The interaction of human papillomavirus (HPV) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represents one of the most "dangerous liaisons" for women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding and addressing the modifiable co-factors described above could have profound implications on strategies to address cervical cancer in low to middle income countries beyond implementation of HPV 16/18-based vaccines (even if made affordable) and current screen and treat approaches for patients with abnormal Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA).