Laboratory Primate Newsletter
Laboratory Primate Newsletter VOLUME 29 NUMBER 2 APRIL 1990
Articles and Notes
New Viral Callitrichid Hepatitis ...... 5
Notes on Some Helminth Parasites from Peruvian Monkeys, by M. Tantalean, A. Gozalo, & E. Montoya ...... 6
Environmental Enrichment Program for Caged Stump-tailed Macaques (Macaca arctoides), by V. Reinhardt ...... 10
Xenospecific Enrichment at the Primate Research Institute, by E. J. Struthers, P. Rodriguez, P. Cooper, & J. Rowell ...... 14
Living Continuously with a Compatible Companion is not a Distressing Experience for Rhesus Monkeys, by V. Reinhardt, D. Cowley, J. Scheffler, & R. Vertein ...... 16
News, Information, and Announcements
World Health Organization Ebola Fever Alert ...... 1
Interim Guidelines for Handling Nonhuman Primates during Transit and Quarantine ...... 2
Information Requested and Available ...... 4
. . Education Kit
Grants Available ...... 8
. . Research Training Group Program, MacArthur Foundation, AmFAR, US-USSR Cooperation,
NSF Opportunities for Women, Fulbright Scholars, Cognition, Fellowships in India
News Briefs ...... 11
. . Golden Headed Tamarins in Carolina
Yakushima Macaques Threatened;
NABR 10th Anniversary;
Sema, Inc., Fined;
PETA Will Sue Magazine;
Silver Spring Monkey Euthanized;
Poc>do das Antas Fire;
Schistosomiasis Alert;
John Hearn to Wisconsin
Letter: Stamp Collection for Sale ...... 13
Directory of Graduate Programs: Addendum ...... 13
Conference on Well-being of Nonhuman Primates in Research ...... 18
Research and Education Opportunities ...... 19
. . Lion Tamarins, ASP Summer Internship List,
Workshop Announcement ...... 19
Meeting Announcements ...... 20
. . ASP, Lion-tailed Macaques, Travel to IPS, Animal Care Committees
Fyssen Foundation 1990 International Prize ...... 20
CDC Mandates Guidelines, Considers Import Restrictions ......insert
Departments
Recent Books and Articles ...... 21
* * *
Notification
(1 March 1990, WHO, Geneva) The World Health Organization (WHO) has been notified by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that Ebola (EBO) virus has been isolated from at least three shipments of cynomolgus monkeys imported from the Philippines into the USA in February, 1990 (WHO, 1990c). These shipments transited through Tokyo and Taipei. To date, there have been no reports of human illness associated with these infected monkeys. The normal incubation period in humans is only a few days. Thus, there appears to be no immediate danger of still developing illness in those who were exposed to these infected shipments during transport.
Background Information
EBO is an African hemorrhagic fever virus which is classified as biohazardous because of its high mortality rate in humans (55-90%). The virus has never caused human disease outside of Africa. We know little about the natural history (transmission, reservoirs, etc.) of this virus, but it appears related to Marburg virus which, in 1967, caused a small but severe outbreak (25% case fatality rate) in Europe among animal handlers and researchers working with African green monkeys imported from Uganda.
In December 1989, WHO first learned of the isolation and identification of two distinct viruses concomitantly circulating in a group of monkeys recently imported into the USA from the Philippines via Amsterdam and New York (WHO, 1989a; CDC, 1989). Studies at CDC and the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, identified these viruses as EBO and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (a pathogen only for monkeys). By the end of 1989, epidemiological investigations revealed that EBO virus had been isolated from at least two separate shipments of monkeys imported (in October and November, 1989) into Virginia and Pennsylvania from the Philippines (CDC, 1989; WHO, 1989b; WHO, 1990a).
* The source of the infection is still not known. However, the current report of 3 additional contaminated shipments in February, 1990, means that at least 5 separate shipments over the last 6 months have yielded EBO virus. This argues against contact-contamination of the monkeys by separate shipments of African monkeys during transport or US quarantine. Investigations are continuing to attempt to identify potential sources in the Philippines.
Investigations have been underway at CDC and USAMRIID since the initial outbreak of EBO in monkeys in late 1989. These studies reveal that a small percentage of monkeys imported from various countries into the USA have antibodies to EBO. This includes animals from the Philippines, but also from other countries. One interpretation of this is that there are multiple strains of EBO virus circulating in monkey populations around the world. If this is so, the question remaining is whether these strains are as highly communicable and/or pathogenic as the original African strains.
Until now, there have been no reports of human illness associated with any of the EBO contaminated monkeys shipped to the USA (WHO, 1990c; WHO, 1989a; CDC, 1989; WHO, 1989b; WHO, 1990a). However, we think it is prudent to inform anyone working with primates of the theoretical possibility of contamination of monkeys with this virus. Methodical health monitoring should be initiated for any workers who might have come in contact with a potentially infected shipment. Clinical symptoms of EBO infection include fever, progressive sore throat, maculopapular rash, abdominal pain, and bleeding from multiple sites with progression in most patients to death. There are no antiviral drugs available, and no licensed vaccine exists.
Groups working with nonhuman primates should be vigilant for unusual morbidity or mortality in their animals. New US guidelines developed in response to the EBO problem were recently published in the USA (CDC, 1990), and are reprinted below. These were also reprinted by WHO as background, reference information for countries reviewing procedures on handling and transportation of primates (WHO, 1990b). WHO can coordinate investigation of any additional suspect infections. Contact WHO, Communicable Diseases Division, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland [41-22-791-2662; Telefax 41-22-791-0746].
References
CDC (1989). Ebola virus infection in imported primates--Virginia, 1989. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 38, 831-832, 837-838. Reprinted in Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 1990, 29[1], 1-2.
CDC (1990). Ebola-Related Filovirus Infection in Nonhuman Primates and Interim Guidelines for Handling Nonhuman Primates. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 39, 45-47.
WHO (1989a). Ebola virus. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 64, 383-384.
WHO (1989b). Ebola virus: Update. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 64, 389-390.
WHO (1990a). Ebola virus -- update. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 65, 43-44.
WHO (1990b). Ebola virus. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 65, 45-47.
WHO (1990c). Ebola virus: Update. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 65, 68.
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CDC has developed the following interim guidelines that update and modify the procedures used in the transportation and quarantine of nonhuman primates. These guidelines are intended for interim use. A comprehensive set of guidelines will be developed by CDC, with input from organizations and institutions involved in the transport, quarantine, care, and regulation of nonhuman primates.
Interim Guidelines for Handling Nonhuman Primates During Transit and Quarantine
All imported nonhuman primates are quarantined for the first 31 days after arrival, including transit time. Nonhuman primates, particularly those recently captured in the wild, may harbor viruses infectious for humans. Although such viruses are usually present in the animal's blood, they may be detected in urine, feces, or saliva. Those at risk for infection include persons working in temporary or long-term holding facilities and persons who transport animals to these facilities (e.g., cargo handlers and inspectors). Although the risk for human infection from these activities is low, guidelines are useful to minimize such risk in persons exposed to nonhuman primates during transport and quarantine.
General Guidelines for Handling Nonhuman Primates during Transit and Quarantine
1. Management of transportation and quarantine facilities should ensure that personnel are instructed as to the hazards of handling nonhuman primates, that protective apparel is available, and that the need for its use is understood. Management should provide periodic retraining as well as reinforcement of these procedures.
2. Persons working with nonhuman primates should not drink, eat, or smoke while handling animals, cages, crates, or materials from such animals.
3. Access to animal holding areas should be restricted to essential personnel. The number of persons involved in the care, transport, and inspection of nonhuman primates should be the minimum necessary to expedite efficient and humane handling.
4. All staff in direct contact with animals should wear protective clothing (i.e., gloves and surgical masks and gowns) when opening crates, removing foreign materials from crates, feeding the animals, removing dead animals, or handling bedding materials. These persons should remove disposable protective clothing before leaving the animal holding facilities; this clothing should be autoclaved or incinerated. Nondisposable contaminated clothing should be disinfected on site before laundering.
5. Separate nonglass water bottles should be provided for each nonhuman primate during transit and quarantine. Reusable items should be adequately decontaminated between uses.
6. All animal waste, bedding, uneaten food, and other possibly contaminated items should be treated with appropriate disinfectant before removal from the animal holding facilities. All cages, feeding bottles, and other possibly contaminated items should be disinfected between each use or before disposal. Glass items should not be used.
7. A separate disposable needle and syringe (and, if required, infusion equipment) should be used for each animal, then autoclaved or incinerated. A clean needle should be used for any access to multidose vials (e.g., of ketamine) to avoid contamination. After each use on a group of quarantined animals, multidose vials must be autoclaved and discarded. Disposable supplies should be used whenever possible and must not be reused. Nondisposable equipment should be thoroughly disinfected.
8. Caution must be used to prevent infection from potentially contaminated needles, scalpels, or other sharp instruments, particularly during disposal of needles. Used needles should not be recapped by hand; removed from disposable syringes by hand; or bent, broken, or otherwise manipulated. Only one set of disposable syringes, needles, and scalpels should be used per animal. Used disposable syringes and needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp items should be placed in puncture-resistant containers kept as close to the work site as practical.
9. Nonquarantined animals should never be placed in, or permitted access to, areas with quarantined animals. This includes unrestrained pets, feral animals, and animals temporarily boarded for overseas travelers or destined for export.
10. Management should keep records of all serious febrile illnesses (fever greater than 101.3deg F (38.5 deg C) for more than 2 days) in persons having direct contact with nonhuman primates in transit or in quarantine and should promptly notify CDC* if such an illness occurs. Management should ensure that the physician providing care is informed that the patient works with and/or has been exposed to nonhuman primates.
Additional Guidelines for Handling Nonhuman Primates during Transit
1. Persons who handle crates or pallets containing nonhuman primates should be protected with elbow-length reinforced leather gloves, long-sleeved shirts and trousers of sufficient thickness to resist minor tears, and sturdy waterproof shoes or boots. The gloves should be of a thickness that prevents penetration of splinters or other crating debris. During warm weather, garments may be of lightweight materials to minimize discomfort. Disposable coverall suits can be used for added protection.
2. Crates should be free of sharp projections that can cause scratches or wounds to workers. Handles should be present on the sides of crates, and mechanical lifting and transporting devices should be used whenever possible.
3. Crates containing nonhuman primates should be separated by a physical or spatial barrier from all other animals and cargo at all times.
4. Wherever possible, nonhuman primates should not be handled directly. Live animals should be removed from cages only when staff can be supervised by a qualified veterinarian. Procedures that may result in bites or scratches should be avoided.
5. Management of holding facilities should maintain records to document the removal of dead animals; documentation should include the date, shipment number, country of origin, species, importer, and disposition of the removed animal. The carcass must be placed in waterproof double bags and incinerated. The Division of Quarantine, Center for Prevention Services (CPS), CDC, should be notified.
6. Temporary holding facilities should document all injections or parenteral infusions administered to nonhuman primates.
7. If animals are removed from a shipment while in transit, facilities retaining these animals should ensure full compliance with these guidelines and should maintain records on the care and disposition of animals. Temporary facilities holding animals in this way must be registered as importers of nonhuman primates.
Additional Guidelines for Care of Nonhuman Primates during Quarantine
1. Quarantine facilities should be secure, with access limited to authorized, trained, and informed personnel.
2. Quarantine facilities should be designed to be adequately disinfected. Management and staff should refer to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH, 1985) and Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (CDC/NIH, 1988), for information on design and operation of animal holding facilities.
3. Staff should use protective clothing, gloves, and masks at all times when in the animal holding facilities; these items should be disinfected or disposed of properly. Staff should use fresh clothing when going from room to room.
4. Adequate equipment and space should be available for discarding and disinfecting all equipment, clothing, and caging.
5. Care should be taken to avoid scratches and bites of animals. All handling of individual animals should be done while the animals are anesthetized or tranquilized, and animals should be maintained in squeeze-back cages wherever possible.
6. Different lots of primates should not be mixed while in quarantine (minimum 31 days).
7. Management should notify the Division of Quarantine, CPS, CDC, of severe illnesses and deaths in recently imported primates. CDC will advise management on collection of specimens for investigation of cause of death. -- Reprinted from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 1990, 39, 22-24, 29-30.
References
CDC. (1989). Ebola virus infection in imported primates--Virginia, 1989. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 38, 831-832, 837-838.
CDC/National Institutes of Health. (1988). Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (2nd ed.). Bethesda, MD: DHHS, PHS. DHHS publication no. (CDC)88-8395.
Martini G.A. & Siegert R.(Eds.). (1971). Marburg virus disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
NIH. (1985). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Bethesda, MD: NIH. 43-8; document no. 85-23.
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*Program Operations Branch, Division of Quarantine, Center for Prevention Services [404-639-1437]; Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases (DVRD), Center for Infectious Diseases (CID) [404-639-1115]; Epidemiology Activity Branch, DVRD, CID [404-639-3091]; and the Animal Resources Branch, Scientific Resources Program, CID [404-639-1320].
* * *
Education Kit
The Wildlife Trade Education Kit was updated in 1989 and is again available from World Wildlife Fund, P.O. Box 4866, Hampden Post Office, Baltimore, MD 21211, for $45. In addition to the old kit's 80 colored slides and script, classroom activities, wildlife trade glossary, updated fact sheets, and other features, this revised kit also includes a new elephant poster and bumper sticker.
Networking
The Greater Baton Rouge Zoo is interested in locating any Presbytis senex (purple-faced langurs) held in captivity. If you currently hold P. senex or know of others who may, please contact K. C. Lamb, General Curator, Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, P.O. Box 60, Baker, LA 70704 [504-775-3877].
* * *
Richard J. Montali National Zoological Park
A new viral hepatitis called callitrichid hepatitis (CH), that has caused fatalities in U.S. zoos for over the past 10 years, has been identified in marmosets and tamarins (Ramsay et al., 1989).
We have characterized the agent thus far as an enveloped RNA virus and experimentally transmitted the disease in marmosets (Montali et al., 1989). However, the source of the CH virus and its mode of transmission under natural conditions remains unknown. In order to learn more about the prevalence and host range of the CH virus we would like to obtain serum, to test for CH antibodies, from any marmosets, tamarins, Goeldi's monkeys, or owl monkeys in your collection. Any amount, from 0.25 ml to 1.0 ml or more would be acceptable. If you have banked serum or can obtain samples from other primate species in your collection, we would like to test those, too. In addition, we would like to test any keepers, animal technicians, veterinarians, or other personnel at your facility from whom serum may be available since positive CH titers have been seen in humans.
If you have had any unusual acute fatalities in your callitrichids in the past and have any liver slides or tissue available, we would like to examine those for CH.
In the event of an acute disease outbreak in any callitrichid species in your facility, we are prepared to assist in ruling out CH with the use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests developed in our laboratory. This must be performed on fresh liver that has been frozen at -70 deg C and serum sent on dry ice by air express. Liver tissue should also be preserved in a glutaraldehyde fixative for electron microscopy and we would also like a complete set of tissues in 10% buffered formalin for routine histopathology, or a set of slides if processed elsewhere. If we find you are experiencing an epizootic of CH, we may be able to send a member of our team to assist you with the collection of material during the outbreak. Results of our findings will be used to help develop guidelines for CH prevention in the future, so it is important that we obtain information from zoos and primate facilities that have experienced CH as well as from those that have not.
Please send serum for serosurvey or frozen liver and serum from CH suspects on dry ice directly to: Dr. Roland Scott, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799. Please call Dr. Richard J. Montali [202-673-4869] or Dr. Scott [202-295-3456] just prior to shipment of specimens. If you use AirBorne Express, we can give you a charge account number at that time, and answer any further questions about CH.
References
Ramsay, E. C., Montali, R. J., Worley, M., Stephensen, C. B., & Holmes, K. V. (1989). Callitrichid hepatitis: Epizootiology of a fatal hepatitis in zoo tamarins and marmosets. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 20, 178-183.
Montali, R. J., Ramsay, E. C., Stephensen, C. B., Worley, M., Davis, J. A., & Holmes, K. V. (1989). A new transmissible hepatitis of marmosets and tamarins. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 160, 759-765.
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Author's address: Department of Pathology, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008.
* * *
Manuel Tantalean, Alfonso Gozalo, and Enrique Montoya Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
The helmintic fauna from Peruvian nonhuman primates is wide and diverse, but poorly studied. The study of these parasites will provide us with better tools to treat, control, and prevent infections, resulting in great improvements in the health status of captive primate populations. This report presents our results on the identification of a group of parasites that affect nonhuman primates from Peru.
Materials and Methods
Saguinus labiatus, S. mystax, Aotus nancymae, and A. vociferans were captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin to establish captive colonies and for biomedical research. The animals were housed at the Center for Reproduction and Conservation of Nonhuman Primates in Iquitos, Peru. Helminth parasites were collected from necropsies of monkeys that died during quarantine, as well as from two pet monkeys, a Cacajao calvus and a Lagothrix lagothricha. The parasites were fixed in 10% formalin and processed according to routine procedures. The parasite samples are kept in the Helminth Collection at the Daniel A. Carrion Institute of Tropical Medicine of the National University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru.
Descriptions
Parasite Host Origin
TREMATODA:
Athesmia heterolecithoides Saguinus labiatus Iberia(Madre de Dios)
Saguinus mystax Loreto (Loreto)
Platynosomum amazonensis Saguinus mystax* Iquitos (Loreto)
NEMATODA:
Mansonella (T.) sp. Aotus nancymae Yanayacu (Loreto)
Mansonella (T.) sp. Aotus vociferans Napo (Loreto)
Dipetalonema gracile Saguinus mystax Loreto (Loreto)
Saguinus labiatus Iberia (Madre de Dios)
Aotus nancymae Yanayacu (Loreto)
Cacajao calvus Iquitos (Loreto)
Primasubulura jacchi Saguinus mystax Loreto (Loreto)
Saguinus labiatus Iberia (Madre de Dios)
Aotus nancymae* Yanayacu (Loreto)
Necator sp. Cacajao calvus Iquitos (Loreto)
Ancylostoma sp. Lagothrix Iquitos (Loreto)
lagothricha
Trypanoxyuris (T.) microon Aotus nancymae* Yanayacu (Loreto)
Trypanoxyuris (T.) Lagothrix Iquitos (Loreto)
lagothricis lagothricha*
ACANTHOCEPHALA:
Prosthenorchis elegans Saguinus mystax Loreto (Loreto)
Saguinus labiatus Iberia (Madre de Dios)
Aotus nancymae* Iquitos (Loreto)
* = new host
Table 1: Identified helminth parasites from Peruvian monkeys.
Athesmia heterolecithoides Braun, 1899; Loos, 1899. This parasite from the hepatic bile ducts of Saguinus labiatus is not specific to mammals and has been reported in birds (Lumsden & Zischke, 1963). It is cited in the primate literature as A. foxi, and has been studied by Freitas (1962), who pointed out that it is a species very variable in its characteristics and should be considered as the only one valid for the genus. This observation is supported by Thatcher and Porter (1968), after observing that their samples showed a high range of intraspecific variation. We agree with these authors.
Platynosomum amazonensis (Kingston & Cosgrove, 1967).
P. amazonensis has been found as a parasite of
Callimico goeldii and Saguinus nigricollis. v We now report a new host,
Mansonella (Tetrapetalonema) spp. Two different parasites were
found in subcutaneous tissue from Aotus nancymae and A. vociferans
respectively. The first was apparently Mansonella (T.) panamensis
McCoy, 1936 & Eberhad & Orihel, 1984 (we had only one female parasite
and the morphologic characteristics agree with those described by
Esslinger, 1979). The second parasite, also a female, apparently differs
from the first but its bad condition prohibited further study.
Dipetalonema gracile Rudolphi, 1809 & Diesing, 1861. This is a
common filaria found in the abdominal cavity of New World monkeys.
In Peru it has been reported by Dunn and Lambrecht (1963), Tantalean
(1976), and Horna and Tantalean (1983).
Primasubulura jacchi Diesing, 1860 & Inglis, 1958. This nematode
from the large intestine presents great variability in size but not
in morphological characteristics. This variability is also observed in
other parasites
from the same host. Horna and Tantalean (1983) reported this parasite
in Saguinus mystax, but here we report it from Aotus nancymae.
Necator sp. We could not identify the species because only
one female parasite was found in the small intestine of a Cacajao
calvus kept as a pet. Hookworms are very unusual findings in New
World monkeys, so we believe this could be a cross infection with
the human hookworm Necator americanus.
Ancylostoma sp. The presence of this parasite is also very
unusual in New World monkeys. We found only one female parasite in
the cecum of a Lagothrix lagothricha kept as a pet. The anterior
end resembles A. braziliense but we prefer to study more individuals,
especially males, before assigning the species name. This also seems to
be an accidental infection in captivity.
Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) microon Linstow, 1907 & Hugot, 1985.
This is the first report for it in Aotus nancymae in Peru.
This nematode has been reported from the cecum in Aotus trivirgatus.
Hugot (1985) did a review of the species of the subgenera that
parasitize Cebidae and Atelidae.
Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) lagothricis Buckley, 1931. We
found this parasite in a Lagothrix lagothricha from Iquitos, Peru,
kept as a pet. The females studied showed the same characteristics
reported by Inglis and Di>aaz-Ungria (1960), who found it in L.
humboldti.
Prosthenorchis elegans Diesing, 1851 & Travassos, 1915.
The necropsy of two Aotus nancymae revealed a few immature
parasites free and fixed to the intestinal mucosa. Two small
cream-colored cysts, measuring 4x3x1 mm were also found fixed to
the serosa of the small and large intestines. Detailed examination
of the cysts, encapsulated in fibrous tissue, revealed that they
contained larvae of P. elegans. The finding of two small P.
elegans encysted in the intestinal serosa suggests that A. nancymae
does not provide optimal conditions for its larval development and
is therefore not a natural host for P. elegans. This
thorny-headed worm is one of the more pathogenic and well-known
parasites of New World monkeys. It has been reported as naturally
affecting Saguinus and Saimiri by several authors (Richardt &
Benirschke, 1963; Porter, 1972; Tantalean, 1976; Horna & Tantalean,
1983).
References
Dunn, F. L. (1963). Acanthocephalans and cestodes of South
American monkeys and marmosets.
Journal of Parasitology, 49, 717-722.
Dunn, F. L. & Lambrecht, F. L. (1963). On some filarial parasites
of South American primates, with a description of
Tetrapetalonema tamarinae n. sp. from the Peruvian tamarin
marmoset,
Tamarinus nigricollis (Spix, 1823). Journal of Helminthology, 37,
261-286.
Esslinger, J. H. (1979).
Tetrapetalonema (T.) panamensis (McCoy 1936) comb. n. (Filarioidea:
Onchocercidae) in Colombia primates, with a description of the adults.
Journal of Parasitology, 65, 924-927.
Freitas, J. F. T. (1962). Notas sobre o gênero
Athesmia Loos, 1899 (trematoda, Dicrocoeliidae).
Arquivos do Museo Nacional, 52, 85-104.
Horna, M. & Tantalean, V. M. (1983). Parasitos de primates peruanos:
Helmintos del "mono fraile" y del "pichico barba blanca".
Boletín de Lima, 5, 54-58.
Hugot, J. P. (1985). Sur le genre
Trypanoxyuris (Oxyuridae, Nematoda). III. Sous genre
Trypanoxyuris parasite de primates Cebidae et Atelidae.
Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e série
A, 7, 131-155.
Inglis, W. G. & Díaz-Ungria, C. (1960). Nematodes parasitos de
vertebrados venezolanos. I. Una revisión del género
Trypanoxyuris (Ascaridata: Oxyuridae). Memorias de la Sociedad de
Ciencias Naturales "La Salle", 19, 176-212.
Kifune, T. & Uyema, N. (1982). Report of Fukuoka University
Scientific Expedition to Peru, 1976. Part 3. Taxonomical studies on
trematodes from marsupials and rodents with records of two crabs.
Medical Bulletin of Fukuoka University, 9, 241-256.
Kingston, N. & Cosgrove, G. E. (1967). Two new species of
Platynosomum (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from South American
monkeys.
Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 34,
147-151.
Lumsden, R. D. & Zischke, J. A. (1963). Studies on the trematodes of
Louisiana birds.
Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 22, 316-366.
Porter, J. (1972). Parasites of marmosets.
Laboratory Animal Care, 22, 503-506.
Tantalean, V. M. (1976). Contribución al conocimiento de los
helmintos de vertebrados del Perú.
Biota, 10, 437-443.
Thatcher, V. E. & Porter, J. A., Jr. (1968). Some helminth parasites
of Panamanian primates.
Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 87, 186-196.
Travassos, L., Freitas, J. F. T., & Kohn, A. (1969). Trematodeos do
Brasil.
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 67, 1-886.
Yamaguti, S. (1971). Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of
Vertebrates. (2 Vols.) Tokyo: Keigaku Publishing Co.
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Senior author's address: Proyecto Peruano de
Primatologi>aa-IVITA, Apartado 621, Iquitos, Perú.
* * *
US-USSR Cooperation
Joint activities between U.S. and Soviet principal investigators who
wish to work together in a project of common scientific interest may be
funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the USSR Academy of
Sciences. Plans are to be developed directly between the investigators,
who submit their proposals in parallel to the granting agencies.
Proposals for support of travel to, or participation in, international
scientific meetings are not eligible for consideration through this
program. For more information, contact: US-USSR Cooperative Research
Program, Room 1212, Division of International Programs, NSF, Washington,
DC 20550 [202-357-7494].
AmFAR
The American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR) offers research
grants to provide institutionally affiliated post-doctoral investigators
with up to $50,000 in direct costs for one year in support of AIDS
related biomedical and social sciences research, as well as short-term
travel grants of up to $5000 for study or training at another U.S.
institution. For complete information, contact the AmFAR Grants
Department, 5900 Wilshire Boul., 2nd Floor, East Satellite, Los Angeles,
CA 90036-5032 [213-857-5900].
Fellowships in India
The Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture is offering 12
long-term and 9 short-term awards for 1991-92 research in India. These
grants will be available in all academic disciplines except clinical
medicine. Applicants must be U.S. citizens at the postdoctoral or
equivalent professional level. The program seeks to open new channels of
communication between academic and professional groups in the U.S. and
India, and to encourage a wider range of research activity between the
countries than now exists. This program is funded by the USIA, the NSF,
the Smithsonian Institution, and the Government of India. The application
deadline is June 15, 1990. Application forms and further information are
available from Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Attn:
Indo-American Fellowship Program, 3400 International Drive, Suite M-500,
Washington, DC 20008-3097 [202-686-4013].
MacArthur Foundation
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation World Environment
and Resources Program is dedicated to conserving our renewable natural
resources and to enhancing our knowledge of how to use those resources
over the long term. The principal focus of the program is on dealing
with the problems of endangered tropical systems. Program
emphases are 1) Conservation Science and Policy Studies; 2) Conservation
Education and Action; 3) Conservation and Sustainable Economic
Development. Letters of inquiry (preliminary applications) are accepted
at any time. For more information contact: World Environment and
Resources Program, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,
140 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60603 [312-726-8000].
Fulbright Scholars
About 1000 Fulbright grants in research and university lecturing for
periods from 3 months to a full year will be available for 1991-92.
Fulbright awards are granted in virtually all disciplines, and scholars
in all academic ranks, as well as retired faculty and independent
scholars, are eligible to apply. The basic elegibility requirements are
U.S. citizenship; Ph.D. or comparable professional qualifications;
university or college teaching experience; and, for selected
assignments, proficiency in a foreign language. Application deadlines
vary from June, 1990 to January 1991 for various countries. For more
information and applications, contact the Council for International
Exchange of Scholars, 3400 International Drive, Suite M-500, Washington,
DC 20008-3097 [202-686-7866].
Research Training Group Program
A new program has been created by the National Science Foundation to
encourage scientists at Ph.D.-granting institutions to devise new or
enhanced multi-disciplinary training programs for the next generation of
researchers in the biological, behavioral, and social sciences. Projects
might include research opportunities, courses, seminars, and degree
programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels.
NSF expects to make about 10 RTG awards during the program's first
year. Resource commitments by the institution and by other sources will
be considered in the review of applications. For more information
contact: Division of Instrumentation and Resources, NSF, Room 312, 1800
G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20550 [202-357-9880].
NSF Opportunities for Women
The announcement on p. 40 in the January, 1990, issue of this
Newsletter is unfortunately incomplete and badly out of date.
Research Opportunities for Women (ROW) at NSF are not limited to the
Research Initiation Awards (RIAs) described.
The information given about RIAs is correct,
except that the deadline dates given were actually target dates,
applied to only one NSF Division, and no longer are in
effect. RIA proposals are reviewed by all research-supporting
programs of NSF; deadlines or target dates should be obtained
from the most pertinent NSF program. General information
should be obtained from the ROW Coordinator, Lola Rogers,
at NSF, 1800 G Street, Washington, DC 20550. New brochures on NSF
faculty awards for women and research programs for women at NSF,
including ROW, will be available this summer.
Cognition
The Division of Fundamental Neurosciences of the National Institute
of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) has issued an announcement
encouraging the submission of applications for research grants dealing
with the neurological basis of cognitive processes. Types of
investigations envisioned could include neurophysiological and
noninvasive neuropsychological research on nonhuman primates engaged in
language- or number-relevant communication, and neurophysiological
measures obtained from nonhuman primates engaged in repetitive
event-related activities. For additional information, contact Dr.
Herbert C. Lansdell, Division of Fundamental Neurosciences, NINDS,
Federal Building, Room 916, 7550 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892
[301-496-5745].
* * *
Viktor Reinhardt
University of Wisconsin
Numerous cage enrichment options have been published for rhesus
macaques
(Macaca mulatta), bonnet macaques (M. radiata), and cynomolgus
macaques (M. fascicularis); stump-tailed macaques (M. arctoides)
have received no attention so far (Fajzi et al., 1989).
The present report summarizes an environmental enrichment program for
caged stump-tailed macaques. Inexpensive enrichment options that are
effective in rhesus monkeys (Fajzi et al., 1989) have been applied.
There are 36 adult (6-23 years) caged stump-tailed macaques at the
Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center. All of them are provided
with a PVC pipe for perching and an oak branch segment for gnawing and
manipulating (Figure 1). Eighty-nine percent (32/36) of the
animals live in pairs of unrelated partners (6 adult female/adult female
pairs, 4 adult male/adult male pairs, 3 adult male/adult female pairs,
1 adult female/subadult female pair, 4 adult male/subadult female
pairs, and 1 adult male/subadult male pair; eleven percent of the animals
(4/36) live alone. Single animals are kept in 85x85x85 cm stainless steel
cages. Paired animals share a 85x170x85 cm double cage; a privacy panel
(cage partition with small passage hole close to the back of the cage)
offers individual partners the opportunity for temporary visual
seclusion.
Figure 1: Gnawing the oak branch segment not only provides some distraction but may also be a means of dental health care.
The pairing procedure described for adult male rhesus macaques
(Reinhardt, 1988) was used for
the formation of adult male/adult male pairs of stumptails.
Potential partners were paired only if they had established
a clear dominance-subordination relationship (unidirectional
yielding and/or fear-grinning) during a 1 to 3 day period of
non-contact familiarization. To establish the 4 pairs, 5 dyads
were tested in the familiarization situation. One dyad
failed to show rank-indicative behavior patterns, and partners
had to be tested again with other counterparts. Rank relationships
were evident in the other 4 dyads, and partners were
therefore paired. Pair formation was associated with brief
fighting in 1 case, with unidirectional sham-biting in 2 cases.
Partners inflicted no visible injuries or bruises during these initial
rank assertions. To avoid aggressive excitement, the 4 adult male pairs
are housed in cages that face no other conspecifics. Partner
compatibility (no visible injuries, no signs of depression, adequate food
sharing) has been ascertained in all 4 pairs over a period of 3 months.
All other pairs were formed without
preliminaries, and potential companions were introduced to each
other in the home cage of one of the partners. A total of 17 pairs were
tested. Pair formation was associated in only one case
(adult male/subadult female pair) with physical agonistic
activities (chasing, biting). Partner compatibility
was ascertained over a period of 3 months in 15 (88%) pairs.
Only two pairs (adult female/adult female and adult male/subadult
female) were incompatible due to inadequate food sharing; partners were
separated several days after pair formation and successfully re-paired
with different companions.
The effectiveness of the enrichment options was evaluated in the 10
adult/adult pairs that were kept in upper-row cages. All 20 monkeys were
exposed to their companion, the PVC pipe and the oak branch segment for 2
months. Each pair was observed on a different day from
12:00 to 13:00 when it was guaranteed that the animals
would not be disturbed by human activities.
Of the 20 animals, 18 (90%) interacted with the companion, 15 (75%)
perched on the PVC pipe, and 16 (80%) gnawed and manipulated the
oak branch segment during the 1-hour observation.
The three environmental options stimulated individuals to perform
species-typical behavior patterns an average 31.7% (19.0/60 min.) of the
time. Companions interacted with each other
21.8 +/- 18.3% (13.1/60 min.) of the time (grooming 16.9%,
huddling 6.4%, other interactions
0.3%). They spent significantly less (Mann-Whitney test: p<0.001)
of their time with the two
inanimate objects; the PVC pipe was used for perching
4.2 +/- 3.4% (2.5/60 min.) of the time, the oak branch segment was
used for gnawing and manipulating 5.7 +/- 5.1% (3.4/60 min.) of the time.
References
Reinhardt, V. (1988). Preliminary comments on pairing unfamiliar
adult male rhesus monkeys for the purpose of environmental enrichment.
Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 27[3], 4-5.
Fajzi, K., Reinhardt, V., & Smith, M.S. (1989). A review of
environmental enrichment strategies for singly caged nonhuman primates.
Lab Animal, 18[2], 23-29, 31,33,35.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Author's address: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 1223
Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715.
* * *
Golden Headed Tamarins in Carolina
Twenty months after initiating efforts to establish a propagation
program, Riverbanks Zoological Park, Columbia, SC, reports the
importation of three pairs of Golden-headed tamarins,
Leontopithecus (rosalia) chrysomelas, from Brazil. This importation
was accomplished through the assistance and generosity of the Saõ
Paolo Zoological Park, Brazil, and represents the first time in several
years that this critically endangered tamarin has been imported to North
America. Of equal importance, this importation brings at least eight new
founders into the genealogy of the North American population, and
expands the number of institutions working with this animal. All six
tamarins had been paired well before receipt and possess infant-rearing
experience, thus making them excellent candidates for further captive
propagation.
Yakushima Macaques Threatened
The monkeys of Yakushima, an island 60 km south of Kyushu,
are classified as an endemic sub-species,
Macaca fuscata yakui. Destruction of much of their mountain habitat
by logging operations has led to the monkeys' becoming an agricultural
pest in the lowland orchards of the island. Control methods have so
far been limited to hunting and trapping. Scientists at Kyoto University,
fearing that the subspecies could soon be faced with extinction,
have proposed an organization to census the remaining monkeys and promote
methods of crop protection which would also protect the animals. They
are urging primatologists to send them postcards, protesting to
the national and local government the threat to this endemic subspecies.
Send cards to the Yakushima Research Group, Laboratory of Human Evolution
Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakayo, Kyoto, Japan.
-- From Australian Primatology, 1989, 4[3/4], 4.
NABR 10th Anniversary
The National Association for Biomedical Research marked its tenth
anniversary with a gala awards dinner in Washington, DC, on January
29. Approximately 500 guests attended the ceremony hosted
by Senator Lowell P. Weicker, President of Research! America. John F.
Sherman, Executive Vice President of the Association of American
Medical Colleges, received the NABR Lifetime Achievement Award, and
14 other awardees were recognized for public service to science.
Sema, Inc., Fined
Sema, Inc., a registered research facility in Rockville, MD, was
assessed a $2500 civil penalty and was ordered by an administrative law
judge to cease and desist from future violations of the Animal Welfare
Act and, in particular, from harassing or intimidating in any manner
USDA personnel performing their official duties. USDA charged that
during a routine compliance inspection, Sema employees withheld
information about research animals, prevented APHIS inspectors from
taking pictures of cages, and interfered with their departure by
blocking their car in the parking lot. Sema has appealed the decision of
the administrative law judge. --
From the United States Department of Agriculture News, January 9,
1990.
PETA Will Sue Magazine
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has said it will
sue for libel over an article
[see p. 24 in this issue] in the February issue of The Washingtonian
that alleges that the organization is financially corrupt and
that some of PETA's best-known publicity photographs were staged.
PETA founder Alex Pacheco denies the allegation that there was
anything "staged" about the photographs, taken in Edward Taub's Silver
Spring, MD, laboratory, and notes that during legal proceedings against
Taub the authenticity of the pictures was never challenged.
Although PETA officials concede that they have several bank
accounts, they say that Federal deposit insurance only covers up to
$100,000 per account, thereby forcing them to spread their funds over
many accounts. "But all contributions were accounted for and reported
to the IRS", Pacheco says. --
From an item by G. C. Anderson in Nature, 1990, 343, 580.
Silver Spring Monkey Euthanized
One of the deafferented crab-eating macaques now known as the
"Silver Spring" monkeys was euthanized on January 14. A last minute
court decision allowed a group of researchers from the NIMH and several
universities to carry out a terminal
experiment on one of the monkeys that had become very sick. Under
anesthesia, electrodes were placed in its brain and hundreds of
recordings
taken, revealing an unprecented degree of reorganization of the sensory
cortex. An 8-10-millimeter wide area that would normally
receive input from the hand was found to have completely filled in
with input from the face.
Controversy continues over these animals, as researchers plan
similar experiments on the remaining monkeys, and animal rights
activists insist that the results obtained are predictable and
of no great significance. Neal Barnard, president of the Physicians
Committee for Responsible Medicine, states that "Science has
become secondary to public relations and politics."
Poço das Antas Fire
Readers are aware that the National Zoo, in conjunction with
Brazilian and other conservation groups, has been reintroducing
captive-born golden-lion tamarins to their native habitat since 1984.
Estimates are that at least 28 of the approximately 70 reintroduced
tamarins have survived, and at least 20 offspring have been born to
them. In February a major fire in Brazil's Poço das Antas Reserve,
where some tamarins have been reintroduced,
destroyed an experimental reforestation area including a small mammal
grid. According to Devra Kleiman of the National Zoo, the fire
is mostly limited to pasture land and, thankfully, the reintroduced
tamarins appear not to be in immediate danger. Nonetheless, the pasture
was regenerating land that was the subject of some scientific
investigations. Long-term study of that habitat has been cut short by
the fire.
-- From the ASP Bulletin, March, 1990, 14[1], 7.
Schistosomiasis Alert
An article in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (1990,
39, 141-142, 147-148) describes schistosomiasis in
members of two groups of travelers who had returned to the
U.S. from Botswana and Côte d'Ivoire, respectively, reminding us that
this disease is endemic in 74 countries in Africa, South America, the
Caribbean, and Asia, and is contracted by exposure to fresh water
containing the parasites. Travellers should be aware that wading,
swimming, bathing, washing, and even boating may result in exposure.
John Hearn to Wisconsin
The University of Wisconsin-Madison has announced the appointment of
Dr. John P. Hearn as Director of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research
Center, succeeding Dr. Robert W. Goy, who had served as Center Director
since 1971. Dr. Hearn has a joint appointment as Professor in the
Department of Physiology in the UW-Madison Medical School. These
appointments are initially for 3 years by mutual agreement and in
observance of U.S. immigration procedures.
Dr. Hearn was born in India and educated in England, Kenya (high
school), Ireland (B.Sc., M.Sc.), and Australia (Ph.D.) His primary
research is in primate biology, concentrating on the molecular biology,
biochemistry, and endocrinology of early pregnancy. He has also
contributed research papers in wildlife reproductive biology and
conservation. He was President of the International Primatological
Society for 1984-1988.
* * *
I can't recall whether I've ever seen 'advertisements' as such in
the Laboratory Primate Newsletter, but I have a collection of
primates on stamps in which I've long since lost interest. Somebody out
there must be interested, and I can't think of a better medium to bring
to the attention of the primatological community that this collection is
for sale.
Also I'm due to retire in less than two years or, rather, I can
exercise the option to retire in two years and I should be giving some
thought to getting rid of some things such as books and papers. I have a
fair collection of books on primatology and animal behaviour and related
topics as well as a large collection of offprints. The former I would
offer for sale and I will send a list of the books available to anyone
writing to me and expressing interest. The offprints I would prefer to
donate.
With very best wishes for 1990. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincere regards, Gerald A. Doyle, Primate Behaviour Research Group,
University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, 2050 South Africa.
* * * SCOTLAND
Universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews and Stirling
* * *
E. J. Struthers, Pilo Rodriguez, Patty Cooper, and Jeff Rowell
Primate Research Institute
Introduction
Raising chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) infants in a nursery
setting is a husbandry practice which has come into question in recent
years. Nursery rearing may lead to problems in sociality, reproduction,
and maternal success in adult chimpanzees. This is especially true in
cases where the infant is housed in isolation without the benefit of
peer interaction. Techniques for enhancing nursery environments are
many.
A shortcoming often cited in nursery-rearing is that animals lack
access to constant maternal tactile interaction. Mother-reared infants
are seldom far from the mother's lap or reach, especially during the
first twelve months of life. Due to nursery scheduling and budget
constraints, many facilities find it impossible to make a human
caretaker continuously available. One approach to providing greater
tactile access and increased social and physical interactions is to
introduce companionate species that will be available to infants on a
continuous basis.
Clearly there are precedents for xenospecific companionship, and
affiliative liaisons are often anecdotally reported in both captivity
and the wild. Only recently has this become a research topic. Primate
species especially seem to demonstrate a natural affiliative curiosity
toward other animals. Adaptive benefits may result from such
associations.
One case reported in the literature tells of an orphaned female
baboon (Papio sp.) that adopted a domestic herd of goats
on a farm in Namibia. She was observed to ride
on the backs of the billies, where she was able to forage tree limbs and
shrubbery that were beyond the reach of the goats. Baboons acquire
dietary knowledge via social relationships. In this case, edible plant
information and foraging behavior appeared to be learned from the goats,
much as it might have been learned from conspecifics under different
conditions. The researchers also reported that "...she appears to have
created a social coherence away from her natural situation and is
certainly self-assured and competent in a way that primate orphans often
are not" (Henzi & MacDonald, 1986, p. 177).
Other primate facilities have reported success in placing a dog
(Canis familiaris) in the nursery setting, but these efforts have
not been evaluated methodologically. We chose to use a dog
because dogs are relatively easy to maintain, and have naturally playful
and companionable personalities. Our study has followed a three-phase
approach to introduce the dog ("Ruff"), in order to evaluate the outcome
and utility of such xenospecific enrichment. Although our research is
still in the pilot stage, we have made several observations that are
worth reporting.
Methods
Nine chimpanzee subjects were used in the pilot evaluation study.
Ages ranged from 4 months to 2 years at the start of the study. The
puppy selected was approximately 2 months old at the beginning
of the study, and is now 5 months old. The puppy was found in the
desert, part of an abandoned litter, and is thought to be a
chow-shepherd mixed breed.
The evaluation occurred in three phases: 1) introduction to a
singly-housed, 7-month-old chimpanzee; 2) introduction to a
socially-housed group of chimpanzees, aged 7 months to 2 years; and 3)
introduction to four socially-housed, 4-month-old chimpanzees.
We wished to ascertain two things in the preliminary data. First, did
the presence of the dog seem to be most beneficial in
a solitary or social setting? Second, at what age level did chimpanzees
seem to benefit most from the presence of the dog? We answered these
questions in terms of interactive behavior patterns exhibited by the
chimpanzees. Diary-recording and a scaled ethogram were used to record
various interactions falling under three main categories: 1) aggression,
2) affiliative behavior, and 3) play.
Observations were made by nursery personnel to whom the animals were
habituated, and the introductions occurred in two daily sessions of 30
minutes to one hour in duration. Diary records were taken at a rate of
one per minute. In addition, a scaled ethogram recorded interactions in
one-and five-minute intervals.
Results
Phase 1 occurred in a small room with glass walls and a sliding
glass door. The singly-housed chimpanzee and the puppy were introduced
with the glass barrier in place for the first four days. Then a
baby-gate replaced the sliding glass door, allowing the animals limited
access to one another, substantially at their own control and impetus.
In the final stage of Phase 1, the dog was allowed in the cubicle with a
technician for periods of one-half to one hour.
During the glass-barrier stage, the animals spent much of their time
looking at each other through the glass. The chimpanzee made play faces
toward the dog on several occasions and often gestured toward it with
his hands. By the third day, the dog was actively responding to these
initiations by barking, scratching the glass, wagging his tail, and
chewing on the door jamb. The baby-gate stage worked well, allowing the
animals to sniff and poke at each other. The complete physical
introduction initially resulted in tugs-of-war over toys and blankets.
The chimpanzee would alternately grimace, whimper-woo, or initiate play
toward the dog. Much of the time was spent in solitary play by both
animals. When playing, the puppy often intimidated the chimpanzee
with its playfulness, but the chimpanzee controlled
the encounters through the use of barks, hoots, and occasional
aggressive screams, or by running to the lap of the technician.
Phase 2 consisted of introducing the puppy to six group-housed
animals. The puppy received a mixed reception. The chimpanzees often
rushed to the security of the technician's lap, much as they might rush
to their own mothers in a different setting. This phase is still in
progress. The puppy prefers to play almost exclusively with the two
oldest animals (ages 2 years and 17 months) at this time. These older
infants are well-matched in energy to the growing puppy. As the puppy
becomes more mature, our study will document whether he prefers to
interact with a different, or a wider age range, of chimpanzee.
Play with the older infants can best be described as
rough-and-tumble, but rarely is an alarm bark or true aggressive event
observed, and in fact the play is remarkably quiet, apparently reflecting
contentment. One unforeseen benefit from this liaison between the puppy
and the older infants was a reduction in bites and scratches that younger
infants had sustained from their more mature peers. Older infants
engaged in active play with the puppy, which apparently distracted
them from the over-rough play sessions and mild aggression which they had
previously displayed toward their younger peers.
Phase 3 is still in the early stages, with only 3 introductions
completed. The dog is surprisingly gentle with these very young animals,
all less than 6 months old. During these sessions Ruff will generally
lie on the floor and chew a toy. The infants crawl over him or curl up
quietly in contact with him. Two short incidents of alarm barking have
been observed when the puppy became too playful. The result was that the
puppy slowed its activity greatly.
Our study continues, and we will have more data available soon. We
would like to communicate with other institutions or researchers who are
using xenospecific enrichment, and those who are interested in
xenospecific relationships involving primates (especially chimpanzees).
To date we feel the introduction has been both smooth and beneficial to
the young chimpanzees. As the study follows the puppy through maturity
we think it will yield additional valuable information. We believe the
results of this research will assist primate facilities to adopt
practical new approaches to enriching the social environment of
nursery-reared infants. Contact the authors at the address on the
preceeding page.
Reference
Henzi, S. P. & MacDonald, A. (1986). A baboon among goats.
African Wildlife, 40, 177.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Authors' address: Primate Research Institute, New Mexico
State University, P.O. Box 1027, Holloman Air Force Base, NM 88330-1027.
* * *
Viktor Reinhardt, Doug Cowley, Joan Scheffler, and Russell Vertein
University of Wisconsin
Introduction
Pairing compatible rhesus monkeys is a safe, inexpensive method of
environmental enrichment which does not interfere with common
research protocols and routine management procedures (Reinhardt, 1989).
Living with a companion does not impair an animal's general health status
as reflected in body weight (Reinhardt et al., 1988).
Sceptics of pair-housing, however, argue that being continuously
exposed to a conspecific partner may constitute a distressing
experience, particularly for the subordinate animal.
The present investigation addresses this concern. Peripheral
cortisol concentrations were taken as parameters for the evaluation of
distress (Clarke et al., 1988; Sassenrath, 1970; Selye, 1971; Tapp et
al., 1984; Udelsman & Chrousos, 1988). Values for monkeys living in pairs
were compared with those of monkeys living in single cages (thereby
ruling out the presence of a companion as a potential cause of distress).
Dominance-subordination relationships were assessed
in paired animals and their cortisol concentrations compared
in relation to their relative rank positions.
Methods
Subjects of this study were 15 adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating
female rhesus monkeys that were trained to cooperate for venipunture
in their home cages (Vertein & Reinhardt, 1989). Each animal was bled
by the attending caretaker on a different day at 13:15 hr. The actual
venipuncture occurred 60-90 seconds after the caretaker entered the
animal room. Blood samples were analyzed for serum cortisol with a
Clinical Assays Gamma Coat Cortisol Kit (Dade, Baxter Travenol
Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA).
Five monkeys lived singly in 70x75x77 cm upper-row cages. Ten monkeys
lived in 5 pairs in 85x85x85 cm upper-row cages. Paired companions
were not related; their dominance-subordination relationship was
known (unidirectional yielding and fear-grinning indicate subordination);
they were compatible and had lived together continuously for 2 1/2 years.
Each pair was observed by the first author for 1 hour and all
agonistic interactions recorded, one day before the first blood drawing.
Results
Single animals had mean serum cortisol concentrations
of 20.5 +/- 2.1 microg/dl (range: 17.3-23.8 microg/dl).
Paired animals had a mean serum cortisol concentration
of 19.5 +/- 2.9 microg/dl (range: 16.7-24.8 microg/dl).
The difference was not significant (p>0.1; Figure 1).
Figure 1: Serum cortisol concentrations in adult female rhesus mokeys caged singly or in pairs.
Subordinate partners of pairs had a mean cortisol concentration of
19.4 +/- 2.9 microg/dl; their dominant counterparts had a mean cortisol
concentration of 19.5 +/- 3.0.
Again, the difference was not significant (p>0.1; Figure 1).
The occurrence of agonistic interactions per pair averaged 2.1 during the
1-hour observation. The following
actions were recorded: yielding 15 times, fear-grinning 1 time,
pushing 4 times, sham slapping (threat gesture), 1 time.
Discussion
This study failed to detect differences in serum cortisol
concentrations between single and paired rhesus monkeys. Both categories
of animals had cortisol levels that were equivalent to subjects bled
under strictly undisturbed conditions (Tapp et al., 1984). From this it
can be inferred that living with a compatible companion
was not more distressing for the animals than living alone. Dominant
animals had cortisol concentrations that did not differ from those of
their subordinate companions, indicating that neither dominant nor
subordinate partners experienced social distress. This assumption is
supported by the facts that companions seldom engaged in agonistic
interactions and that such interactions only rarely involved
physical contact.
It should be emphasized that companions
were not randomly paired. Partners were carefully
selected after a period of non-contact familiarization (Reinhardt, 1988)
and were considered "compatible" only if both secured their
appropriate shares of food, neither
showed signs of depression, and neither inflicted a serious injury on the
other (Reinhardt, 1989). The absence of social distress in such
compatible pairs is underscored not only by the infrequent
occurrence of mild agonistic interactions (cf. Reinhardt, 1990) but
also by the large proportion of time partners engage in affiliative
grooming and huddling (Ranheim & Reinhardt, 1989).
References
Clarke, A.S., Mason, W., & Moberg, G.P. (1988).
Differential behavioral and adrenocortical responses to stress
among three macaque species.
American Journal of Primatology, 14, 37-52.
Ranheim, S. & Reinhardt, V. (1989). Compatible rhesus monkeys provide
long-term stimulation for each other.
Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 28[3], 1-2.
Reinhardt, V. (1988). Preliminary comments on pairing unfamiliar
adult male rhesus monkeys for the purpose of environmental enrichment.
Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 27[4], 1-3.
Reinhardt, V., Cowley, D., Eisele, S., Vertein, R., & Houser, D.
(1988). Pairing compatible female rhesus monkeys for cage enrichment has
no negative impact on body weight.
Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 27[1], 13-15.
Reinhardt, V. (1989). Alternatives to single caging of rhesus
monkeys. Humane Innovations and Alternatives in Animal
Experimentation, 3, 123-125.
Reinhardt, V. (1990). Time budget of caged rhesus monkeys exposed to
a companion, a PVC perch, and a piece of wood for an extended time.
American Journal of Primatology, in press.
Sassenrath, E.N. (1970).
Increased responsiveness related to social stress in rhesus monkeys.
Hormones and Behavior, 1, 283-298.
Selye, H. (1971).
Hormones and Resistance. New York: Springer Verlag.
Tapp, W. N., Holaday, J. W., & Natelson, B. H. (1984). Ultradian
glucocorticoid rhythms in monkeys and rats continue during stress.
American Journal of Physiology, 247, R866-R871.
Udelsman, R. & Chrousos, G. P. (1988). Hormonal responses to
surgical stress. In G. P. Chrousos, D. L. Loriaux, & P. W. Gold (Eds.),
Mechanisms of physical and emotional stress (pp. 265-272). New
York: Plenum Press.
Vertein, R. & Reinhardt, V. (1989). Training female rhesus monkeys
to cooperate during in-homecage venipuncture.
Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 28[2], 1-3.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Authors' address: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research
Center, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715.
* * *
More than 200 participants gathered in Bethesda on June 22-23, 1989,
for two conferences prompted by the publication of proposed changes in
the Animal Welfare Act concerning standards for canine and primate
research. Jeanne Altmann (Brookfield Zoo) and Steven M. Niemi (EG&G Mason
Research Institute) chaired the nonhuman primate conference. Speakers
and commentators from the audience at both conferences were unanimous in
their desire for performance-based standards.
Co-chair Dr. Altmann expressed concern that the proposed regulations
are supposed to hold for a whole mammalian order (primates) with the
exclusion of humans and perhaps prosimians. The data based on nonhuman
primates in research covers less than 20 years of experience and deals
mostly with rhesus monkeys. Dr. Miller (OPRR/NIH) later commented that
the current PHS view of such things as physical environment for nonhuman
primates depends upon whether the nonhuman primate belongs to a social
species: for non-social species, group housing would not be done unless
scientifically justified.
Tina Widowski (University of Wisconsin) described research
approaches for determining well-being of farm animals that are useful in
her present position as manager of two primate colonies. She cautioned
that health and well-being do not always go hand-in-hand. Determination
of appropriate behavioral measures of well-being requires knowledge of
normal species specific behavior. Some parameters could be frustration
measurements, preference testing, etc. She cautioned that the previous
experiences of the animal influence preferences and that human intuition
is not a good substitute for actual data.
Charles T. Snowdon (University of Wisconsin) shared with Dr. Altmann
and others a concern that the USDA proposed regulations tried to lump
together too many diverse species into one set of standards. He
discussed the variability in behavior and physiology, even among the
small New World monkeys. Some specific problems in the proposed
standards include the lack of consideration that arboreal species
probably need elevated cages, and that caging tarsiers as specified in
Proposed Part 3 standards probably would be deadly: tarsiers need to
leap and, therefore, need more space than is stipulated in the proposed
regulations.
Robert Sapolsky (Stanford University) described his studies on
physiological markers of stress, and also discussed some relationships
between primate social status and cortisol levels across individuals and
conditions. He pointed out that both physiological and psychological
stress yield the same metabolic changes. Not only species-related
reactions, but individual reactions are based upon the animals' previous
experience. Some species may take 12-15 months to stabilize after being
moved into a different type of housing environment. Dr. Sapolsky closed
with a good working definition: "Ethology is the process of
interviewing an animal using its own language."
Steven Suomi (NIH) reported on individual variability in behavior
and physiology within species. He also commented on the effects of
stress encountered by monkeys living in the wild in natural habitats.
Awareness of typical patterns of stress displayed in the wild may help
to determine appropriate, low stress environments for research animals.
Hilton J. Klein (Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs) discussed
infectious and traumatic biohazards associated with nonhuman primate
research. He cautioned that hazards to both the animals and their human
handlers are likely to increase if the proposed regulations are enacted
without change. For example:
Michale Keeling (University of Texas) reviewed his experience as a
past Chairman of the APHIS advisory group which evaluated proposed
regulations. He noted that many of the committee's simpler
recommendations were initially ignored by APHIS, including those for
flexibility and performance-based standards. He also noted that
expensive and unsubstantiated design parameters were adopted.
Primate Conference Recommendations
The following recommendations were summarized by Co-chair J. Altmann
from the formal presentations and audience comments:
1. The regulations should be performance-based as well as
enforceable.
2. When not all performance criteria can be optimized simultaneously
and for all animals, as will often be the case, the choice among the
best conditions may be based on research and management constraints.
3. Both institutional and USDA staff should receive training in
those areas of primate behavior and primate biology in which they do not
currently have expertise. More intensive training in these areas should
become a required part of the education of personnel hired for such
positions in the future.
4. A graded implementation period should be provided, not with the
focus on time needed to buy new cages but rather for development of
institutional-compatible, species-appropriate measures that produce
satisfactory performance standards and to allow use of transitional
conditions and techniques for animals that have a deficient history
(e.g., non-socialized, accustomed to invariant routines, etc.).
5. A reporting procedure should be developed that will produce
information for a national data base.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Reprinted with permission from the
SCAW Newsletter, Summer, 1989, 11[2], 1, 10-12.
* * *
Lion Tamarins
The International Management Committees for Golden-lion and
Golden-headed Lion Tamarins announce that institutions interested in
joining either of these programs should contact Jonathan Ballou at the
Dept. of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
20008 [202-673-4815]. Interested institutions must be approved by the
Management Committee to receive animals. Researchers must submit a
research protocol with the application; behavioral research is
preferred.
ASP Summer Internship List
The Education Committee of the American Society of Primatologists
(ASP) has again compiled a list of opportunities for students to become
involved in primate research and husbandry. For copies of the list,
information about its preparation, or to submit additional listings,
contact Reinhold J. Hutz, Chair of the Education Committee of ASP, Dept.
of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, P.O. Box 413,
Milwaukee, WI 53201.
* * *
The National Institutes of Health, Office for Protection from
Research Risks, is continuing to sponsor a series of workshops on
implementing the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals. The workshops are open to institutional
administrators, members of animal care and use committees, laboratory
animal veterinarians, investigators, and other institutional staff who
have responsibility for high-quality management of sound institutional
animal care and use programs. A program will be held April 19-20, 1990,
at Madison, WI, and another May 8-9, 1990, at San Juan, PR. For
information on the former, contact Mary Ruedinger, Assistant Director
for Animal Use Compliance, University of Wisconsin, 119 Veterinary
Science, 1655 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 [608-262-0400]. For the
latter, Susan Schwartz, Assistant Professor, Caribbean Primate Research
Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, P.O. Box
1053, Sabana Seca, PR 000749 [809-784-6619, 809-784-0322].
* * *
ASP
The 13th meeting of the American Society of Primatologists,
hosted by the University of California, Davis, will be held July 11-14,
1990. Paper sessions, symposia, posters, exhibits, and business
meetings will take place on the Davis campus. Committee meetings,
including the Executive Committee meeting, are scheduled for Wednesday
afternoon, July 11. An evening reception for all registrants will
follow. Scientific paper presentations will begin Thursday morning, July
12, with the final session ending Saturday, July 14.
Dormitory rooms on the Davis campus and rooms in the Davis Ramada
Inn have been reserved. For a registration form or further information,
contact Dr. Sally Mendoza, Chair, Local Arrangements Committee,
California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
95616 [916-752-1988].
Travel to IPS
Educational Travel Coordinators have planned several tours around
the IPS meetings in Nagoya and Kyoto this summer. ETC is not officially
connected to either IPS or ASP, but one of the partners, Dr. Frank
Poirier, is a member of both societies. Round-trip prices to Nagoya from
Chicago (Los Angeles) start at $950 ($863). There are also packages
including Tokyo and/or Hong Kong. For information or reservations
contact Educational Travel Coordinators, 2151 E. Dublin-Granville Rd.,
Columbus, OH 43229 [800-843-4978].
Lion-tailed Macaques
The third international symposium on lion-tailed macaques will be
held at the San Diego Zoo May 23-25, 1990. The keynote speaker will be
David Chivers (England), and other invited speakers will include Ajith
Kumar and Ullas Karanth (India), Werner Kaumanns (Germany), and Don
Melnick and Frans deWaal (U.S.). There will also be paper sessions,
tours of the Zoo and the Wild Animal Park, and social events, as well as
the lion-tailed macaque Species Survival Plan midyear meeting. For more
information and registration, contact Macaque Symposium (CRES), San
Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 551, San Diego, CA 92112 [619-557-3959].
Animal Care Committees
The Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) and the Division
of Health Affairs, University of Southern California (USC), will sponsor
a meeting on "Effective Animal Care and Use Committees" on Friday, June
1, 1990, at USC, Los Angeles.
The program will include: Compliance with regulations and policy,
protocol review; Responsibilities of the ACUC veterinarian; Relations
with the public; Perspectives of community members.
Afternoon workshops will be held on Animal well-being: The pain issue;
Special problems in industry; Computerized programs; and Case studies
and problem protocols. For more information, contact: SCAW Conferences,
4805 St. Elmo Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814 [301-654-6390].
* * *
The Fyssen Foundation's general aim is "to encourage all forms of
scientific enquiry into cognitive mechanisms, including thought and
reasoning, underlying animal and human behavior, into their biological
and cultural bases, and into their phylogenetic and ontogenetic
development." For this purpose, a substantial International Scientific
Prize shall be given for a major contribution to the progress of
knowledge in the fields of research supported by the Foundation. It was
awarded to Professors A. Leroi-Gourhan (1980), W. H. Thorpe (1981), V.
B. Mountcastle (1982), H. C. Conklin (1983), R. W. Brown (1984), P.
Buser (1985), D. Pilbeam (1986), D. Premack (1987), J. C. Gardin (1988),
and P. Goldman-Rakic (1989). The discipline considered for the 1990
prize is Anthropology and Cognition. Nominations should include a
curriculum vitae of the nominee; a list of his publications; a summary
(4 pages maximum) of the research upon which the nomination is based. 15
copies of the nomination should be sent to the Secretariat of the
Foundation, 194 rue de Rivoli, 75001 Paris, France. Deadline for receipt
of nominations is September 1, 1990.
* * *
Books
* Human Evolution: An Illustrated Guide. Peter Andrews & Chris
Stringer. Paintings by Maurice Wilson. London: British Museum (Natural
History), 1989. 47 pp. [Price: 7.95 Pounds]
* Cognitive Structure and Development in Nonhuman Primates.
F. Antinucci (Ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1989. 266 pp. [Price: $19.95]
Bibliographies
* Gorilla Bibliography. M. D. Keiter. (1200 listings from 1800
to 1986. Supplement: 170 listings) [Price: $25, Supplement: $5. Order
from Mary D. Keiter, 5635 40th Ave. West, Seattle, WA 98199]
* Laboratory Animal Welfare, 1979 - April 1989. C. N. Bebee.
Bibliographies and Literature of Agriculture Number 91. (817
references, author index) Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library,
1989. [Free. Order from Animal Welfare Information Center, National
Agricultural Library, Room 301, Beltsville, MD 20705.]
* Reference Material for Non-Affiliated Members of Animal Care and
Use Committees. Special Reference Briefs NAL SRB 89-08. K. P.
Engler. (101 citations) Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library,
1989. [Ordering information same as above.]
* Laboratory Animal Facilities and Management, January 1979 -
March 1989. Quick Bibliography Series NAL-BIBL. QB 89-66. K.
Clingerman. (328 citations, author index) Beltsville, MD: National
Agricultural Library, 1989. [Ordering information same as above.]
* Welfare of Experimental Animals, January 1979 - August 1989.
Quick Bibliography Series QB 90-10. J. Larson & K. Clingerman. (394
citations, author index) Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library,
1989. [Ordering information same as above.]
Bulletins
* ICLAS Bulletin, Number 65, Autumn, 1989. International
Council for Laboratory Animal Science. [Price: 2.50 Pounds. Order from
UFAW, 8 Hamilton Close, North Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts., EN6 3QD UK]
Catalogs
* Audiovisual Resources in Primatology: Wisconsin Regional
Primate Research Center (1989). R. Hamel & N. Curtis.
[Price: $8.50 (U.S.), $18.50
(foreign), including postage. Order from Larry Jacobsen, Primate
Center Library, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299]
Monographs
* The Debt-for-Nature Exchange: A Tool for International
Conservation. 50 pp. [Order from Conservation International, 1015
18th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036]
* Asian Compliance with CITES: Problems and Perspectives.
Proceedings
* Animal Care and Use in Behavioral Research: Regulations,
Issues, and Applications. J. W. Driscoll (Ed.). Beltsville, MD:
National Agricultural Library, 1989. 120 pp. [Free.
Order from Animal Welfare Information Center, National Agricultural
Library, Room 301, Beltsville, MD 20705.]
Special Journal Issues
* Galago Symposium.
International Journal of Primatology, 1988, 9[6] and 1989,
10[1].
* New quantitative developments in primatology and anthropology: 1.
Schultz-Biegert Symposium in Kartause Ittingen, September 11-15, 1989.
Folia Primatologica, 1989, 53[1-4].
Supplements
* Primates, 1989, Supplement to Volume 30. Cumulative Contents
and Author Index for Vols. 26-30 (1985-89).
Anatomy
* Vasopressin and oxytocin systems in the brain and upper spinal cord
of
Macaca fascicularis. Caffé, A. R., van Ryen, P. C., vand der
Woude, T. P., & van Leeuwen, F. W. (Netherlands Inst. for Brain
Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1989, 287, 302-325.
* Photoreceptor topography of the retina in the adult pigtail macaque
(Macaca nemestrina). Packer, O., Hendrickson, A. E., & Curcio, C.
A. (Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195).
Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1989, 288, 165-183.
Animal Models
* Responses of pallidal neurons to striatal stimulation in monkeys
with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Tremblay, L., Filion, M., & Bédard, P.
J. (M. Filion, Lab. de Neurobiologie, Ho>cpital de l'Enfant-Jésus,
1401, 18e Rue, Québec, P.Q., Canada G1J 1Z4).
Brain Research, 1989, 498, 17-33.
* Effect of antiprogestin ZK 98.734 on the ovarian cycle, early
pregnancy, and on its binding to progesterone receptors in the
myometrium of marmoset
Callithrix jacchus. Puri, C. P., Kholkute, S. D., Pongubala, J. M.
R., Patil, R. K., Elger, W. A. G., & Jayaraman, S. (Inst. for Research in
Reproduction (ICMR), Parel, Bombay-400012, India).
Biology of Reproduction, 1988, 38, 528-535.
* Progesterone antagonist lilopristone: A potent abortifacient in the
common marmoset. Puri, C. P., Patil, R. K., Kholkute, S. D., Elger, W.
A. G., & Swamy, X. R. (Address same as above).
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1989, 161,
248-253.
* Gonadal and pituitary responses to progesterone antagonist ZK
98.299 during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in bonnet
monkeys. Puri, C. P., Patil, R. K., Elger, W. A. G., Vadigoppoula, A. D.,
& Jagan, M. R. P. (Address same as above).
Contraception, 1989, 39, 277-243.
* Gastric campylobacter-like organisms: Their role in gastric disease
of laboratory animals. Fox, J. G. & Lee, A. (Div. of Comparative
Medicine, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 543-553.
* Macular disease in related rhesus monkeys. Dawson, W. W., Ulshafer,
R. J., Engel, H. M., Hope, G. M., & Kessler, M. J. (Dept. of
Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL
32611).
Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1989, 71, 253-263.
* Peripheral neuropathy in diabetic monkeys. Cornblath, D. R.,
Hillman, M. A., Striffler, J. S., Herman, C. N., & Hansen, B. C. (Meyer
2-147, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205).
Diabetes, 1989, 38, 1365-1370.
* Spectrum of disease in macaque monkeys chronically infected with
SIV/SMM. McClure, H. M., Anderson, D. C., Fultz, P. N., Ansari, A. A.,
Lockwood, E., & Brodie, A. (Div. of Pathobiology & Immunobiology, Yerkes
Regional Primate Research Center, Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322).
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1989, 21, 13-24.
* 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecsta-
sy") selectively destroys
brain serotonin terminals in rhesus monkeys. Insel, T. R., Battaglia,
G., Johannessen, J. N., Marra, S., & De Souza, E. B. (E. B. De Souza,
Lab. of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Branch, NIDAA Research Center, P.O.
Box 5180, Baltimore, MD 21224).
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1989, 249,
713-720.
* Chronic exposure of primates to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields:
I. Exposure system and measurements of general health and performance.
Wolpaw, J. R., Seegal, R. F., & Dowman, R. (CNS Studies Section,
Wadsworth Labs, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201).
Bioelectromagnetics, 1989, 10, 277-288.
Animal Welfare
* Beyond cruelty. McCabe, K.
The Washingtonian, 1990, 25[5], 72-77, 185-195.
[Copies available from
Washingtonian Magazine, 1828 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036]
* Physiological perspectives on nonhuman primate well-being.
Sapolsky, R. (Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA
94305).
SCAW Newsletter, 1989, 11[3], 4-8.
Behavior
* Allogrooming, partner choice, and dominance in male anubis baboons.
Easley, S. P., Coelho, A. M. Jr., & Taylor, L. L. (Behavioral Medicine
Lab., Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX
78284).
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1989, 80, 353-368.
* A ten-month study of endogenous testosterone levels and behaviour
in outdoor-living female rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatta). Turner, J. J., Herndon, J. G., Ruiz de Elvira,
M.-C., & Collins, D. C. (Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory
Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322).
Primates, 1989, 30, 523-530.
* Variability in the development of mother-infant relationships among
free-ranging Japanese macaques. Tanaka, I. (Dept. of Anthropology,
Faculty of Science, Univ. of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113
Japan).
Primates, 1989, 30, 477-491.
* Prior experience of risk and individual differences in enterprise
shown by rhesus monkey infants in the second half of their first year.
Simpson, M. J. A., Gore, M. A., Janus, M., & Rayment, R. D. G. (M.R.C.
Unit on the Development and Integration of Behaviour, Cambridge Univ.,
High Street, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England).
Primates, 1989, 30, 493-509.
* A twenty-year study of long-term and temporary dominance relations
among stumptailed macaques
(Macaca arctoides). Rhine, R. J., Cox, R. L., & Costello, M. B.
(Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 19, 69-82.
* Gender differences in visual habit formation in 3-month-old rhesus
monkeys. Bachevalier, J., Hagger, C., & Bercu, B. B. (Lab. of
Neuropsychology, NIMH, Bldg. 9, Room 1N107, Bethesda, MD 20892).
Developmental Psychobiology, 1989, 22, 585-599.
Care
* Management of individual body weight growth of infant squirrel
monkey
(Saimiri sciureus) in indoor breeding colony. Hamano, M., Yoshida,
T., Cho, F., & Goto, N. (Corporation for Production and Research of
Laboratory Primates, Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan).
Experimental Animals, 1990, 39, 43-48. (Japanese, with English
abstract)
* A perch for primate squeeze cages. Schmidt, E. M., Dold, G. M., &
McIntosh, J. S. (Laboratory of Neural Control, NINCDS, Bethesda, MD
20205).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 166-167.
* Evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of two environmental
enrichment objects for singly caged rhesus macaques. Reinhardt, V.
(Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 1223 Capitol Court,
Madison, WI 53715).
Lab Animal, 1989, 18[6], 31-33.
Conservation
* Translocation as a strategy for preserving endangered species.
Tasse, J. (School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109).
Endangered Species UPDATE, 1989, 6[11-12], 6.
* Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation: Guidelines for
reintroducing endangered species into the wild. Kleiman, D. G. (Dept. of
Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008).
BioScience, 1989, 39, 152-161.
Development
* Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth in baboons: Adiposity
measured by skinfold thickness. Coelho, A. M. Jr. & Rutenberg, G. W.
(Behavioral Medicine Lab., Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research,
San Antonio, TX 78284).
American Journal of Human Biology, 1989, 1, 429-442.
Disease
* Clinical aspects of African viral hemorrhagic fevers. Gear, J. H.
S. (National Inst. for Virology, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South
Africa).
Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 1989, 11[Suppl. 4], S777-S782.
* Immunogenicity and efficacy testing in chimpanzees of an oral
hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus. Lubeck, M. D.,
Davis, A. R., Chengalvala, M., Natuk, R. J., Morin, J. E.,
Molnar-Kimber, K., Mason, B. B., Bhat, B. M., Mizutani, S., Hung, P. P.,
& Purcell, R. H. (Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Biotechnology & Microbiology
Div., P.O. Box 8299, Philadelphia, PA 19101).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 1989, 86,
6763-6767.
* Malaria research -- What next? Marshall, E.
Science, 1990, 247, 399-402.
* Amyloidosis in pigtailed macaques
(Macaca nemestrina): Epidemiologic aspects. Slattum, M. M.,
Rosenkranz, S. L., DiGiacomo, R. F., Tsai, C.-C., & Giddens, W. E., Jr.
(Div. of Animal Medicine, School of Medicine, Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 560-566.
* Tuberculosis in newly imported Tibetan macaques
(Macaca thibetans). Janssen, D. L., Anderson, M. P., Abildgaard,
S., & Silverman, S. (Dept. of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo, San
Diego, CA 92112).
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1989, 20,
315-321.
* Focal ulcerative ileocolitis with terminal thrombocytopenic purpura
in juvenile cotton top tamarins
(Saguinus oedipus). Snook, S. S., Canfield, D. R., Sehgal, P. K., &
King, N. W., Jr. (Dept. of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical
School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA
01772).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 109-114.
* Dental pathologies in ten free-ranging chimpanzees from Gombe
National Park, Tanzania. Kilgore, L. (Dept. of Anthropology, San Jose
State Univ., San Jose, CA 95192).
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1989, 30, 219-227.
* Reappearance of hepatitis D virus (HDV) replication in chronic
hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees rechallanged with HDV. Negro, F.,
Shapiro, M., Satterfield, W. C., Gerin, J. L., & Purcell, R. H. (J. L.
Gerin, Div. of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Georgetown Univ. Medical
Center, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852).
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1989, 160, 567-571.
* Asymptomatic infection of the central nervous system by the macaque
immunosuppressive type D retrovirus, SRV-1. Lackner, A. A., Marx, P. A.,
Lerche, N. W., Gardner, M. B., Kluge, J. D., Spinner, A., Kwang, H.-S.,
& Lowenstine, L. J. (California Primate Research Center, Univ. of
California, Davis, CA 95616).
Journal of General Virology, 1989, 70, 1641-1651.
* Studies on tanapox virus. Knight, J. C., Novembre, F. J., Brown, D.
R., Goldsmith, C. S., & Esposito, J. J. (J. J. Esposito, Div. of Viral
and Rickettsial Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta,
GA 30333).
Virology, 1989, 172, 116-124.
* Streptococcus zooepidemicus infections of possible horsemeat
source in red-bellied tamarins and Goeldi's monkeys. Schiller, C. A.,
Wolff, M. J., Munson, L., & Montali, R. J. (Dept. of Pathology, National
Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institutions, Washington, DC 20008).
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1989, 20, 322-327.
* Interactions between simian immunodeficiency virus and
Mycobacterium leprae in experimentally inoculated rhesus monkeys.
Gormus, B. J., Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Zhang, J.-y., Baskin, G.
B., Trygg, C. B., Walsh, G. P., & Meyers, W. M. (Delta Regional Primate
Research Center, Tulane Univ., Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433).
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1989, 160, 405-413.
Instruments & Techniques
* Antigen capture assay for detection of simian type D retroviruses
in cell cultures and plasma samples. Tsai, C.-C., Yarnall, M., Follis,
K. E., & Benveniste, R. E. (Regional Primate Research Center, Univ. of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 554-559.
* Video-task assessment of learning and memory in macaques
(Macaca mulatta): Effects of stimulus movement on performance.
Washburn, D. A., Hopkins, W. D., & Rumbaugh, D. M. (Dept. of Psychology,
Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA 30303).
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,
1989, 15, 393-400.
* Gorilla radiotelemetry: A cautionary note. Cooper, R. W. & Evans,
S. (1043 W. Orange Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92706).
Gorilla Gazette, 1989, 3[3], 3, 16.
* Systems for collection of urine in the captive common marmoset,
Callithrix jacchus. Lunn, S. F. (MRC Reproductive Biology Unit,
Centre for Reproductive Biology, 37 Chalmers Street, Edinburgh EH3 9EW,
UK).
Laboratory Animals, 1989, 23, 353-356.
* Magnetic resonance imaging and peripheral blood abnormalities in
experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Rose, L. M., Richards, T. L., &
Alvord, E. C., Jr. (Dept. of Pathology, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195).
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 1989, 43, 347-353.
Nutrition
* Consumption of cyanogenic bamboo by a newly discovered species of
bamboo lemur. Glander, K. E., Wright, P. C., Seigler, D. S., Nasolo, V.
R., & Randrianasolo, B. (Dept. of Biological Anthropology & Anatomy,
Wheeler Building, 3705B Erwin Rd., Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27705).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 19, 119-124.
* Exudate-eating by wild golden lion tamarins
Leontopithecus rosalia. Peres, C. (Dept. of Wildlife & Range
Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611).
Biotropica, 1989, 21, 287-288.
* The feeding ecology of lowland gorillas in Gabon. Rogers, E. (Dept.
of Zoology, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland).
Anthroquest, 1989, 39, 12-14.
* Experimental maternal and neonatal folate status relationships in
nonhuman primates. Blocker, D. E., Ausman, L. M., Meadows, C. A., &
Thenen, S. W. (S. W. Thenen, Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, Univ. of
Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108).
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989, 50, 120-128.
Pharmacology & Anesthesia
* Benzodiazepines and appetite: recent pre-clinical advances and
their clinical implications. Cooper, S. J. (School of Psychology, Univ.
of Birmingham, Birmingham B14 2TT, UK).
Human Psychopharmacology, 1989, 4, 81-89.
* Treatment of acute postoperative anemia with recombinant human
erythropoietin. Levine, E. A., Rosen, A. L., Sehgal, L. R., Gould, S.
A., Egrie, J. C., Sehgal, H. L., & Moss, G. S. (A. L. Rosen, Dept. of
Surgery, Michael Reese Hospital, Lake Shore Drive at 31st Street,
Chicago, IL 60616).
The Journal of Trauma, 1989, 29, 1134-1139.
* Analgesic effects of phencyclidine-like drugs in rhesus monkeys.
France, C. P., Snyder, A. M., & Woods, J. H. (Dept. of Pharmacology,
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109).
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1989, 250,
197-201.
* Effects of xylazine on cerebrospinal fluid catecholamines in the
rhesus monkey. Mefford, I. N. & Garrick, N. A. (Bldg. 10, Room 2D46,
NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892).
Brain Research, 1989, 492, 377-380.
Physiology
* Perinephritis hypertension in
Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey): Studies of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and renal hemodynamic function.
DeForrest, J. M., Scalese, R. J., Oehl, R. S., Waldron, T. L., Mitch,
S., Brittain, R. J., Free, C. A., Asaad, M., & Burkett, D. (Dept. of
Pharmacology, Squibb Inst. for Medical Research, P.O. Box 4000,
Princeton, NJ 08543-4000).
Journal of Hypertension, 1989, 7, 763-767.
* A comparison of hematological and serum biochemical values between
two groups of female cynomolgus monkeys reared under different
conditions. Yoshida, T., Ohtoh, K., Cho, F., & Goto, N. (Tsukuba Primate
Center for Medical Science, National Inst. of Health, Hachimandai 1,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan).
Experimental Animals, 1990, 39, 21-26. (Japanese, with English
abstract)
* A longitudinal study of the effect of different social rearing
conditions on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and biogenic amine
metabolites in rhesus monkeys. Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Schmidt, D.
E., & McKinney, W. T. (Harlow Primate Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI 53715).
Neuropsychopharmacology, 1989, 2, 175-189.
* Free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatta): I. Body size, proportion, and allometry.
Turnquist, J. E. & Kessler, M. J. (Dept. of Anatomy, Univ. of Puerto
Rico School of Medicine, GPO Box 5067, San Juan, PR 00936).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 19, 1-13.
* Free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatta): II. Passive joint mobility.
Turnquist, J. E. & Kessler, M. J. (Address same as above).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 19, 15-23.
* Hormonal effects of early rearing conditions in the infant rhesus
monkey. Champoux, M., Coe, C. L., Schanberg, S. M., Kuhn, C. M., &
Suomi, S. J. (Primate Facility 7-930T, Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral
Sciences, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5095).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 19, 111-117.
* Hematologic and serum chemistry values in
Callicebus moloch cupreus. Roberts, J. & Mendoza, S. P. (California
Primate Research Center, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 163-165.
* Body temperature of newborn cynomolgus monkeys. Ono, T., Suzuki, M.
T., Narita, H., & Cho, F. (Corporation for Production & Research of
Laboratory Primates, Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan).
Experimental Animals, 1989, 38, 293-296. (Japanese, with English
summary)
* Decreased insulin- and glucagon-pulse amplitude accompanying beta-cell
deficiency induced by streptozocin in baboons. Goodner, C. J., Koerker,
D. J., Weigle, D. S., & McCulloch, D. K. (Div. of Endocrinology,
Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98104).
Diabetes, 1989, 38, 925-931.
Reproduction
* Ovarian cyclicity, hormones, and behavior as markers of aging in
female pigtailed macaques
(Macaca nemestrina). Short, R., England, N., Bridson, W. E., &
Bowden, D. M. (Univ. of Washington, Primate Field Station, Medical Lake,
WA 99022).
Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 1989, 44, B131-138.
* Patas monkey copulations: One mount, repeat if necessary. Loy, J.
(Dept. of Sociology & Anthropology, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
02881).
American Journal of Primatology, 1989, 18, 57-62.
* Dynamics of steroid biosynthesis during the luteal-placental shift
in rhesus monkeys. Ellinwood, W. E., Stanczyk, F. Z., Lazur, J. J., &
Novy, M. J. (M. J. Novy, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, 505 NW
185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006).
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1989, 69,
348-355.
* Suckling behaviour and fertility in rhesus macaques
(Macaca mulatta). Gomendio, M. (MRC Unit on the Development and
Integration of Behaviour, Univ. of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge, CB3
8AA, UK).
Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 1989, 217, 449-467.
* Suppression of male rhesus testicular function and sexual behavior
by a gonadotropin-releasing-hormone agonist. Davis-DaSilva, M. & Wallen,
K. (Dept. of Psychology, Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322).
Physiology & Behavior, 1989, 45, 963-968.
* * *
-------------------------------------------------------------------
In many cases, the original source of references in this section
has been the Current Primate References prepared by The Primate Information Center, Regional Primate Research Center SJ-50, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98l95. Because of this excellent source of
references, the present section is devoted primarily to presentation
of abstracts of articles of practical or of general interest. In most
cases, abstracts are those of the authors.
* * *
CDC Letter of March 15
Dr. William L. Roper, Director of the Centers for Disease Control,
Atlanta, GA, sent a letter to all U.S. primate importers on March 15,
1990, with copies to the Regional Primate Centers, major airline
carriers, and some other interested parties. Here are some excerpts
which are of interest to all persons who work with nonhuman primates.
They should be read in connection with the article from WHO on
pages 1-2 of this issue, and the handling guidelines on pages
2-4.
Serologic study of different species of monkeys from different countries
reveals that approximately 10 percent have evidence of prior infection with
filoviruses (the family to which Ebola and Marburg viruses belong).
At the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases,
experimental inoculation of three cynomolgus monkeys with virus recovered from
the November-December episode led to the development of typical Ebola
hemorrhagic manifestations with death in two.
At least 173 persons in the United States have been in contact with monkeys (or
their blood or tissues) from infected lots since the virus was First
identified. None has developed illness suggestive of Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
However, one person has been found to have antibodies to Ebola virus. In
addition, specimens have been examined from 45 monkey handlers in the
Philippines; one was positive for antibodies to Ebola virus.
On-site inspections of several importers' facilities during February and early
March indicates uneven adherence to the interim guidelines and
recommendations.
Consequently, CDC officials believe that additional disease control measures
are necessary at this time to reduce further the risk of human disease. In
accordance with the 'authority of Sections 361 and 362 of the Public Health
Service Act (41 U.S.C. 264 and 265), and regulations contained in 42 CFR Part
71, the following actions are being implemented immediately:
1. Isolation and quarantine of all arriving nonhuman primates shall be carried
out in accordance with the standards contained in the Interim Guidelines for
Handling Nonhuman Primates during Transit and Quarantine [reproduced on
pages 2-4 of this issue]. Compliance with these isolation and quarantine
standards is hereby made a mandatory condition for, continued
registration as an importer of nonhuman primates under 42 CFR Part 71.
2. Unannounced on-site inspection by CDC personnel of currently registered
importers to determine compliance will begin immediately.
3. Importers found not to be appropriately isolating and.quarantining
nonhuman primates will be subject to revocation of their registration in
accordance with 42 CFR 71.53(h).
You should know that CDC is considering imposing a temporary ban on the
importation into the United States of cynomolgus monkeys.
In this regard, CDC is working with other government agencies, the private
sector, and foreign governments to gather more information to assess
definitively the risk of Ebola infection in humans exposed to infected monkeys
or their blood or tissues. This will include assessment of the extent of
Filovirus infection in wild monkeys in each of the countries of origin;
assessment of the extent and severity of filovirus infection in persons
handling monkeys in countries of origin and in import, quarantine, and research
facilities in the United States; more detailed information on the uses of
cynomolgus monkeys; and retrospective assessment of the extent of previous
importation of filoviruses into the United States.
NABR Alert of March 26
On March 22, CDC revoked the import registrations of three of the largest
dealers of research primates -- Charles River Primates, Hazleton Research
Products, and Worldwide Primates of Miami. Based on CDC site visits last week,
these three dealers, which account for at least threequarters of all imports,
did not meet new isolation and quarantine rules (pages 2-4 of this issue)
in all respects. These dealers are implementing the necessary corrective
actions and are working closely with CDC to achieve complete compliance with
new requirements. It is expected that their importer registrations can be
reinstated very soon. However, until reinstatement, the three importers may
not accept nonhuman primate shipments.
Effective March 23, New York State Commissioner of Health David Axelrod
ordered that no cynomolgus, African green, or rhesus monkeys will be allowed
into New York unless they are accompanied by written documentation showing that
they have been quarantined for at least 60 days immediately prior to shipment
and that they have tested negative for antibodies to filovirus. Once inside
New York, the monkeys also must undergo a second 60 day quarantine and
retesting. Presently, about 80% of the primates imported here enter at New
York's Kennedy Airport. Currently in this country, and perhaps the world, only
CDC and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases are
able to do filovirus and antibody testing. CDC cannot predict when antigen
necessary for testing can be provided to other laboratories and CDC cannot
handle testing of screen samples at this time.
To obtain input from individuals, organizations, and institutions involved in
the transport, quarantine, care, use, and regulation of nonhuman primates, CDC
held an open meeting in Atlanta on Friday, March 23. The agenda was 1) actions
taken to date to prevent the importation of filoviruses into the U.S. and their
transmission to animal handlers, 2) potential impact of imposing a temporary
ban on importation of cynomolgus monkeys, and 3) additional disease control
measures. Representatives of regional primate research centers, other research
facilities, and pharmaceutical companies reported that cynomolgus are an
extremely important species for drug development and testing, vaccine potency
and safety testing, and biomedical research. It was estimated that one-quarter
of all neuroscience research depends on the cynomolgus, and about three-fourths
of all drug testing in nonhuman primates is done with cynomolgus.
CDC asked for comments and suggestions concerning the items above, and will be
makin 9 decisions about them. [For up-to-date, official information,
contact the CDC Press Office at 404-639-3286.] -- From the
NABR Alert, 1990, 12[l].
* * *
All correspondence concerning the Newsletter should be addressed to:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Newsletter is supported by U. S. Public Health
Cover drawing of a mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla berengei)
by Dr. Robert M. George, Department of Anatomy,
University of South Carolina
Copyright @1990 by Brown University
Editor: Judith E. Schrier, M. Sc.
This work was done as part of the activities of the Peruvian
Primatological Project "Manuel Moro Sommo," supported by the letter of
understanding ICF/ZNS/010 between the Peruvian Government and the Pan
American Health Organization.
Grants Available
Environmental Enrichment Program for Caged
Stump-tailed Macaques (Macaca arctoides)
I am grateful to Mr. John Wolf for editing this manuscript.
The environmental enrichment program is supported by NIH grant
RR-00167 to the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center.
News Briefs
Letter: Stamp Collection for Sale
Directory of Graduate Programs: Addendum
. . PROGRAM NAME AND DESCRIPTION: Scottish Primate Research Group.
Increasing collaboration over recent years has led to the formation of
this research group with a core membership of fieldworkers from the 3
universities. Each institution provides funds to facilitate regular
attendance at joint research meetings. Field studies are carried out at
3 major African sites, and cotton-top tamarins are studied in a spacious
breeding colony at Stirling.
. .
FACULTY AND THEIR SPECIALTIES: Elizabeth Rogers (Zoology, Edinburgh,
Feeding ecology of African apes); William C. McGrew (Psychology,
Stirling, Socio-ecology of wild apes and caged tamarins); Richard Byrne
(Psychology, St Andrews, Deception in primates, foraging behavior);
Andrew Whiten (Psychology, St Andrews, Developmental behavioral ecology,
social learning, cognition).
. . FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: Dr. D. Milner, Postgraduate Admissions,
Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JU,
Scotland; Dr. W. C. McGrew, Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Stirling,
Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.
Xenospecific Enrichment at the Primate Research Institute
Living Continuously with a Compatible Companion is not
a Distressing Experience for Rhesus Monkeys
Thanks are due to Mr. John Wolf for editing this manuscript and to
Mr. Robert Dodsworth for preparing Figure 1. This project was supported
by NIH grant RR-00167 to the WRPRC.
Conference on Well-being of Nonhuman Primates in Research
* increased hazard to handlers would result from increases in
required handling during transfer of the animals for exercise, providing
human interaction, and capturing animals in group housing situations.
* Increased hazard to the nonhuman primates in terms of stress
and fight wounds during the establishment of a social hierarchy in group
housing situations.
Research and Education Opportunities
Workshop Announcement
Meeting Announcements
Fyssen Foundation 1990 International Prize
Recent Books and Articles
(Addresses are those of first authors)
. . This book depicts the sequence of early apes and hominids, from
Aegyptopithecus to Cro-Magnon Man. "The paintings show the
different primates in their natural settings, reconstructed from
evidence of fossil plants and animals; the texts give a brief
description of each primate, its main adaptations to its environment,
how it lived, and particular points of interest especially those
relating to differences between groups."
. . Using a longitudinal approach, Antinucci and his
colleagues F. Natale, P. Poti>a, and G.
Spinozzi of the Ist. di Psicologia, C.N.R.,
Rome, attempt
to establish the time of
onset and extent of development of sensorimotor
coordination, physical cognition, and logical cognition in
macaques, cebus monkeys, and a gorilla.
In the penultimate chapter J. Langer of U.C. Berkeley compares
their data with his own and others' data for human children,
and offers some interesting hypotheses about the evolution
of human intelligence.
. . This issue contains articles on laboratory animal science in
Greece and Australia.
. . An annotated list, in a binder for easy updating, of
audiotapes, videotapes, slide sets,
and films which may be borrowed from the WRPRC Library.
* CITES: The Future of International Wildlife Trade.
. . These papers are available for $6 each from William C. Burns,
Director, Pacific Center for International Studies, 33 University Sq.,
Suite 184, Madison, WI 53715.
. . Papers from an invited session presented at the 1988 meeting of
the Animal Behavior Society. Contents:
I. Regulations. Oversight of the care and use of animals in animal
behavior research in the United States, by M. L. Stephens. Surveillance
of animal care and use in Canada, by G. R. Michener. Institutional
animal care and use committees: Making them responsible and responsive,
by J. A. Mench. Establishing an institutional animal care and use
committee at a small institution, by J. W. Driscoll & T. C. Rambo.
II. Issues and Problems. Animal research: The impact of federal
regulations on science and education in small colleges, by J. Demarest.
Ethical issues in the use of wild animals in behavioral and ecological
studies, G. R. Michener. The development of guidelines for the care and
use of agricultural animals, by W. R. Stricklin. Ethical treatment of
invertebrates: How do we define an animal, by J. A. Mather.
III. Procedures and Improvements. An interdisciplinary approach to
animal medical problems, by E. F. Gibbons, Jr. & M. K. Stoskopf. Applied
ethology as a tool for improving animal care in zoos, by F. W. Koontz &
P. R. Thomas. Psychological well-being: Applications to social groups of
nonhuman primates, by M. A. Novak. Environmental enrichment alternatives
for laboratory nonhuman primates, by K. A. L. Bayne. Evaluation of
attempts to enrich the environment of singly-caged non-human primates,
by S. W. Line, H. Markowitz, K. N. Morgan, & S. Strong.
. . Proceedings of a symposium entitled "Variability within
Galagos," held at the XIth Congress of the I.P.S., Göttingen, FRG,
July, 1986.
. . Immunocytochemistry displayed VP neurons in the diagonal band of
Broca (DBB), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), medial
amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, area of the locus
coeruleus (LC), solitary tract nuclei (NTS), and the dorsal horn of the
cervical spinal cord in addition to those known to exist in the
paraventricular, supraoptic, and suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei. A
dense accumulation of VP fibers was observed in areas such as the DBB,
medial septum, BST, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area,
periaquaductal gray, dorsal, and ventral raphe, area of Forel, LC
region, parabrachial nuclei, and NTS. No extrahypothalamic OXT neurons
were found in the brain. The distribution of the central VP and OXT
systems in this primate is quite different from that in the rat, but
similar to the human's. -- Editor's note: F. W. van Leeuwen
writes that a number of sections and parts of brain tissue from
control and colchicine treated animals are still available at
the Institute for immunocytochemical research.
. . The spatial density and inner segment areas of cones and rods were
measured across the whole mounted retinas of 3 adult pigtail macaques,
and maps were constructed of photoreceptor density and inner segment
diameter. The photoreceptor topography of the pigtail macaque is
qualitatively similar to that of other macaques and to humans.
. . Recordings on 2 treated cynomolgus monkeys showed at least 90% of
the nigral neurons of the compacta-type were degenerated.
Both the temporal and spatial magnitudes of inhibitions and excitations
are abnormal at the output of the basal ganglia in parkinsonism.
The dopamine agonist apomorphine normalized responses in these animals.
. . Administration of ZK 98.734 during early pregnancy caused a
significant drop in progesterone levels, and all pregnancies were
terminated. Post-treatment cycles in pregnant animals and non-pregnant
controls were ovulatory and of normal duration.
. . Doses of 4 mg/day intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days resulted,
depending on the date after midcycle peak in estradiol levels in mated
animals, in drops in progesterone levels, shortened ovarian cycle
length, vaginal bleeding, and expulsion of fetuses. Clinical trials for
postcoital contraception, induction of menstruation, and early
abortifacient effects are warranted.
. . Administration of ZK 98.299 during the follicular phase blocks
estradiol and bioactive LH release and terminates the follicular phase
in most animals. The follicular phase is reinitiated after treatment is
stopped.
. . An overview of the ecological and pathological role of gastric
spiral bacteria in domestic and laboratory animals, an essential first
step when considering the role and proper selection of animal models in
the study of
C. pylori gastroduodenal disease.
. . The eyes of 136 rhesus monkeys were examined. No eyes less than 10
years of age had confluent drusen or disciform-like lesions. The
incidence of drusen was much higher in samples of some social groups
than in those of others.
. . Nerve conduction was studied in both motor (peroneal, median, and
ulnar) and sensory (median and ulnar) nerves in 13 adult male rhesus
monkeys, 4 overtly diabetic and 9 nondiabetic. The diabetic animals had
significantly reduced motor conduction velocities and prolonged F-wave
latencies, and nerve conduction times were increased in their motor
fibers, which could be identified as early as 2 years after the onset of
hyperglycemia. These abnormalities are similar to those seen in humans
and suggest further study of these animals as a primate model of human
diabetic neuropathy.
. . 12 rhesus and 1 pig-tailed macaque have been monitored for 28-41
months following experimental treatment
with 10&S'4 TCID of SIV/SMM. 12 of the 13
animals became virus positive and seroconverted within 6 weeks of
exposure; the remaining animal seroconverted at 6 months, but has
remained virus negative. 6 animals died between 14 and 28 months
post-infection, following prolonged clinical disease characterized by
chronic diarrhea and weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy and
hemogram abnormalities. Histologic findings ranged from prominent
follicular hyperplasia to severe lymphoid depletion, with lymphoid
tissues often showing an infiltrate of syncytial giant cells. 1 animal
had intestinal cryptosporidiosis and 2 had brain lesions comparable to
those seen in AIDS encephalopathy in humans. 3 of the remaining 7
animals have an ARC-like disease and are showing gradual deterioration
of their clinical conditions. These animals, as well as animals that
died, had progressive decreases in CD4+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ cell
ratios. These observations further document the marked clinical,
pathologic, and immunologic similarities between AIDS and the
SIV-infected macaque model.
. . The potential neurotoxic hazard of MDMA in humans was assessed by
examining the effects of repeated systemic administration on selected
neurochemical and behavioral measures in rhesus monkeys. Potent and
selective effects on various brain serotonin parameters appear.
. . Exposure of pigtailed macaques to electric and magnetic fields at
strengths of 3 kV/m and 0.1 G, 10 kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G
for 3 21-day periods had no apparent effects on general health or
performance. Reliable and consistent results were obtained measuring
weight, blood chemistry, blood cell counts, performance on a simple
motor task, and postmortem examinations.
. . A defense of animal research and review of PETA activities.
. . Part of a presentation at a SCAW conference, "Well-being of
Nonhuman Primates in Research." The author concludes that human
intuition is not a good guide to what is ideal for an animal, and
that proposed USDA regulations fail to take that into account.
. . Behavioral measures obtained by focal animal sampling techniques
indicate that unrelated male baboons establish well-defined linear
dominance hierarchies, form allogrooming relationships with one another,
and exhibit a nonrandom distribution of allogrooming. When age, kinship,
and group tenure are controlled, however, performance and reception of
allogrooming are not strongly associated with dominance in single-gender
social groups of male anubis baboons.
. . Several behaviors were significantly positively correlated with
testosterone in from one to five of 11 females, but no trends were
strong enough across all females to suggest that any of these
correlations have species-wide significance.
. . Three possible factors controlling the mother-infant relationship
were examined using multivariate analysis. Parity was determined to
exert the strongest influence. Maternal rank was a less important
factor, and infant gender appeared to have no effect.
. . Infants of 37 to 44 weeks were attracted to a sawdust, grain, and
raisin mixture placed out of their mothers' reach. Enterprise was
measured in terms of the number of raisins taken. Infants of
non-top-ranking mothers took more raisins than infants of top-ranking
mothers, while infants receiving high levels of aggression from their
mothers or the adult males in their groups took more raisins than the
others. The problems of assessing "risk" faced by socially living
animals, and the mechanisms whereby experience of risk could enhance
enterprise, are discussed.
. . Stumptails displayed the matrilineal dominance organization found
for several other cercopithecine species. No animal maintained the same
dominance rank over the entire period of the research or over the last
16 years, but there was considerable consistency over long periods.
Variation in dominance ranks was greatest among members of mid-ranking
matrilines and least for the lowest ranking. The same female or her son
were the lowest ranking animals of their groups in all samples taken
over the entire 20 years.
. . The rate of learning concurrent visual discriminations with
24-hour intertrial intervals, a measure of habit formation, was assessed
in infant monkeys of both sexes and compared with the rate of learning
in adults. 3-month-old male monkeys learned an initial set of
discriminations (but not later sets) more slowly than 3-month-old
females, but the gender difference was absent in 6-month-old and adult
monkeys. There was a significant negative correlation between
testosterone levels and learning scores on the initial set in the
3-month-old male monkeys, which suggest that high testosterone levels
found perinatally in male monkeys temporarily slows maturation of the
neural system underlying visual habit formation.
. . Body weight data for squirrel monkeys from birth through 12
weeks of age was analyzed to see if there was a difference in the
growth rate calculated at weekly and less frequent intervals. For
monkeys whose body weight was above a calculated lower control limit
during the first 3 weeks after birth, no significant difference was
detected between rates calculated from 13 measurements, and those from 7
measurements. Labor saving changes in laboratory practices have
resulted. Several charts and graphs are included.
* Correspondence. Contel, N. R. (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,
Experimental Station, E400/2702, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 537.
. . Descriptions of 2 perches.
. . 25 monkeys spent on average 28% of observation time interacting
with suspended PVC pipes, but only 3% with loose branch segments, when
both were available simultaneously.
. . Description of the conditions likely to lead to success, with
examples from recent reintroduction efforts, including chimpanzees,
orangutans, and, especially, golden lion tamarins.
. . 48 clinically normal
Papio cynocephalus anubis were assigned to 3 groups, which were
underfed, overfed, or fed normally from birth to 16 weeks. Growth and
development of adiposity were assessed weekly from birth to 16 weeks,
and at 13 week intervals until 5 years of age. During the first 16
weeks, growth was strongly influenced by food shortages but not by
excesses. When the dietary treatment ceased, growth returned to
a more normal pattern within 26 weeks.
. . Salient clinical aspects of the 3 hemorrhagic fevers that have
occurred in the southern African region: Rift Valley fever, Marburg
hemorrhagic fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Case histories
are described. Ebola hemorrhagic fever has not been identified in
southern Africa.
. . The data demonstrate the feasibility of using orally administered
recombinant adenoviruses as a general approach to vaccination.
* High-tech and low-tech: Control strategies today. Cherfas, J.
Science, 1990, 247, 400-401.
* Malaria vaccines: The failed promise. Cherfas, J.
Science, 1990, 247, 402-403.
. . Today 100 million people have malaria, and the parasites are
becoming resistant to quinine-based drugs that have helped to keep the
disease in check. Attempts to control the disease by many strategies
have so far failed.
* Amyloidosis in pigtailed macaques
(Macaca nemestrina): Pathologic aspects. Slattum, M. M., Tsai,
C.-C., DiGiacomo, R. F., & Giddens, W. E., Jr. (Address same as above).
Laboratory Animal Science, 1989, 39, 567-570.
. . A retrospective study of 1952 necropsies over 15 years revealed
13% amyloidosis. Monkeys were at greater risk of developing amyloidosis
if they had a history of episodes of diarrhea, respiratory disease, or
trauma. Amyloid was present in the spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal
tract in nearly 75% of the affected monkeys.
. . Six Tibetan macaques arrived from a zoo in Asia for quarantine.
One animal had a positive reaction to an intradermal palpebral
tuberculin test using mammalian old tuberculin, and a second animal in
the group converted 30 days after arrival. Comparative abdominal
tuberculin tests showed minimal reactions. Thoracic radiographs were
normal. Mycobacterial cultures taken from feces, gastric lavages, and
tracheal washes were negative. While awaiting culture results, the two
reactors were isolated from the other animals in quarantine. These two
animals developed disseminated tuberculosis 5 months after their arrival.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from one animal, and
M. bovis from the other. One animal was euthanized because of
suspicious masses seen on the thoracic radiographs. This animal did not
have tuberculosis. The remaining three animals were isolated for 11
months and treated with isoniazid for 4 months. None of the 3 converted
to positive tuberculin status. In these cases, tuberculin testing with
mammalian old tuberculin at the palpebral site appeared to be the most
sensitive indicator of early infection. In contrast, antemortem
diagnostic techniques (i.e. comparative tuberculin testing, thoracic
radiographs, and mycobacterial cultures) were ineffective in diagnosing
tuberculosis prior to the presence of clinical disease. --
Associate Editor's note: The standard National Academy of
Science recommendation of five negative intrapalpebral tests at two week
intervals with full strength USDA mammalian old tuberculin was not
followed in this setting. This report tends to confirm the validity of
the combination entry and exit thoracic x-rays and 5 negative TB tests.
Also, triple antimicrobial therapy for 12 months has been shown to be
more effective than 4 months of isoniazid (Wolf, et al., Lab Animal
Science, 1988, 38, 25-33).
. . A newly recognized syndrome characterized by an acute focal
ulcerative ileocolitis, anemia, and thrombocytopenic purpura in 5
juvenile cotton-top tamarins is described. Traditional etiologies are
not considered likely etiologic agents, and nontraditional etiologies
such as anaerobes or pathologic strains of
Escherichia coli are now being considered. This syndrome is of
potential significance to ongoing research into the etiology of
idiopathic tamarin colitis.
. . The dental remains of ten adult chimpanzees were examined for
enamel attrition, caries, abscesses, periodontal disease, and tooth loss.
Age was the underlying factor in the development of dental pathology.
. . Four chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier chimpanzees, which
had apparently cleared hepatitis D virus (HDV) after a first
experimental challenge with HDV, were reinoculated with a homologous
strain of HDV. All animals had reappearance of low levels of serum HDV
RNA and transient, mild alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations,
in two cases correlated with HDV RNA positivity. Plasmas from 2
chimpanzees after rechallenge were inoculated into two other chronic HBV
carrier animals that had recovered from a previous HDV infection. A
similar reappearance of HDV RNA in serum (without ALT elevation) was
noticed. These same plasmas, however, when inoculated into a chronic HBV
carrier never exposed to HDV caused a severe acute hepatitis D.
Rechallenge with HDV in chimpanzees apparently recovered from a first
HDV infection resulted in the reappearance of HDV replication, sometimes
associated with hepatitis. This can be interpreted as reinfection with
HDV. Superinfection with the defective pathogen HDV leads to the
establishment of chronic HDV infection in chronic HBV carrier
chimpanzees.
. . SRV-1 infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has been
demonstrated in 13 out of 19 rhesus monkeys without histological or
clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction. Infectious virus in the
CNS was limited to the cerebrospinal fluid and was not detected in the
brain parenchyma by culture or immunohistochemistry, suggesting a
restricted cellular distribution of SRV-1 in the CNS.
. . Virus characterization studies were performed to meliorate the
taxonomic status of 3 currently unclassified, serologically related
viruses: Tanapox virus, Yaba-like disease virus, and Yaba monkey tumor
virus (YMTV). These studies, along with published viral characteristics,
support the formation of a new poxvirus genus: the suggested name is
Yatapoxvirus, and the genus currently comprises two species,
Tanapox virus and YMTV.
. . When uncooked horsemeat is to be fed to exotic species, the
products should be routinely cultured for
S. zooepidemicus, and strict sanitation practices carried out to
prevent inadvertent streptococcal infection in susceptible species. --
Associate Editor's note: Susceptible species include humans.
. . 34 rhesus monkeys were inoculated with
M. leprae inoculum isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys with
leprosy. Later it was learned that 1 of the donor mangabeys was
asymptomatically infected with SIV, so that 5 of the rhesus were
coinoculated with
M. leprae and SIV. 3 of the 5 (60%) became SIV-positive and
developed signs of leprosy and an AIDS-like illness, despite serologic
response patterns to
M. leprae antigens that usually indicate leprosy resistance. Only
21% of the animals who received SIV-free
M. leprae developed leprosy. Diminished lepromin skin test
responses and decreasing T-helper cell percentages were observed in
SIV-coinoculated rhesus with leprosy. These observations suggest that
SIV increases the susceptibility of rhesus monkeys to leprosy, possibly
related to loss of T-helper cell function.
. . A rapid, sensitive, and specific antigen capture (AC) assay has
been established for the detection of p27 core protein of SIADS type-D
retrovirus. Results of the AC assay were highly correlated with those of
reverse transcriptase, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting assays,
and the AC assay was faster and more sensitive.
. . Performance on tests of learning set, transfer index, matching to
sample, and delayed matching to sample using a video-task paradigm, in
which the animals responded to computer-generated images by manipulating
a joystick, was comparable to that obtained using the WGTA. Performance
was reliably and significantly better when the stimuli or discriminanda
moved than when they were stationary. These findings have implications
for the investigation of learning in other populations, as well as for
the application of the video-task paradigm to comparative study.
. . An AVM radiocollar mockup, and a bracelet made of excess strap
material from the collar, were placed on gorillas. The animals did not
tolerate either, and efforts to remove the bracelet caused serious
swelling of the hand.
. . Two systems are described for the collection of 24 hour urine
samples.
. . Using magnetic resonance imaging (NMI), 12 cynomolgous macaques in
which experimental allergic encephalomyelitis had been induced were
monitored twice weekly for the development of CNS lesions. Results
suggest that frequent analysis of T-cell subsets may provide a more
accurate means of predicting episodes of disease activity than clinical
or MRI evaluation.
. . Individual golden bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur aureus) each day
eat about 500 g of the growing tips of
Cephalostachyum cf viguieri, which contain 15 mg of cyanide per
100 g, thus daily ingesting about 12 times the lethal dose of
cyanide. The mechanism by which this small primate avoids the acute and
chronic symptoms of cyanide poisoning is unknown.
. . Exudates supplement the diet of several species of tamarins and
Goeldi's monkeys. During times of low fruit availability, exudates and
gums may comprise an important source of complex sugars, micronutrients,
and protein, particularly because exudates tend to be less seasonal than
other plant food items.
. . Data on the nutritional quality of fruits eaten over one annual
cycle, and partial data on other foods such as leaves and stems.
. . The influence of maternal dietary folic acid intake on folate
status was studied in
Cebus albifronsmonkeys by feeding 10 or 250
microg/100 kcal dietary folic acid during pregnancy and for 4 weeks
postpartum. Maternal, infant, and nonpregnant hematologic indices; blood
and liver folate concentrations; and urinary formiminoglutamic acid
excretion all varied with dietary folate intake and pregnancy status as
did milk folate concentration in lactating dams. Neonatal folate status
was related significantly to the dietary folate intake and folate status
of the mother during pregnancy and lactation.
. . The hyperphagic effect of benzodiazepines can be dissociated from
sedative and muscle-relaxant effects, and appears to be due to a direct
effect on appetite mechanisms. Recent research shows that
benzodiazepines enhance the hedonic quality of taste stimuli, and
indicates that this may determine their effects on food preferences and
food consumption.
. . A study to evaluate the effect of rHuEPO, administered
postoperatively, on a model of acute blood loss. The data show that
rHuEPO accelerates the recovery from anemia in the postoperative setting.
Treatment of acute blood loss with recombinant human erythropoietin may
significantly reduce requirements for homologous blood.
. . Results support the notion that PCP-like drugs (ketamine,
dextrorphan, (+)-N-allyl-nor-
metazocine [(+)-SKF 10,047], and (+)-5-methyl-
10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d) cyclohepten-5,10-
amine maleate (MK-801)) produce analgesic effects at subanesthetic doses.
Moreover, the analgesic effects of PCP and related drugs in rhesus
monkeys were not mediated by actions at the opioid receptors known to be
associated with analgesia.
. . The i.v. administration of xylazine, a potent, selective
alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, resulted in a 76% decrease in
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine in chair-adapted rhesus
monkeys. A significant decrease was observed within 1.5 hours of
administration and continued through the 3 hour course of sampling.
Dopamine was maximally decreased by 24% at 1.5 hours. Epinephrine was not
significantly decreased following xylazine administration. These data
suggest that norepinephrine release into monkey CSF, as an index of
central or peripheral norepinephrine turnover, is more sensitive to
alpha2-adrenergic agonists than is CSF dopamine or epinephrine.
. . Hypertension was induced in female cynomolgus monkeys by wrapping
both kidneys. Mean arterial pressure increased progressively during the
first 6 weeks, then remained at the elevated level; plasma renin
activity was elevated 2- to 5-fold for up to 10 weeks after the
hypertension; and plasma aldosterone concentration was elevated; all of
these remained elevated for up to 40 weeks after wrapping both kidneys.
Para-aminohippurate clearance and glomerular filtration rate were
significantly reduced during the first week, but returned to control
values by the second. Apparently bilateral perinephritis hypertension in
the monkey is dependent on increased activity of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. The ACE inhibitor captopril
normalized blood pressure regardless of the severity or duration of the
hypertension.
. . After weaning, animals were kept either alone in a small cage, or
in a medium-sized colony cage. Charts of body weights and hematological
and serum biochemical values are given for each group for the first 5
years of life, as well as results of canonical discriminant analysis.
. . Male rhesus monkey infants were deprived of maternal interaction,
peer interaction, or both, during the first 22 months of life.
Mother-deprived infants failed to develop the same pattern of
intercorrelations between compounds and month-to-month stability in
levels of neurotransmitter and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid as the
mother-reared infants.
. . Comprehensive baseline data on body size and proportions of 661
rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 24 hours to 25 years. Results show a
distinct intraspecific pattern for body proportions throughout the life
cycle.
. . Normative data on the passive mobility of the major joints of 661
free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Passive joint mobility changes in a
nonlinear fashion throughout the life cycle. The apparent rapid decline
in mobility from birth through puberty parallels rapid changes in body
size and proportions in young animals. Joint mobility is relatively
stable in prime-age adults, more restricted in older monkeys.
. . Plasma cortisol and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured in the
first month of life 1) basal and 2) 30 minutes following removal from
either the mother or the nursery.
Nursery-reared infants had lower basal GH levels and higher cortisol
levels than did mother-reared infants. Both GH and cortisol levels rose
significantly following separation and reached similar levels in the
mother-reared and nursery-reared infants. Nursery rearing of primate
infants significantly affected the baseline secretion of two important
endocrine systems, but did not appear to alter markedly the acute
endocrine response to a psychological stressor.
. . Values obtained from 16 clinically healthy, adult titi monkeys,
further evaluated by comparing them with serial samples collected from 4
healthy individuals over a period of a year.
. . The body temperatures (rectal) of 183 newborn babies which were
well cared for by their mothers was 33.0 to 37.7deg C about 10 hours after
birth. The body temperatures of 21 newborn babies which were not well
cared for ranged from 24.1 to 34.8 deg C. There are graphs of the body
temperatures at short intervals of 9 newborns for the first two or five
hours of life.
. . The effect of beta-cell deficiency on the spontaneous pulsatile
secretory pattern of the islets of Langerhans was studied in the baboon.
Measures of beta-cell function were correlated with the secretory pattern
before and at intervals after streptozocin administration.
The strong correlation of reduction in insulin-pulse amplitude with
increasing fasting glucose and decreasing glucose disappearance lends
support to growing evidence that the pattern of insulin secretion is an
important determinant of normal glucose homeostasis.
. . Mount, present, and activity were found to be lower in old than in
young females. Ovarian cyclicity was less regular, estradiol was lower,
and FSH and LH were higher in old than in young females. Correlations
suggested two dimensions of reporductive function, a behavioral
dimension and a physiological dimension.
. . Quantitative data on the copulatory behavior of two adult males.
Both usually gave pelvic thrusts to intravaginal ejaculation once they
had mounted a female and gained intromission. Mounts without ejaculation
were clearly failed attempts at copulation, rather than segments of a
stereotyped series-mount pattern. Apparently the species-typical mating
pattern for patas monkeys is copulation in a single mount.
. . It is concluded that during the luteal-placental shift 1) the
corpus luteus (CL) loses most of its ability to secrete progesterone
(P), but develops a greater capacity for estrogen biosynthesis; 2)
increased estrogen production is a result of increased CL androgen
secretion secondary to elevated 17-hydroxylase and 17-20 lyase activity
unaccompanied by an increase in aromatase activity; 3) Estradiol (E&s'2.)
is the major estrogen secreted by the CL of the cycle, while estrone is
primarily secreted by the CL of early pregnancy; 4) the elevated serum
E&s'2 and androstenedione levels originate from the CL, but testosterone
and a substantial portion of the E&s'2 are formed at an extraluteal
site(s), and 5) the placenta synthesizes large amounts of P as early as
day 23 after conception, but does not gain substantial aromatase
activity until the 6th week of pregnancy.
. . Data collected for a year among 6 captive social groups, along
with supplementary data from 3 more years, indicate that infants whose
mothers became pregnant during the following season sucked less
frequently than those whose mothers did not conceive. Suckling
frequencies seemed to have to drop considerably for a successful
conception to take place. After the breeding season, mothers who had
become pregnant continued to decrease their investment in the current
infant, presumably as a result of the allocation of resources to the
unborn offspring. The number of nipple contacts an infant makes within a
bout may also have physiological consequences that might affect the
likelihood of conception.
. . The sexual behavior of 4 adult rhesus males tested singly with a
group of 9 intact adult females was examined during short-term,
counterbalanced, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone
(GnRH)-agonist-induced
testicular suppression and control treatment. Males differed in the
extent that testicular suppression reduced their sexual behavior, but
the frequency of sexual behavior was, overall, reduced more markedly
than previously reported in pair-tested castrates during a similar
time-period.
CDC Mandates Guidelines, Considers Import Restrictions
Judith E. Schrier, Psychology Department, Box 1853, Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island 02912. (Phone: 401-863-2511)
Judith_Schrier@brown.edu
Service Grant RR-00419 from the Animal Resources Program,
Division of Research Resources, N.I.H.
Associate Editor: James S. Harper, D.V.M.
Consulting Editor: Morris L. Povar, D.V.M.
Copy Editor: Elva Mathiesen, B. A.
Founding Editor: Allan M. Schrier, Ph.D.
