EARLY COREAN AMERICAN LIFE	Top

A Letter to My Grandson
http://www.kimsoft.com/2002/sunoo.htm

Minjok Tongshin Editor's Note: “Dr. Harold Hak-won Sunoo wrote this letter to his grandson. Dr. Sunoo tells of the history of Korean immigration to the United States, of all the early immigrants struggles and hardships and efforts and successes in paving the way for the Korean immigrant community in America today. He highlights in particular the story of Mr. Chang In-hwan and his assassination of Mr. Stevens, an American diplomat who helped to orchestrate Japan’s annexation of Korea. Dr. Sunoo teaches his grandson to be proud to be Korean, to hold on to his roots, to live proudly and freely in America, and to struggle for independence and reunification of Korea in the future.”

This website provides one of the most complete and detailed depiction of the events surrounding Durham White Stevens’ assassination and the subsequent trial of Chang In-hwan that is available online.  It includes quotes from Stevens, Chang, and Chang’s accomplice Chun Myong-un, as well as quotes from the American media.  Perhaps the first and certainly one of the most important acts of Korean American political radicalism.

Early Korean Immigrants to America: Their Role in the Establishment of the Republic of Korea
http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol14_4/14_4_3.pdf

This lengthy, yet well-written and highly informative article from the East Asian Review (Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 2002, pp. 43-71) discusses the role of early Korean American patriots such as Ahn Chang-Ho, and early Korean American political/social organizations, such as the Korean National Association, in the Korean nationalist/independence movement.  The article concludes with a synopsis of four different visions for an independent Korea.

[Korean Centennial 1903-2003]
http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm

This website features a number of impressive online documents pertaining to Korean immigration to Hawaii in the early 1900’s and Koreans and Methodist Churches in Hawaii.  Most of the documents are actually lists of real people.  Though the information presented here is impressive, it is perhaps best suited for individual family research projects since it is so specific.

Passports Issued to Koreans in Hawai'i, 1910-1924
http://www.koreancentennial.org/passport.pdf

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “List of passports issued to Koreans in Hawai’i by the Japanese government, 1910-1924. Transcribed from records in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.”  46 pages.

Korean Ministerial Appointments to Hawaii Methodist Churches, 1906-2000
http://www.koreancentennial.org/methmin.PDF

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “A chronologically arranged list of Koreans appointed to ministerial positions in Methodist churches in the Hawaiian Islands from 1906 to 2000, compiled from the minutes of the annual sessions of the Hawaii Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church (the present United Methodist Church).”  60 pages.

Early Membership of Korean Methodist Churches in Hawai'i
http://www.koreancentennial.org/churchmm.pdf

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “Membership list of the early Korean Methodist churches in Hawai'i transcribed from lists kept in the superintendent's files at the Hawai'i District Office of the United Methodist Church.”  50 pages.

Koreans in the United States, 1905
http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife3.htm

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife3.htm>: “A description of religious work among the Korean immigrants in the United States written by the Reverend George Heber Jones. From World-Wide Missions (June 1905): 6-7.”

Koreans in the United States, 1916
http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife4.htm

 From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife4.htm>: “Text of a letter written by Earl K. Paik of San Francisco April 14, 1916, broadly describing some of the activities of Koreans in Hawai'i and the mainland United States. From the Papers of William E. Griffis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.”

One Night with the Koreans in Hawaii, 1903
http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife2.htm

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife2.htm>: “A description by S. F. Moore of a brief visit with Korean plantation workers in Hawai'i in 1903, published in The Korea Review, volume 3, number 12 (December 1903): 529-532.”

THE KOREAN CONNECTION
http://bchs.kearney.net/BTales_199705.html

This article centers on the Korean American community in Kearney, Nebraska and the nearby towns of Hastings and Lincoln.  These towns became military training grounds for Korean American youth, facilitated by Park Yong-Man.  The article also mentions Henry Chung, Rhee Syngman, and highlights the accomplishments of several Korean men who were trained in Nebraska.

Korean Immigrants in America by Dr. Harold Hakwon Sunoo

This is a comprehensive study detailing the history of Korean immigrants in America.  It claims to be “the first oral history of the early Korean immigrants in America” and relies on taped oral interviews with the immigrants as the basis of the article.  As a result, it focuses on the personal experiences of the immigrants themselves.  Throughout the reading, one certainly begins to gain a better understanding of the traditional Korean societal values that dictated life in Korean America, such as Confucianism.

Moreover, there is constant reference throughout the text to the sort of racial prejudice and discrimination that early Korean immigrants faced in their daily lives.  There is also a recurrent theme of a strong faith in Christianity.

All of the interviews were conducted in the mid-to-late 1970’s with immigrants who lived primarily in Hawaii or on the West Coast during the early-to-mid 1900’s.

Chapter One: INTRODUCTION
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=596

The first chapter includes a preface and introduction to the study, and describes some of the motivations for immigrating to the United States.  It also touches upon the factors that drew Korean women immigrants to America.  Finally, Sunoo suggests that World War II and the quest for liberation from Japanese imperialism united and empowered the Korean American community unlike anything we have seen since.

Chapter Two: THE POLITICAL MOTIVATION
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=593

This chapter provides a detailed historical framework for the Korean nationalist movement that attracted Korean immigrants to America.  It focuses on the time of Japanese occupation of Korea, and action taken by Koreans against such oppression both in Korea and in America.  The text includes detailed descriptions of some of the atrocities committed by the Japanese government in Korea, as well as primary source material, such as quotes from participants in the Korean independence movement.  Finally, this chapter describes the spiritual motivations that drove the Korean independence movement.

Chapter Three: SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=592

This chapter focuses on some of the other reasons for Korean immigration to America, besides Japanese imperialist oppression.  It tells the stories of three people, two females and one male, who immigrated to America in the early 1900’s, their reasons for leaving Korea, and their experiences and the hardships that they faced in America.  For all three, their reasons for leaving are the same: a quest for personal freedom and liberation.  The text also includes mention of the Korean National Association, which is described as essential to the immigrants’ transition from one culture to another.

Chapter Four: ECONOMIC MOTIVATION FOR THE IMMIGRANTS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=591

Of course, economic factors were also one source of motivation for immigration to America.  This chapter describes the harsh economic conditions in Korea that moved some to leave their homeland for a life of further toil, hard work, and struggle in the United States.

Chapter Five: THE MARRIAGE BY PICTURE
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=590

More detailed information and first-hand accounts of the hardships faced by Korean American picture brides in the early to mid 1900’s.  This chapter describes the factors that drew Korean women to becoming picture brides, and the living, work, and family conditions that greeted them once they arrived on America’s shores.

Chapter Six: THE MARRIAGE BY MATCHMAKERS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=589

This chapter describes the traditional Korean custom of matchmaking, and how matchmaking played an important role in early Korean America.  The husband in one of the couples interviewed is actually Ahn Young-ho, the cousin of famous Korean American community leader Ahn Chang-Ho.  He describes the blatant discrimination that he faced while living in America, such as not being served in restaurants and barbershops.  The other interviewee actually first landed in Mexico, and thus, she describes the plight of Koreans living in Mexico.  She also discusses the role of the Korean National Association in aiding Korean Mexicans.  Conditions in Mexico were so bad that the author writes that “all Korean immigrants used to think America must be like heaven.”

Chapter Seven: EDUCATION FOR EARLY IMMIGRANTS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=588

This chapter details the difficulties faced by Korean immigrants in seeking formal education.  It includes the story of Easurk Emsen Charr, who actually wrote an autobiography of his experiences as a Korean American immigrant (The Golden Mountain).  The other person interviewed is Dr. Henry de Young (Chung), a noted Korean pioneer who was privy to a number of excellent educational opportunities and eventually earned a Ph.D. in Political Science from American University.  He describes some of the work that he did following the completion of his education, as well as his relationship with Syngmann Rhee.

Chapter Eight: THE EARLY IMMIGRANT FAMILY LIFE
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=587

This chapter highlights the problems that many early Korean immigrant families faced in America.  Much of these problems arose out of the Confucian teachings that dictated traditional Korean family life.  This chapter also further explores the lives of picture brides and ends with an interview with one Korean immigrant family “success” story.

Chapter Nine: POLITICAL GROUPS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=585

This chapter provides in-depth information on the political realm of early Korean America.  In particular, it focuses on three organizations led by two different Korean American patriots: the Korean National Association (and the Korean Patriotic Women’s Association) and Young Korean Academy (Heung Sa Dahn) led by Ahn Chang-Ho, and Dongji-hoe led by Rhee Syngman.  There is also information on Park Yong-man and his military efforts for Korean independence.  Much of the chapter centers on Rhee and the political strife that plagued Korean American politics.

Chapter Ten: THE ROLE OF IMMIGRANT CHURCH
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=584

The Christian church, particularly the Methodist and Presbyterian churches, played a major role in early Korean immigrant life and continues to play a large role today.  This chapter describes the factors that contributed to the prominence of Christianity in Korean America, such as the poor economic, social, political, and psychological conditions that drew Korean Americans together through organized religion, and highlights the important events in the history of the Korean American church, such as the establishment of the first Korean-owned Presbyterian Church.  There seems to be a strong underlying message that Christianity was one of the keys to survival for many Korean American immigrants.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
http://www.minjok.com/article/viewspecial.php3?catagory=minjok&code=583

These final words exude the qualities and successes of the early Korean American immigrant population.  It highlights the difficulties, hardships, and discrimination that Korean Americans were forced to overcome.  The author emphasizes the devotion to community, family, and children that these early immigrants held so strongly—a devotion that he suggests seems to have been lost by later generations of Korean Americans.  This final chapter also describes the slow and unconscious process of “Americanization” that the early Korean American immigrants went through, and the effects of this process on them now.  The author leaves us with a plea to draw strength, inspiration, and knowledge from the experiences of the “Korean pioneers in America.”

GENERAL HISTORY	Top

A Korean-American Chronology
http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf9808.html

A chronological timeline of Korean American history compiled by students from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. According to the website, the chronology "explores significant social, political, economic, cultural, and professional milestones in Korean American history." Moreover, the entries "describe topics such as immigration, discriminatory legislation, the world wars, the formation of activist organizations, and the contributions Korean Americans have made to all aspects of American society." It begins with 1864 and the supposed birth date of Philip Jaisohn, the first Korean citizen of America, and ends with 1994 and the first airing of Korean American comedian Margaret Cho's television sitcom All American Girl.

The dates are specific (i.e., include month and date) when possible. The information is broad and therefore tends to be unfocused-indeed, some of the information seems rather random-but this website succeeds in being both brief and comprehensive. As stated above, it includes historical information on important events in Korea that relate to the U.S., such as the Korean War and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The site also tends to focus more on the early history of Korean America (early 1900's). The information from this website is copied from the now-defunct bostonchinatown.com, where the chronology was originally posted. The Asian American Chronology is also cited as a source.

A Korean Century
http://www.hanahou.com/akoreancentury.htm

An article from Hana Hou: The Magainze of Hawaiian Airlines which briefly details the history of Korean America in honor of the Korean Centennial.  The text highlights specific accomplishments and events such as the 1903 voyage of the SS Gaelic, the 1919 Declaration of Independence, and Sammy Lee’s Olympic gold medal victory.  A brief, well-written, and mostly accurate article on Korean American history.

AsianWeek.com: Feature: Korean American History
http://www.asianweek.com/2003_01_10/feature_timeline.html

This website offers a brief chronological history of Koreans in America from 1864 to 2001.  The writer appears to have drawn off of the same source as the previous website for her article.  However, the text is easier to read and the information is more focused than A Korean-American Chronology, although both offer essentially the same information.  The events covered are similarly broad and general, ranging from the 1864 birth of Philip Jaisohn to the 2001 election of Harry Kim as one of the first Korean American mayors.  In short, this website offers a quick, easy start to Korean American history, and I recommend looking at this before A Korean-American Chronology.

Early Korean Immigrants to America: Their Role in the Establishment of the Republic of Korea
http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol14_4/14_4_3.pdf

This lengthy, yet well-written and highly informative article from the East Asian Review (Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 2002, pp. 43-71) discusses the role of early Korean American patriots such as Ahn Chang-Ho, and early Korean American political/social organizations, such as the Korean National Association, in the Korean nationalist/independence movement.  The article concludes with a synopsis of four different visions for an independent Korea.

Korean American Museum
http://www.kamuseum.org/community/base.htm

This well-designed website is easy to navigate and includes small pictures.  Its information on Korean American history is divided into three waves of Korean immigration: 1904-1924, 1953-1967, and 1968-present, and focuses on Korean immigration and living patterns.

This website contains a considerable amount of political theory and insights, such as suggestions that  during World War II, “issues of racism were at the forefront of the war against Nazism” which made "notions of white superiority became less acceptable,” and that these sentiments paved the way for the abolition of anti-Asian immigration legislation.

Also includes information on Ahn Chang-Ho and his early efforts to unite the Korean American community.  Additionally, this website touches upon the reasons for early Korean immigration to the Untied States, including economic and religious factors. 

The section called “ORGANIZATIONS” lists the various types of community organizations that are common to Korean and Korean American communities.  Additionally, there is contact information for Los Angeles-based Korean American community organizations.

The section called “DEMOGRAPHICS” includes a number of graphs that provide statistical data on Korean immigration patterns and information compiled in the 1990 census.  This is a great source for reliable statistics.

The section called “KA PIONEERS” includes information on the Pioneer Generation, which is identified as the generation of Korean Americans that are descended from the first wave of Korean immigration (1903).

IMMIGRATION	Top

(No Title)
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/U6210/ik105/site.html

Offers a brief treatment of the history of Korean immigration into the U.S., including factors for emigration and immigration statistics.  This website also includes a chart of Korean immigration into the U.S. from 1903 to 1994, compiled from the 1995 U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Annual Report.

Aboard the Gaelic with David Deshler, 1902
http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife.htm

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/earlylife.htm>: “A brief letter written by David W. Deshler aboard the S.S. Gaelic as it sailed from Korea to Yokohama December 30, 1902, with the first shipload of immigrants bound for Hawai'i. From the Files of the Waialua Sugar Company, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Archives, Hamilton Library, University of Hawai'i at Manoa.”

Era of Initial Immigration (1903-1945) to New Wave of Immigration (1948-2000)

1. 7226 Pioneers who crossed the Pacific Ocean
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/1.htm

2. Arrival of the Initial Immigration Ship on January 23, 1903
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/2.htm

3. Arrival of the 1056 Picture Brides
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/3.htm

4. Establishment of Initial Groups and Devotion on Children’s Education
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/4.htm

5. Initial Church of the immigrants and Their Religious Lives
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/5.htm

6. 40 Years of Independence Movements
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/6.htm

7. Celebrating 100^th Anniversary of Immigration to USA
http://www.koreanfedusa.org/eng/article/img/7.htm

History of Korean and Japanese Immigration
http://web.hamline.edu/graduate/graded/degreeprogram/mat/diversityresources/
HTML%20word%20documents/asianamerican.htm

The first half of this text focuses on Korean immigration patterns and who was immigrating from Korea during which time period.  The Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1965 are also cited as major developments in the history of Korean American immigration.

[Korean Centennial 1903-2003]
http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm

This website features a number of impressive online documents pertaining to Korean immigration to Hawaii in the early 1900’s and Koreans and Methodist Churches in Hawaii.  Most of the documents are actually lists of real people.  Though the information presented here is impressive, it is perhaps best suited for individual family research projects since it is so specific.

Passports Issued to Koreans in Hawai'i, 1910-1924
http://www.koreancentennial.org/passport.pdf

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “List of passports issued to Koreans in Hawai’i by the Japanese government, 1910-1924. Transcribed from records in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.”  46 pages.

Korean Ministerial Appointments to Hawaii Methodist Churches, 1906-2000
http://www.koreancentennial.org/methmin.PDF

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “A chronologically arranged list of Koreans appointed to ministerial positions in Methodist churches in the Hawaiian Islands from 1906 to 2000, compiled from the minutes of the annual sessions of the Hawaii Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church (the present United Methodist Church).”  60 pages.

Early Membership of Korean Methodist Churches in Hawai'i
http://www.koreancentennial.org/churchmm.pdf

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “Membership list of the early Korean Methodist churches in Hawai'i transcribed from lists kept in the superintendent's files at the Hawai'i District Office of the United Methodist Church.”  50 pages.

Korean Immigration, Time Line
http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~gnewman/history.html

This is a very brief, sparsely detailed time line of Korean immigration.  The website divides Korean immigration into four waves: 1903-1905, 1912-1924, 1924-1960’s, and 1965-present.  The text is hard to read, both because of the color scheme and because of the brief, staccato nature of the text itself.  Since no sources are cited, I would be very hesitant to rely on the information provided.  I suggest using this as a supplementary resource source, but do not read this before examining more comprehensive and accurate Korean American history research materials.

Korean Passengers Arriving at Honolulu, 1903-1905
http://www.koreancentennial.org/passlist.pdf

From <http://www.koreancentennial.org/resources.htm>: “List of Korean passengers arriving in Honolulu from 1903 to 1905, transcribed from steamship passenger manifests. This 137-page document lists 6,740 arriving passengers and includes lists of the ships on which they traveled and a chronological list of the voyages.”

LAC Korean American
http://www.msmc.la.edu/ccf/LAC.Korean.html

This website offers a very brief treatment of Korean American immigration history.  It begins with Korean immigrant workers in Hawaii and tends to focus on the American immigration legislation that dictated the course of Korean immigration into the U.S.  Most of the website is dedicated to current living patterns and issues facing the Korean American community.

POLITICAL LEADERS	Top

Ahn Chang Ho’s Lecture
http://www.kimsoft.com/war/r-3-1.htm

One audience member’s reaction to a speech that Ahn Chang-Ho made on February 14, 1927 in Jirin, China.  The author counters Ahn’s self-reformative view of Korean independence, and suggests that such beliefs are detrimental to the Korean independence movement.  The author clearly advocates a more direct action approach towards Japanese occupation and argues that adopting a non-violent, self-improvement stance towards Korean independence is essentially the same as giving up to the Japanese oppressors.  Although these events transpire in China and little is mentioned about Ahn’s efforts in America, this website does present a clearer picture of Ahn’s political/spiritual/moral views and the views that directly oppose them.

“Do San” (Ahn Chang-Ho), 1878-1938, who devoted his entire life to furthering the education of Korean and its independence movement.
http://www.anctilsmartialarts.com/TaeKwonDo/Handbook/History/Do_San.htm

An article from the Korea Herald (January 28, 1976) that marks the life and accomplishments of Ahn Chang-Ho.  The text contains limited information on the years that Ahn spent in the United States, and concentrates more on his efforts in Korea and elsewhere.

Do-san is the third hyung of the Chang-Hon School of Taekwondo
http://tkdtutor.com/10Patterns/03Dosan/DosanInfo.htm

This website discusses the efforts of Ahn Chang-Ho in the fight against Japanese imperialism.  The text mostly focuses on Ahn’s work in Korea.

DOSAN: THE MAN AND HIS THOUGHT
http://www.gkn-la.net/dosan_resources/dosan8.htm

A comprehensive look at the life and political and moral philosophy of Ahn Chang-Ho.  Though there is a biographical section to this text, much of the information concentrates on the philosophy and ideology that Ahn often preached and emphasized in his actions.  This website also contains excerpts and analysis of “To My Dear Comrades,” an open letter that he sent to members of Heung Sa Dahn (Young Korean Academy) in America, Mexcio, and Hawaii on July 7, 1921

Early Korean Immigrants to America: Their Role in the Establishment of the Republic of Korea
http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol14_4/14_4_3.pdf

This lengthy, yet well-written and highly informative article from the East Asian Review (Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 2002, pp. 43-71) discusses the role of early Korean American patriots such as Ahn Chang-Ho, and early Korean American political/social organizations, such as the Korean National Association, in the Korean nationalist/independence movement.  The article concludes with a synopsis of four different visions for an independent Korea.

The Independence Movement Activities of Dosan in America
http://m1.aol.com/gknla/Dosan/dosan2.htm

A detailed, though somewhat confusing retelling of Ahn Chang-Ho’s political efforts in Korean America. The information focuses primarily on the role of the Korean National Association and Heung Sa Dahn (Young Korean Academy) in building a stronger Korean American community and fighting for Korean independence.

The Korean Americans in the War of Independence
http://www.kimsoft.com/2003/left-right04.htm

This website focuses on the efforts of Chang In Whan, Park Yong-Man, Roh Baik Lin, Ahn Chang-Ho, and Rhee Syngman in the fight for Korean independence. 

THE KOREAN CONNECTION
http://bchs.kearney.net/BTales_199705.html

This article centers on the Korean American community in Kearney, Nebraska and the nearby towns of Hastings and Lincoln.  These towns became military training grounds for Korean American youth, facilitated by Park Yong-Man.  The article also mentions Henry Chung, Rhee Syngman, and highlights the accomplishments of several Korean men who were trained in Nebraska.

Oranges and Independence: Ahn Chang Ho and Cornelius Earle Rumsey, an Early East-West Alliance in Riverside, 1904-1911
http://www.ci.riverside.ca.us/museum/rmm/ahn.html

This website tells the story of the relationship between Ahn Chang-Ho and Cornelius Earle Rumsey, who helped Ahn form his Korean employment agency that would eventually help many Korean American immigrants find jobs in the U.S.  The text also highlights some of Ahn’s important accomplishments and details the lives of Koreans in Riverside, California, where Rumsey lived and where Ahn arrived in March 1904 to assist his countrymen and find a stable job.

Philip Ahn: Born in America
http://www.philipahn.com/pacessay.html

A lengthy and detailed biography of Philip Ahn: the first American citizen born of Korean parents in the United States (he was the son of famed Korean patriot, Ahn Chang-ho), and the first known Korean American actor in Hollywood.  This website details his early life, including his role in the Heung Sa Dahn (Young Korean Academy), his inital foray into acting, the discrimination and difficulties he faced on account of his ethnic background, the types of roles that he generally accepted (such as Japanese villains), and the films, television shows, public appearances, etc. that he was a part of.

Who Was Rhee Syngman?
http://www.kimsoft.com/2000/rhee.htm

A damning, if not mostly true, portrayal of the life and political contributions of Rhee Syngman.  The text provides information that disputes the often heroic depictions of Rhee in most American information sources.  Whereas most resources on Rhee tend to gloss over his less-than-admirable deeds as a leader of the Korean American community, this website presents the uncensored story of Rhee’s political life of deceit, corruption, and greed.  My only hesitation with this website is that it does not list its sources.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS	Top

Early Korean Immigrants to America: Their Role in the Establishment of the Republic of Korea
http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol14_4/14_4_3.pdf

This lengthy, yet well-written and highly informative article from the East Asian Review (Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 2002, pp. 43-71) discusses the role of early Korean American patriots such as Ahn Chang-Ho, and early Korean American political/social organizations, such as the Korean National Association, in the Korean nationalist/independence movement.  The article concludes with a synopsis of four different visions for an independent Korea.

Goals of KAH Website / The Korean National Association as an Example
http://www.koreanamericanheritage.com/KorAmHistWEBupdated.pdf

Note: Scroll down to the heading “The Korean National Association as an Example”

This website discusses the formation of the Korean National Association (KNA) as a means of political empowerment.  The text cites the 1908 assassination of Durham W. Stevens by Chang In Hwan and Chang Myung Woon as the rallying cause for the collaboration of the Mutual Assistance Society (Kongnip Hyop Hoe) of California and the United Korean Society (Hanin Hapsong Hyop Hoe) of Hawaii, a collaboration that eventually resulted in the formation of the KNA.  Includes pictures.

The Independence Movement Activities of Dosan in America
http://m1.aol.com/gknla/Dosan/dosan2.htm

A detailed, though somewhat confusing retelling of Ahn Chang-Ho’s political efforts in Korean America. The information focuses primarily on the role of the Korean National Association and Heung Sa Dahn (Young Korean Academy) in building a stronger Korean American community and fighting for Korean independence.

THE KNA: The Founding of The Korean National Association
http://www.koreanamericanheritage.com/kna.htm

A depiction of the events leading up to the formation of the Korean National Association, perhaps the most important and effective Korean American political organization.  The text points to the assassination of Durham White Stevens and Rhee Syngman’s subsequent betrayal of the Korean American community as the catalysts for the merging of Hanin Hapsong Hyop Hoe (United Korean Society) and Kongnip Hyop He into the Korean National Association.