pages, Lehner covers the basics of the pyramid while also introducing ideas for interpretation.
Magli, G. 2010. “A Cognitive Approach to the Topography of the 12th Dynasty Pyramids,” arXiv:1011.2122
Magli introduces a semi-detailed survey of all the pyramids of the 12th dynasty one by one, which already makes it a valuable source. His interpretation of the Osiris cult and its connection to the Lahun pyramid may well be discussed, but it still offers a valuable outline.
Schafer, B. E. (ed.) 1997. Temples of Ancient Egypt. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
The discussion of the pyramid in this resource is a bit unfair and controversial. The complex is interpreted as “insignificant and unfinished”, which is not mentioned in any other publication. This made me think that the authors could not deal well with the novelties that the pyramid complex of Senwosret II brought along; which may be interpreted as “wrong” through an orthodox perspective.
