Laboratory Primate Newsletter

VOLUME 45 NUMBER 3 JULY 2006
Printable (PDF) Version of this issue

CONTENTS

Articles and Notes

Hormonal Correlates of Post-Conceptive Mating in Female Japanese Macaques, by A. C. O’Neill, L. M. Fedigan, and T. E. Ziegler......1

Finding New Homes for Ex-Laboratory and Surplus Zoo Primates, by M. J. Prescott......5

More Fun with a Barrel Full of Monkeys: A Nonhuman Primate Swing Made by Recycling Plastic Barrels, by E. Davis......9

Using Recycled Barrel Swings vs. Prima-Hedrons in Primate Enclosures, by K. E. Miller, K. Laszlo, and S. J. Suomi......12

Is a Swimming Pool Safe for Macaques? A Discussion......13

News, Information, and Announcements

USDA Inspection Process Changes Can Be Expected......4

Volunteers Wanted – South Africa......12

Donations Sought for Sylvia Taylor Memorial Session......14

Proposed Amendment to Animal Welfare Act......15

Resources Available......15
. . . Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates; NIH Curriculum Supplements for Middle Schools; WAZA’s Virtual Zoo

Announcements from Publications: ILAR e-Journal......16

Travelers’ Health Notes: International Assn for Medical Assistance to Travelers......16

Awards Granted......17
. . . IPS Conservation Grants and Award Winners; 2005/2006 ABS Research Grant Results

Call for Award Nominations: Fyssen Foundation 2006 Prize Fellowships......17

Grants Available......18
. . . Oral Biology of HIV Infection; Developmental Psychopharmacology; NHP Islet/Kidney Transplantation Tolerance

Meeting Announcements......19

News Briefs......22
. . . Orangutan, 44, dies at St. Louis Zoo; New Manager at Sweetwaters, Kenya; DRC Entrusts Two Reserves to Communities; Monkeys Ruin Crops in Puerto Rico; Monkey Menace in Kendrapara, India; Second Ohio State Chimp Dies at Texas Sanctuary; Chimps Kill Tour Driver, Escape from Sanctuary; Gorilla Haven Receives Second Resident; Monkeys destroy crops in Tanzania

Research and Educational Opportunities......24
. . . Wildlife Medicine, Management, and Conservation; Ialatsara Lemur Forest Camp, Madagascar

Information Requested or Available......24
. . . NIH Extramural Nexus; More Interesting Websites

Departments

Positions Available......15
. . . Laboratory Animal Veterinarian – Bethesda; Research Specialist – Princeton University; Senior Animal Program Veterinarian – Bethesda

Two Positions at CERCOPAN in Nigeria......16
. . . Deputy Director; Volunteer Veterinarian

Address Change......16

Recent Books and Articles......25

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Hormonal Correlates of Post-Conceptive Mating in Female Japanese Macaques

Introduction

Although post-conceptive sexual activity has widely been reported in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata; see e.g., Eaton, 1978; Mitsunaga et al., 1992; Nigi et al., 1990; Soltis et al., 2002; Takahata, 1980; Wolfe, 1979), the relationship between such behavior and the hormonal status of the females has not been previously documented. Pregnancy is associated with marked fluctuations in concentrations of progesterone and estrogen, which are known to affect behavior (Dixson, 1998; Soltis et al., 1999). This study examines hormonal correlates of post-conceptive mating in the Arashiyama West group of Japanese macaques.

In captivity, rhesus monkeys have been observed to copulate during pregnancy, displaying a secondary peak in mating between the 6th and 10th week of gestation, when progesterone levels temporarily drop (Bielert et al., 1976). Furthermore, Wilson et al. (1982) found that female rhesus who displayed post-conceptive mating activity exhibited a drop in progesterone concentrations below an apparently critical level, whereas females who did not exhibit post-conceptive mating had comparatively higher concentrations of progesterone.

Female pig-tailed macaques also exhibit a peak in mating between weeks 4 and 10 (Maestripieri, 1999); however they do not show a decrease in progesterone levels until week 16, by which time the frequency of post-conceptive mating activity has all but ceased. In addition, some non-macaque cercopithecoid species have been reported to exhibit post-conceptive mating (e.g., sooty mangabeys: Gust, 1994; blue monkeys: Pazol, 2003) and at least one of these (Hanuman langurs: Sommer, 1993) showed a peak in post-conceptive mating during the 6th to 10th week of gestation.

Here we describe the hormonal correlates as well as the timing, frequency, and sex of partners involved in post-conceptive mating, information that may shed some light on the etiology of this form of nonconceptive mating in Japanese macaques. Our objective was to examine the timing of mating during the gestational period and the relationship to changing levels of excreted reproductive steroid metabolites.

Methods

The subjects were 8 adult female Japanese macaques living in a 65-acre enclosure at the Arashiyama West Texas Snow Monkey Sanctuary. For details of group structure and history, see O’Neill, 2000, and Fedigan & Asquith, 1991. Behavioral data were collected from October through April during the 1997/1998 breeding season. A total of 41 to 48 hours of focal data per female were collected. For the females that conceived, approximately 30 to 35 hours of that data was during gestation. Focal data were collected daily, but each female was followed only 3 or 4 times/week. Fecal samples were collected two to three times per week from each of the eight target females between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.

The two main fecal metabolites of estrogens are estradiol and estrone, and the progestins may metabolize as progesterone or pregnanediol. Analysis by radioimmunoassay revealed that estrone and pregnanediol were the most abundant fecal metabolites of estrogens and progestins in female Japanese macaques. Extraction of ovarian steroids (estrone-glucuronide [E1] and pregnanediol-glucuronide [PdG]) was performed as described by Strier and Ziegler (1997) and Ziegler et al. (1997). Fecal samples were analyzed using enzyme immunoassays; see O’Neill (2000) and O’Neill et al. (2004b), for a detailed description of assays and validations.

A Spearman nonparametric correlation was used to analyze the relationship between hormone levels and mounting behavior during pregnancy.

Results

Hormone levels during early pregnancy

Mean PdG levels were 50.01 ng/g in the first week of gestation, increasing to 100.70 ng/g by the 5th week, followed by a temporary drop in weeks 6 through 8, averaging 56.03 ng/g, then steadily increasing to 131.18 ng/g by the 18th week (Figure 1). E1 levels were highly variable for the initial weeks of gestation, but then showed a steady increase by the 14th week (Figure 1). A positive correlation was found between PdG and E1 levels (Spearman: rs= 0.51, P<0.05), showing a parallel rise in both hormones as the pregnancy nears term.

During the study period, four of the eight females conceived after 1 to 4 cycles. The mean gestation length for the four females that carried to term was calculated to be 175 ± 12.8 days (Table 1, median=173 days).

Post-conceptive mating

The majority of post-conceptive mating occurred during weeks 6-11 of gestation (Figure 1). The rate of post-conceptive mounts was similar for both heterosexual and same-sex pairs (mounts received: 13.17/hour for same-sex and 16.86/hour for heterosexual; mounts directed: 5.13/hour for same-sex and 5.67/hour for heterosexual). We have previously reported that same-sex mating presents very similar patterns to heterosexual mating activity (O’Neill et al., 2004a).

We found that weeks with higher levels of mounting were significantly associated with decreases in PdG levels relative to the previous week (Spearman: rs = 0.59; p < 0.05).

Discussion

The mean gestation length that we calculated for these Japanese macaque females was comparable to earlier findings based on non-hormonal studies. Nigi (1976) reported a mean gestation length of 173 ± 6.9 days and Kawai (1966) reported a gestation period of 171-180 days.

Figure 1: Mean pregnanediol (PdG) and estrone (E1) levels in four Japanese macaque females during the initial 19 weeks of gestation, and total number of mounts observed being received and directed by those females during those weeks.

PdG and E1 levels showed fluctuations in the initial 100 days of gestation. PdG concentrations rose steadily from the time of conception to approximately the 5th week of gestation, followed by a drop in concentration and low levels between weeks 6 and 14, after which PdG levels continue to increase steadily toward term. Although E1 levels followed a similar pattern as that of PdG, the changes in concentration were not as marked during the temporary decline in the 6th to 12th week. This pattern of hormone fluctuations throughout pregnancy is similar to findings on other macaque species (Macaca mulatta: Wilson et al., 1982; Macaca fasicularis: Stabenfelt & Hendrikx, 1973; Macaca radiata: Stabenfelt & Hendrikx, 1972).

We found an association between dropping PdG levels during gestation and the rate of mounting. Decreases in PdG levels during gestation may allow for the expression of proceptivity in females, similar to the effects of decreased PdG levels during the follicular and periovulatory phases of the cycle (O’Neill et al., 2004b).

The majority of post-conceptive mating occurred during weeks 6-11 of gestation, during the period of low PdG levels, as has been previously reported for rhesus monkeys (Bielert et al., 1976) and Hanuman langurs (Sommer, 1993). Although the sample is small, it is worth noting that, while most heterosexual mating activity occurred during weeks 6 and 7, same-sex mating took place in weeks 8 to 11.

The ovary is essential for the production of progestins and estrogens during the first few weeks of gestation, after which the placenta assumes the production of these hormones. Our finding of an increase in PdG and E1 between the 3rd and 5th week of gestation may represent a temporary dual production of these hormones by both the ovaries and the placenta. The subsequent drop in hormones between weeks 6 and 12 may represent a loss of the ovaries’ contribution, while the placenta attempts to take its place in the production of progestins and estrogens. Both PdG and E1 levels then begin to recover and continue to rise.

In terms of a proximate explanation for the widely reported pattern of post-conceptive mating in Japanese macaques, we suggest that the temporary drop in PdG levels during the 6th and 11th weeks of gestation may facilitate a false “estrus” or period of proceptivity and attractivity in the pregnant female. Furthermore, if post-conceptive mating does encourage males to behave more tolerantly toward pregnant females and their subsequent infants, then a hormonally-induced period of proceptivity/attractivity during gestation may also be selectively advantageous. More data are required to determine whether a peak in mating activity between weeks 6 and 10 is prevalent in this and other Old World monkey species.

References

Bielert, C., Czaja, J. A., Eisele, S., Scheffler, G., Robinson, J. A., & Goy, R. W. (1976). Mating in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) after conception and its relationship to oestradiol and progesterone levels throughout pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Fertility, 46, 179-187.

Dixson, A. F. (1998). Primate sexuality: Comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eaton, G. G. (1978). Longitudinal studies of sexual behavior of the Oregon troop of Japanese macaques. In T. E. McGill, D. A. Dewsbury, & B. D. Sachs (Eds.), Sex and behavior (pp. 35-59). New York: Plenum Press.

Fedigan, L. M., & Asquith, P. J. (1991). The monkeys of Arashiyama: Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the West. Albany: SUNY Press.

Gust, D. A. (1994). Alpha male sooty mangabeys differentiate between females’ fertile and postconception maximal swellings. International Journal of Primatology, 15, 289-301.

Kawai, M. (1966). A case of unseasonal birth in Japanese monkeys. Primates, 7, 391-392.

Maestripieri, D. (1999). Changes in social behavior and their hormonal correlates during pregnancy in pig-tailed macaques. International Journal of Primatology, 20, 707-718.

Mitsunaga, F., Nozaka, M., Inoue, M., Takenaka, A., Sugiyama, Y., & Ohsawa, H. (1992). Steroid hormones and sexual behavior of female Japanese monkeys in an enclosed group. In N. Itoigawa, Y. Sugiyama, & G. P. Sackett (Eds.), Topics in Primatology, Vol. 2 (pp. 23-34). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Nigi, H. (1976). Some aspects related to conception of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Primates, 17, 81-87.

O’Neill, A. C. (2000). The relationship between ovarian hormones and the behavior of Japanese macaque females (Macaca fuscata) during the mating season. Master’s thesis, University of Alberta. Masters Abstracts, 2001, 39[6], 1494.

O’Neill, A. C., Fedigan, L. M., & Ziegler, T. E. (2004a). Ovarian cycle phase and homosexual behavior in Japanese macaque females. American Journal of Primatology, 63, 25-31.

O’Neill, A. C., Fedigan,, L. M., & Ziegler, T. E. (2004b). Relationship between ovarian cycle phase and sexual behavior in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125, 352-362.

Pazol, K. (2003). Mating in the Kakamega Forest blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis): Does female sexual behavior function to manipulate paternity assessment? Behaviour, 140, 473-499.

Soltis, J. (2002). Do primate females gain nonprocreative benefits by mating with multiple males? Theoretical and evolutionary considerations. Evoutionary Anthropology, 11, 187-197.

Soltis, J., Mitsunaga, F., Shimizu, K., Yanagihara, Y., & Nozaki, M. (1999). Female mating strategy in an enclosed group of Japanese macaques. American Journal of Primatology, 47, 263-278.

Sommer, V. (1993). Infanticide among the langurs of Jodhpur: Testing the sexual selection hypothesis with a long-term record. In S. Parmigiani & F. vom Saal (Eds.), Infanticide and parental care (pp. 155-198). London: Harwood Academic Publishing.

Stabenfelt, G. H., & Hendrikx, A. G. (1973). Progesterone studies in Macaca fasicularis. Endocrinology, 92, 1296-1300.

Stabenfelt, G. H., & Hendrikx, A. G. (1972). Progesterone levels in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Endocrinology, 91, 614-619.

Strier, K. B., & Ziegler, T. E. (1997). Behavioral and endocrine characteristics of the reproductive cycle in wild muriquis monkeys, Brachyteles arachnoides. American Journal of Primatology, 42, 299-310.

Takahata, Y. (1980). The reproductive biology of a free-ranging troop of Japanese monkeys. Primates, 23, 1-23.

Wilson, M. E, Gordon, T. P., & Collins, D. C. (1982). Serum 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone associated with mating behavior during early pregnancy in female rhesus monkeys. Hormones and Behavior, 16, 94-106.

Wolfe, L. D. (1979). Behavioral patterns of estrous females of the Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates, 20, 525-534.

Ziegler, T. E., Santos, C. V., Pissinatti, A., & Strier, K. B. (1997). Steroid excretion during the ovarian cycle in captive and wild muriquis, Brachyteles arachnoides. American Journal of Primatology, 42, 311-313.

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First author’s address: WHRU, 4-130 CSB, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3 Canada [e-mail: ann.oneill@nurs.ualberta.ca].

We thank L. Griffin and T. Wyman for facilitating our research at the Arashiyama West Texas Snow Monkey Sanctuary; J. Addicott for statistical advice; and D. Wittwer for assistance with the hormonal analysis. L. Fedigan’s research is funded by an ongoing grant (A7723) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and the Canada Research Chairs Program. We acknowledge the National Primate Research Center (University of Wisconsin) contract grant #RR000167 for support of the training in hormonal analysis.

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USDA Inspection Process Changes Can Be Expected

• Verify the accuracy of the number of animals by category reflected in the facility’s last annual report. APHIS plans to revise Animal Care Policy #17 to assist facilities in preparing annual reports.
• Adequately sample research protocols, including those for animals not present in the facility at the time of inspection. For this purpose, inspectors may rely on the list of proposed activities for IACUC review that current regulations require be prepared (7 USC Sec. 2.31(d)(2).
• Review all available records, such as acquisition and disposition records for animals other than dogs or cats, if such records are kept.
• Look at the training program for IACUC members. Animal Care Policy #15 has been revised to indicate that IACUC members should be trained in understanding the AWA, protocol review and facility inspection.

If you have questions, comments or concerns, please contact NABR [e-mail: info@nabr.org]. NABR is interested in hearing about USDA inspection experiences so that staff will understand members’ needs and can better advise others about AWA compliance, as well as represent research interests to regulators. As NABR goes about doing its job, individual research facilities are never identified without expressed permission.

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Finding New Homes for Ex-Laboratory and Surplus Zoo Primates

Introduction

This article is written to assist organizations which may be considering “rehoming” primates and draws upon the experience of members of the Primate Society of Great Britain (PSGB) Captive Care Working Party.

Rehoming ex-laboratory and surplus zoo primates is not a new concept. A number of New World and Old World monkey and ape species have been successfully rehomed to reputable sanctuaries in Europe and the U.S.A., allowing the animals to live out the remainder of their lives relatively free of human disturbance. Rehoming has been found to benefit the morale of staff members involved with caring for the animals and can help further develop a culture of care. However, the rehoming process can entail welfare costs to the animals involved, depending on, for example, their ages and state of health, the circumstances and duration of transport to the new site, and the physical and social conditions in which the animals will be kept. Primates should thus only be rehomed if it is clear that the process will be truly in the best interests of the individual animals, that it will not harm their welfare, and that the new home offers a good quality of life.

Rehoming and laboratories: Every year around 65,000 primates are used in European and U.S. laboratories, mainly for pharmaceutical safety and efficacy evaluation and research in the fields of microbiology, neuroscience, and biochemistry/chemistry (Carlsson et al., 2004; European Commission, 2005; United States Department of Agriculture, 2004). The majority of these animals are euthanized as an integral part of the experimental procedures. In situations where this is not required, or in the case of former breeding or surplus stock animals, it may be possible to rehome the animals as an alternative. Legitimate sanctuaries will accept ex-laboratory primates but registered zoos tend not to do so because, with the exception of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), species commonly used in biomedical research and testing (see Conlee et al., 2004; European Commission, 2002) are not priority species for captive breeding for conservation (2).

Rehoming and zoos: Rehoming is also an option for surplus zoo primates no longer capable of being housed at the zoo because of limited space and resources and for which alternative zoo accommodation cannot be found. Surplus animals are those not suitable for breeding because of their pedigree (e.g., over-representation of the bloodline), quality (e.g., poor breeding performance), age (e.g., no longer reproductively viable), or sex (e.g., bachelor males of polygynous species), and hence not needed for the survival of the captive population. Such animals are an inevitable product of captive breeding programs, even where breeding opportunities are carefully controlled through studbooks and effective birth control. Euthanasia of healthy surplus zoo animals to increase available space and the viability of captive populations is justifiable in some cases but is extremely controversial, especially when the individuals involved are of an endangered species. Rehoming to a sanctuary with high standards of animal welfare is a potential solution to this complex problem.

The relocation of surplus zoo animals for use in experimental procedures is generally discouraged because of adverse welfare effects associated with the change from the zoo to the laboratory environment. However, this might be considered acceptable if it can be guaranteed that the animal can be used in a terminal procedure within a short time, and that this could potentially make unnecessary the breeding or capture from the wild of another animal specifically for that purpose (Graham 1996) (3).

Guidance on the Rehoming Process

Rehoming and relocating primates is not something that can be done lightly, both because of the nature of the animals and because of the need to find facilities that can properly accommodate and look after them in the long term. Careful and timely planning of the whole process is critically important (Brent, 2004; Seelig & Truitt, 1999). Any organization setting out to rehome animals should, therefore, have a clearly defined and documented procedure in place which enables all issues relating to animal welfare, health, and safety, the prospective owner, and any participating organizations, to be addressed. The factors that must be considered include:

• the suitability of individual animals;
• the way they will be prepared for their new lives;
• the assessment of the suitability of new homes and owners; and
• follow-up after rehoming.

Preparation of animals: Rehoming primates usually results in a change of conspecifics, and will certainly involve new human contacts and a different physical environment, all of which may have behavioral consequences for the animals. These must be addressed if rehoming is to be a positive experience. It is important to consider whether each individual animal can learn to cope with a change in what is “normal” in his or her environment. The “normal” environment for a laboratory primate is relatively constant and constrained, and often exclusively indoor. It may offer primate companionship but limited human interaction. In contrast, the environment of a primate in a zoo or sanctuary may be more spacious, complex, and varied, with outdoor and indoor elements, and a variety of experiences with humans. It is therefore vital to have a preparatory phase in any rehoming scheme. Although this could take place immediately prior to release, once rehoming is accepted as a potential option, there is much that can be done within the routine management of both breeding and experimental animals to begin preparation for future potential rehoming. For example, the animals can be socialized to other primates and to humans of either sex and varying appearance, habituated to a transport box, and trained to station (i.e. stay at a particular location) using positive reinforcement techniques (Prescott & Buchanan-Smith, 2003; Prescott et al., 2005a, 2005b). Such activities will assist with capture, transport, and health inspection in the new home. Furthermore, programs of socialization, habituation and training not only make the animals more suitable for rehoming, but also benefit both science and animal welfare, since they lower the animals’ stress levels when faced with novel or stressful situations in the laboratory or zoo environment, such as strange humans or scientific, veterinary, or husbandry procedures (e.g. Bassett et al., 2003; Savastano et al., 2003). Ethological or animal training advice should be sought from specialists for the design of such programs.

In view of their highly social nature, primates should never be rehomed alone or into homes without compatible companions of the same species. Formation of compatible pairs or groups prior to rehoming will facilitate integration into the new social group. For advice on animal introductions see Watts & Meder, 1996.

Transport can be a stressful experience for primates (e.g. Honess et al., 2004, 2005; Prescott & Jennings, 2004; Wolfensohn, 1997). It is important, therefore, to use a reputable transport company and to take all steps necessary to ensure their safe arrival in good health and with minimal distress. For guidance on transporting primates, see Swallow et al., 2005. It is recommended that a familiar caregiver be present on the day of introduction of the animals to their new environment and social companions, in order to provide continuity and deal with any potential problems. Maximizing the degree of visual and olfactory familiarity by passing on pen furniture and toys when relocating animals, and ensuring a gradual change in diet, is also likely to be beneficial.

Assessing the suitability of a new home: As with any animal rehoming program, proper matching of the retired primate/s with the new home and prospective owners is a basic condition for success. Primates should only be rehomed to the care of professional and experienced primate keepers (i.e.., from reputable sanctuaries and registered/accredited zoos (5) or laboratory breeding establishments). With few exceptions, private individuals should be considered unacceptable as new owners of primates (6). Ideally, the prospective owners should have a recommendation from the relevant committee of a professional primatological society (e.g., Captive Care Working Party of the PSGB or Captive Care Committee of the International Primatological Society) or zoo association, or from an animal welfare organization that already rehomes primates (e.g., U.K.’s Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or the International Primate Protection League).

It is essential to visit prospective homes to check that they can provide a suitably high standard of accommodation and care (e.g. spacious and enriched enclosures, designed with the animals’ needs in mind; trained and competent staff and volunteers), that they have good background knowledge of the species and its requirements (e.g. Prescott & Buchanan-Smith, 2004), and that the facilities are secure. Make sure that the prospective owners have any necessary licenses (7), have access to veterinary advice, and can catch the animals if they require treatment. Be aware that identifying, researching, and evaluating candidate homes for the animals can take some time.

Primates have long life spans and prospective new homes may be taking responsibility for many years of the animals’ lives, and will also have to make decisions about euthanasia at the end of those lives. It is vital, therefore, to confirm that prospective owners are genuine (e.g., not animal dealers who intend to breed or sell the animals, or give them to a friend), that they intend to care for the animals in the long term, and that they have the financial security to do so. Reputable zoos and sanctuaries know their own limits and usually will not accept animals that they cannot care for; they will also prevent them from breeding. For further useful criteria for distinguishing true sanctuaries from “pseudo-sanctuaries”, see Seelig & Truitt, 1999.

Establishments receiving ex-laboratory primates need to be chosen with care as, in some instances, they have portrayed the animals as being “rescued” from the laboratory. This situation can be avoided by ensuring that the receiving establishment and any intermediaries participate in the right spirit, with full knowledge of the reasons for the animals’ past use, and that they agree on any public statements that will be made prior to receipt of the animals. Involving primatological societies and animal welfare organizations (as above) will also help in this respect.

Follow-up: Primates may take some time to adjust to their new environment. In view of this, it is important to follow up on animals once they have been placed in their new home, to ensure that their welfare is not compromised and that the rehoming process is successful. Provide contact telephone numbers to the new owners for advice (e.g., a named person under the U.K. Animals [Scientific Procedures] Act 1986 or senior zoo keeper, plus a veterinary practitioner experienced with primates), and request that the new owners give updates of the animals’ progress, since this will help determine whether the process itself is successful, as well as whether it is successful for individual animals. It is advisable to undertake behavioral studies to assess how well the animals are settling into their new homes. The output from such follow-up studies should be used to review and improve socialization, habituation, and training programs to facilitate safe and humane rehoming in the future.

References

Bassett, L., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., McKinley, J., & Smith, T. E. (2003). Effects of training on stress-related behavior of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to coping with routine husbandry procedures. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6[3], 221-233.

Brent, L. (2004). Solutions for research chimpanzees. Lab Animal, 33[1], 37-43.

Carlsson, H. E., Schapiro, S. J., Farah, I., & Hau, J. (2004). Use of primates in research: A global overview. American Journal of Primatology, 63[4], 225-237.

Conlee, K. M., Hoffeld, E. H., & Stephens, M. L. (2004). A demographic analysis of primate research in the United States. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 32[S1], 315-322, <www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/C2%20Conlee.pdf>.

European Commission (2002). The welfare of non-human primates used in research. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Welfare, adopted on 17 December 2002. Brussels: European Commission, <europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scah/ out83_en.pdf >.

European Commission (2005). Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Fourth report on the statistics on the number of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes in the member states of the European Union {SEC(2005) 45}. Brussels: European Commission, <europa.eu.int/comm/environment/chemicals/ lab_animals/statistics_reports_en.htm>.

Graham, S. (1996). Issues of surplus animals. In D. G. Kleiman, M. R. Allen, K. V. Thompson, S. Lumpkin, & H. Harris, (Eds.), Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques (pp. 290-296). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Honess, P. E., Johnson, P. J., & Wolfensohn, S. E. (2004). A study of behavioural responses of non-human primates to air transport and re-housing. Laboratory Animals, 38[2], 119-132.

Honess, P., Marin, C., & Wolfensohn, S. (2005). Preliminary report on the translocation of a breeding colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Folia Primatologica, 76[1], 55.

Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association (2001). Guidance on the discharge of animals from the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. London: Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association.

Prescott, M. J., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M., (Eds.) (2003). Training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement techniques. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6[3], 157-261.

Prescott, M. J., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2004). Cage sizes for tamarins in the laboratory. Animal Welfare, 13[2], 151-158.

Prescott, M. J., & Jennings, M. (2004). Ethical and welfare implications of the acquisition and transport of non-human primates for use in research and testing. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 32[S1A], 323-327, <www.worldcongress.net/2002/ proceedings/C2%20Prescott.pdf>.

Prescott, M. J., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., & Rennie, A. E. (2005a). Training of laboratory-housed non-human primates in the UK. Anthrozoös, 18[3], 288-303.

Prescott, M. J., Bowell, V. A., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2005b). Training laboratory-housed non-human primates, Part 2: Resources for developing and implementing training programmes. Animal Technology and Welfare, 4, 133-148.

Savastano, G., Hanson, A., & McCann, C. (2003). The development of an operant conditioning training program for New World primates at the Bronx Zoo. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6[3], 247-261.

Seelig, D., & Truitt, A. (1999). Post-research retirement of monkeys and other primates. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 38[2], 1-4, <www.brown.edu/primate/lpn38-2#april>.

Swallow, J., Anderson, D., Buckwell, A. C., Harris, T., Hawkins, P., Kirkwood, J., Lomas, M., Meacham, S., Peters, A., Owen, S., Prescott, M., Quest, R., Sutcliffe, R., & Thompson, K. (2005). Guidance for the transport of laboratory animals. Laboratory Animals, 39, 1-39.

Watts, E., & Meder, M. (1996). Introduction and socialization techniques for primates. In D. G. Kleiman, M. R. Allen, K. V. Thompson, S. Lumpkin, & H. Harris, (Eds.), Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques (pp. 66-77). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wolfensohn, S. E. (1997). Brief review of scientific studies of the welfare implications of transporting primates. Laboratory Animals, 31, 303-305.

United States Department of Agriculture (2004). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Animal care report: Fiscal year 2004,<www.aphis.usda.gov/ac/awreports/awreport2004.pdf>.

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1) Author’s address: National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 20 Park Crescent, London, W1B 1AL, U.K. [e-mail: mark.prescott@nc3rs.org.uk].

2) A ban on the use of great apes was introduced in the U.K. in 1997.

3) In the U.K., zoo primates are not placed with laboratories because: i) unless the Secretary of State considers that an exception is justified, animals used under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 must have been bred at a designated breeding establishment or obtained from a designated supplying establishment; and ii) few primate species kept in zoos are commonly used for biomedical research and testing in the U.K. However, animals have been exchanged between zoo and laboratory breeding colonies to maintain genetic diversity and minimize inbreeding.

4) For laboratory primates in the U.K., their fitness for rehoming must be assessed and certified by a veterinarian. For guidance on the discharge of animals from the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 see Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association (2001).

5) In the U.K., establishments that keep animals for exhibition to the public for seven or more days of the year are classified as zoos under the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 and are thereby subject to inspection by qualified inspectors and are required to meet the welfare standards set down in the Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice. Similar inspection requirements apply in Europe under the European Council Directive 99/22/EC, and in the U.S.A. under the Animal Welfare Act.

6) The PSGB and American Society of Primatologists discourage private ownership of primates due to the difficulties of meeting the complex physical, behavioral, and psychological needs of primates in private homes and the risk of disease transmission .

7) In the U.K., a license is required under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 for most primate species other than marmosets .

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* * *

More Fun with a Barrel Full of Monkeys: A Nonhuman Primate Swing Made by Recycling Plastic Barrels

National Institutes of Health

Providing a suitable living environment for many species of socially housed nonhuman primates can be both challenging and expensive, requiring institutions to be innovative and resourceful when devising their enrichment programs. Development, encouragement, and enhancement of species-typical behaviors should be the primary objectives when designing these man-made environments. One innovative way to enhance these behaviors is to incorporate them into the structural setting, since structures and furnishings are vital components of any captive living environment. Structures not only increase the usable cage volume; they also provide animals with greater enrichment opportunities by engaging them in many types of species-typical activities.

The NIH Shared Animal Facilities’ enrichment program has developed a primate swing created from recycling our discarded plastic 30- and 55-gallon detergent barrels. These swings are easy to construct and are effective in increasing our animals’ behavioral repertoires. Additionally, these swings are safe, portable, non-toxic, easy to sanitize, and almost indestructible. We have used these barrels in our socially-housed monkey runs for over three years, and they are still going strong!

Tool list and other equipment needed:

1. Barrel
2. Power drill and drill bits
3. Jig saw
4. Marking pen
5. Tape measure
6. 3/8” eye bolt, 3” long, and 9/16” nut
7. Length of chain, 3/8 to 5/8” thick
8. Snap hook
9. Hole saw, 1” diameter
10. Piece of 1”-thick x 5”- or 6”-wide x 12” long plastic floor decking (can be bought at home improvement centers or ordered online)
11. Screws – Philips Pan A Tapping #10, 1 1/4” long

To start your project, select a 30- or 55-gallon plastic barrel.

Note that on the barrel’s outer surface there is a seam running vertically along the entire length of the barrel on both sides. This seam was produced during the barrel’s molding process. You can use this seam as a guide or reference point to find the vertical center of your barrel.

Follow this center seam to the top of your barrel. The “top” of your barrel, for construction purposes, will now be designated as the “bottom” of your swing.

To start construction, follow the vertical center seam to the designated bottom of your swing where the barrel starts tapering inwardly.

At this junction measure outward 8” on each side of the center seam and make a mark with your pen. Once marked, this will give you a total span of 16” in width.

Then go to the opposite side of the barrel and mark out the same measurements at the same location. After this is completed both sides should look identical and be opposite from one another.

Once these bottom marks are established you will need to follow the center seam past one horizontal reinforcement band, to the second band from the bottom.

At this junction and again centered on the vertical seam, measure and mark out 3” on each side of the center seam. This will give you a span of 6”. This area will become the top portion of your swing. Repeat on the opposite side.

Now, on each side of the barrel, join all lines together with a straight edge as illustrated in the photo.

Next, cut your swing out as illustrated, leaving the lines intact.

The next part of your production process is to fasten the Decking Board to the top of your swing. This is done by fastening screws to the top end of your swing and to the edges of the decking board as shown in the photo.

Next, with a one-inch hole saw, cut drainage holes into the bottom of your barrel

The last step in completing this project is to attach your chain and eye bolt to the top of your swing.

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Author’s address: Environmental Enrichment Technician, NIH / NICHD Shared Animal Facilities, Poolesville, MD 20842 [e-mail: daviser@mail.nih.gov].

We would like to acknowledge Mr. David Cook of Engineered Plastics Systems (EPS), LLC, for providing us with a free sample of EPS decking board.

A version of this paper was presented as a poster at the 2005 meeting of the American Society of Primatologists.

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* * *

Using Recycled Barrel Swings vs. Prima-Hedrons in Primate Enclosures

National Institutes of Health

To document the utility of using recycled barrel swings vs. Prima-Hedronsâ as enrichment objects, we observed a socially housed group of 28 tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) at the NIH Shared Animal Facility in Poolesville, Maryland. Their indoor enclosure included five Prima-Hedrons and two recycled barrels, among other objects including fixed perches, on which the capuchins could locomote or engage in stationary behaviors.

We calculated an average frequency of use for Prima-Hedrons and for barrels, for each animal. We found no significant difference in the average frequency of use of hanging Prima-Hedrons vs. hanging barrels (Wilcoxon matched pairs test, n=28, W=73.0, p=0.12). Our results indicate that recycled barrels may be used as a viable alternative to Prima-Hedrons for enriching enclosure use.

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Authors’ address: NIH/NICHD Laboratory of Comparative Ethology. NIH Animal Center, P.O.Box 529, Poolesville, MD 20837.

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* * *

Volunteers Wanted – South Africa

The park has chimps; gibbons; baboons; liontailed macques; whitefaced sakis; squirrel, owl, Goeldi’s, and spider monkeys; marmosets and tamarins; capuchins; and lemurs. See <www.monkeys.co.za> for more information about Monkey Town. To volunteer, or get more information about volunteering, contact Nina von Boemcken by e-mail at [primatecare@aol.com].

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Is a Swimming Pool Safe for Macaques? A Discussion

Kirby: “The center where I work has several long-tailed macaque breeding colonies housed in large outdoor enclosures. I am interested in using stock tanks to provide foraging opportunities in the winter and swimming opportunities in the summer. I have heard that cynos are adept swimmers, but is there is a risk of drowning, particularly for infants? Is there danger of one monkey inadvertently drowning another monkey?”

Rawlins: “The stock tanks we use have a lip half way up the inside of the tank, so if an infant would fall into the water it could easily get back out. We used these tanks all of last summer and half of the summer before and never encountered any problem. The monkeys who do go under water hold their breath for a surprisingly long time.”

Schultz: “I have watched juvenile cynos three months old and older swim with no difficulty. I have never come across one who can’t swim. It seems to be a very natural, instinctive skill for them that they do not have to learn. The only time we had a problem — or let’s say ‘near problem’ — was when an adult female was swimming underwater, and a big male was playing around, like a cat chasing after a mouse, from outside of the pool, and finally jumped on her back. He put his hands around her neck and appeared to be deliberately holding her under in the 3-feet-deep water. After about 15 seconds I panicked, as I thought he was actually drowning her. I rushed to the scene to ‘interfere’, but just at that point he released her and retreated. She shot out of the water like a rocket and was REALLY angry with him, screeching and with rage in her eyes. He looked surprised, and as if he had made a significant error, ran screaming away from her as she chased him down and bit him a good one and repeatedly slapped and pinched him. The whole time he was acting submissively toward her, lip smacking wildly, and ducking as she continued to clobber him.

“The two have been in the pool together many times since then, but the female never takes her eye off the male even when she’s under water (as cynos dive with their eyes open).

“With regard to infants I would perhaps be concerned with a tank if there is not a really easy way for them to crawl out. I would place PVC tubing arranged like branches of a submerged tree sticking out of the water and providing a bridge between water and the safe rim of the pool.

“Macaques not only enjoy being in water but also playing with water (Figure 1).”

Down: “We used to give two pair-housed rhesus girls a ‘bathtub’ on Fridays. The tub was simply a rat cage filled with water placed in the tunnel of the two interconnected cages (Figure 2). Tejas would go under water and keep her eyes open. The other girl, Kuaui, would dive with her eyes and mouth open! Since the rat cage was transparent, I could see everything. The two were quite hilarious! I am surprised they could fit themselves into the ‘bathtub’ but they loved it! Tejas once held her breath while under water for 15 seconds. This is quite impressive, as they were both scared of the tub when I very first introduced it!”

Reinhardt: There are a few published articles on the successful use of shallow-water swimming pools for rhesus and long-tailed macaques — especially juveniles — and for marmosets. Safety or hygienic problems are not mentioned in any of these papers. Here are the references in chronological order, each with a short annotation:

Gilbert, S. G., & Wrenshall, E. (1989). Environmental enrichment for monkeys used in behavioral toxicology studies. In E. F. Segal (Ed.), Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory Primates (pp. 244-254). Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.
Young cynos adapt easily to water and are instinctively good swimmers. They will dive with their eyes open looking for raisins and playing with each other.

Anderson, J. R., Peignot, P., & Adelbrecht, C. (1992). Task-directed and recreational underwater swimming in captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 31[4], 1-4. <www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn31-4.html#swim>
Facilitating thermoregulation and increasing social play are two reasons to consider a swimming facility to be a cheap and clean environmental enrichment.

Hazlewood, S. J. (2001). From beagles to marmosets – The development of a marmoset breeding cage. Animal Technology, 52, 149-152.
The provision of water baths was found to be of little interest to marmosets, who only used it as a toilet!

Rock, A., Azzarano, J., Adams, K., Murray, L., & Clark, L. P. (2004). Swimming pools provide additional socialization to group-housed male macaques. Tech Talk, 9[4], 1-2.
A group of five subadult male macaques [probably rhesus] adapted easily to a wading pool filled with about 30-cm-deep water. The animals swam and dived with eyes open and played in the water.

Rawlins, J. (2005). Stock tanks for yearlong primate enrichment. Tech Talk, 10[3], 1-2. <www.aalas.org/pdfUtility.aspx?pdf=TT/10_3.pdf>
Stock tanks are used year-round as enrichment devices for group-housed rhesus macaques — for swimming and playing in about 30-cm-deep water during the summer and foraging during the winter.

* * *

Donations Sought for Sylvia Taylor Memorial Session

While the Animal Behavior Society will be hosting this special session, it will not be providing any additional funding to underwrite the appearance of the speakers. Therefore, donations are needed to ensure that the speakers will be available to make their planned presentations. Organizations or individuals willing to sponsor one or more speakers may do so for a donation of $1,000 per speaker, and their sponsorship will be recognized during the introduction of the speaker(s). It is hoped that the proceedings of this session will be published, and it is planned to recognize all donors if such proceedings do become available, unless a donor wishes to remain anonymous.

The speakers will be (tentatively, at this time) Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, David Seelig, Gail Laule, Steve Schapiro, Kate Baker, Linda Brent, Terry Maple, and Elizabeth Lonsdorf.

Any funds collected in excess of the expenses of producing the special session and the proceedings will be used to fund a research grant in Dr. Taylor’s honor. Donations may be may be made online at <www.animalbehavior.org/Conference/Snowbird06/Scientific-Program/sylviataylorsession/sylviataylordonations.htm> or mailed to The Sylvia Taylor Memorial Fund, Animal Behavior Society, 2611 East 10th St, Bloomington IN 47408-2603. For more information, contact Steve Ramey of ABS [812-856-5541].

* * *

Proposed Amendment to Animal Welfare Act

To view the Federal Register announcement online go to: <www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html> and enter the phrase “shift cages” into the search field. To submit comments online, go to <www.regulations.gov> and search for Docket ID APHIS-2005-0118.

* * *

Resources Available

The NIH’s Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) has announced a new resource on enrichment for nonhuman primates, developed in concert with the Association of Primate Veterinarians, the American Society of Primatologists, and USDA Animal Care. This resource is divided into six booklets that serve as an introduction to the basic behavior and environmental enrichment of species commonly used in education, research, and entertainment. The booklets are intended to be primers because they provide a basic introduction to the subject of environmental enrichment for primates housed in a diversity of conditions. The booklets may be downloaded as PDF files from <grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/request_publications.htm>, where instructions are also available for requesting hard copy (delivery may take 5-6 weeks).

The booklets are Baboons, NIH Pub No. 05-5745; Capuchins, NIH Pub No. 05-5746; Chimpanzees, NIH Pub No. 05-5748; Macaques, NIH Pub No. 05-5744; Marmosets and Tamarins, NIH Pub No. 05-5747; and Squirrel Monkeys, NIH Pub No. 05-574.

Used NHP Caging Available

Lab4less, at <www.Lab4less.com>, has a large variety of surplus nonhuman primate caging available: -- baboon, macaque, squirrel monkey, marmoset, etc. -- aluminum and stainless steel, auto and manual water, pushback, on racks and on casters. Please visit our Website and search “For Sale” then the Category “NHP caging” for available inventory. We also have many items not yet listed on the Website, so if you don’t see what you are looking for, contact Ian Gardner, Lab4less, LLC [619-222-4940; e-mail: igardner@lab4less.com].

NIH Curriculum Supplements for Middle Schools

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is releasing its latest installments in a popular series of curriculum supplements designed to promote inquiry-based, interdisciplinary learning and stimulate students’ interest in science. NIH distributes these supplements free of charge to teachers, allowing them to update their curricula with all-in-one teaching materials that incorporate topical issues and current scientific research.

Each new supplement is a self-contained teacher’s guide to two weeks of lessons on science and human health, and includes background information, lesson plans, take-home materials, and a Web-based component. The new titles (listed below) are aligned with the National Science Education Standards released by the National Academy of Sciences.

• “Doing Science: The Process of Scientific Inquiry” – Students explore the basics of scientific inquiry, refine their critical-thinking skills, and learn to appreciate the purpose of scientific research. (Grades 7-8)
• “Looking Good, Feeling Good: From the Inside Out (Exploring Bone, Muscle, and Skin)” – Students learn about the structures of the musculoskeletal and skin systems, the interactions between these body systems, and the factors that influence their functions. (Grades 7-8)
• “The Science of Mental Illness” – Students gain insight into the biological basis of mental illness and how scientific evidence and research can help us understand its causes and lead to treatments and, ultimately, cures. (Grades 6- 8)

To request these curriculum supplements or learn more about this series, visit the NIH Office of Science Education Website at <science/education.nih.gov/supplements>. – NIH News Release, June 9, 2006, available online at <www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2006/od-09.htm>

WAZA’s Virtual Zoo

“The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA)’s Virtual Zoo is open to the public! To visit, go to <www.waza.org> and click on the button ‘VIRTUAL ZOO’ on the left side of the screen.

“As in real life, a zoo is never complete. The VIRTUAL ZOO is still a construction site, but we have a collection of 266 taxa. There is a thumbnail picture for each taxon, as well as some basic information such as scientific and common names; taxonomic, conservation, and CITES status; distribution; and habitat. Under the heading “Did you know?” there are some fun facts on each species. Where available, information on the size of wild and zoo populations is provided. The fact sheets contain 868 photos and 262 distribution maps.

“We have received assistance from about 30 people in the WAZA Community who provided texts, and many more who provided pictures. To complete the first phase of the Zoo, however, about 200 photographs and 600 texts are needed. There may be errors in the existing texts, and there are a few photographs we may have stolen from your Websites without asking you (the vast majority have been taken by me or made officially available by members and partners). In a number of cases it is not yet acknowledged where a picture had been taken. Any identification assistance you could provide would be greatly appreciated and any comments will be welcome.

“Visit regularly, as existing data sheets will be permanently updated and more species will be added to the collection!” – from Peter Dollinger, Executive Director, WAZA, P.O.Box 23 , CH-3097 Liebefeld-Berne, Switzerland [++ 41-31-300 20 30; fax: ++ 41-31-300 20 31; e-mail: secretariat@waza.org].

* * *

Announcements from Publications: ILAR e-Journal

ILAR e-Journal is available ONLY ONLINE. Institutional members have online access to current ILAR Journal and ILAR e-Journal issues. For more information, contact Kathleen Beil [e-mail: Kbeil@nas.edu].

* * *

Travelers’ Health Notes: International Assn for Medical Assistance to Travelers

IAMAT also publishes and provides to its members pamphlets on immunization, schistosomiasis, and malaria, as well as “World Climate Charts” and a “Traveller Clinical Record” form. IAMAT has a scholarship program for physicians from developing countries to attend travel medicine training courses in North America.

For information, contact IAMAT, 40 Regal Rd, Guelph, Ontario, N1K 1B5, Canada [519-836-0102]; 1623 Military Rd, #279, Niagara Falls, NY 14304-1745, U.S.A. [716-754-4883]; 206 Papanui Rd, Christchurch 5, New Zealand; or 57 Voirets, 1212 Grand-Lancy-Geneva, Switzerland [e-mail: info@iamat.org]; or see <www.iamat.org>.

* * *

Positions Available

SAIC-Frederick, Operations and Technical Support contractor for the National Cancer Institute (NCI), has an excellent opportunity for a laboratory animal veterinarian, supporting and contributing to research at the NCI in Bethesda, Maryland. We are looking for a veterinarian with at least one year of experience working with nonhuman primates. The position will include overseeing facility technical staff, providing medical care to macaques; surgical, endoscopic, and laparoscopic service and support; oversight of at least one mouse facility; IACUC membership; and possible research collaboration involving a novel AIDS vaccine. As a member of the Laboratory Animal Science Program team in Bethesda, this veterinarian will be supported by three ACLAM-certified veterinarians. Our animal program is fully accredited by AAALAC International and includes a diverse, energetic, and high-performing, cooperative staff.

“SAIC” is Science Applications International Corporation, an employee-owned Fortune 500 company. Employee ownership is credited in part to the great success of the company, and stock ownership is currently spread across its 43,000 employees. Our corporate environment promotes continuing education, professional growth, technology application and development, quality business management, and unquestionable ethical conduct.

For more information, contact John U. Dennis (contractor), Animal Program Director, NCI–Bethesda, LASP, SAIC-Frederick, Bldg 31, 4A34, Bethesda, MD 20892-2471 [301.496.1866; fax: 301.402.1276; e-mail: dennisj@mail.nih.gov].

Research Specialist – Princeton University

The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University seeks a full-time research specialist for work on the Amboseli Baboon Research Project. This position entails maintaining and updating a large relational database containing long-term behavioral, ecological, and demographic data from a field study of wild baboons. Maintenance of the database requires accuracy, integrity, and precise protocol documentation for the addition of new data and revision of current data sets. Data extraction and statistical analysis will be required for use in presentations, grant proposals, and publications. The ability to coordinate with project collaborators and assist in the supervision of undergraduate and graduate student research projects is necessary, especially when the Principal Investigator is in the field.

Requirements: bachelor’s degree in relevant field, course work and research experience in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology, experience with relational database management, ability to use elementary statistics, and excellent organizational skills. Familiarity with Windows-based computer programs and the SQL computer language would be a plus.

To apply, please send resume by e-mail (preferred) to <jinl@princeton.edu>, with subject “Research Specialist Application”. Or send resume by regular mail to Jin Lee, Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. Princeton University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer.

Senior Animal Program Veterinarian – Bethesda

SAIC-Frederick, Inc., has an excellent opportunity for a Senior Animal Program Veterinarian supporting and contributing to research at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland. We are looking for a DVM or VMD with at least seven years of experience in the field of laboratory animal medicine, which includes previous experience handling and caring for nonhuman primates. The selected candidate will provide direct oversight of medical and surgical care of nonhuman primates and rodents, oversee technical staff, and provide collaborative research support to the AIDS Vaccine Program. The candidate will also serve on the IACUC, have a key role in overseeing and contributing to the NCI Animal Program, and may be designated as Associate Director.

As a member of the Laboratory Animal Science Program team in Bethesda, you will be supported by three ACLAM-board-certified veterinarians. The NCI animal program includes state-of-the-art animal research practices and cutting-edge research. It is fully accredited by AAALAC International and includes a diverse, energetic, and high-performing cooperative staff. Furthermore, the position is based on the NIH main campus and is part of the NIH Intramural Research Program, which includes approximately fifty other laboratory animal veterinarians.

We offer an excellent salary and benefits program, including medical, dental, and life insurance; 401(k) retirement savings plan; and educational assistance. For information about the benefits of employee ownership, see <www.saic.com/empown>.

SAIC-Frederick, Inc., a subsidiary of SAIC, is the Operations and Technical Support Contractor for the National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCI-Frederick), a federally funded research and development center. SAIC-Frederick, Inc., is one of four related NCI contractors on-site and serves as the infrastructure support for the entire center. The contract is the largest single research contract awarded by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

For immediate consideration and to see the full job description, see <cp-its-rmprd.saic.com/MAIN/careerportal/ Job_Profile.cfm?szUniqueCareerPortalID=85&szOrderID=58403CareerPortalID=85&szOrderID=58403>.

For questions or to send your resume please contact: Jaime Conley, Employment Specialist [e-mail: jconley@ncifcrf.gov]. SAIC values diversity in the workplace. EEO M/F/D/V.

* * *

Two Positions at CERCOPAN in Nigeria

Deputy Director

This person will be responsible for the overall operational management and smooth running of the organization. This includes many different areas, such as management and recruitment of staff and volunteers, training and development, overall responsibility for management of projects and programs (e.g. education, community, research, primate rehabilitation, ecotourism, forest conservation, and partnership projects), management of staff house and offices, health and safety, and accounting and administration. S/he also has a strong role to play in the development of the organization, working closely with the Director on fundraising, marketing, and profile-raising; program and strategic planning; and budget projection and management. S/he will make regular reports to the Director and Trustees of CERCOPAN.

Educational qualification is, at minimum, a B.Sc. (honors) degree in conservation, environmental resource management, or zoology. A professional management qualification or master’s level degree would be desirable. Other qualifications are a full clean driver’s license and a “First Aid at Work” certificate, plus expertise in at least two of the following areas: conservation research, animal rehabilitation, environmental education, veterinary nursing, and community development. We also expect at least one year of work experience in Africa; at least three years’ experience in the field of conservation; a proven history of managing organizations or large national projects/programs; a proven history of managing accounts and budgets; a proven history of staff management; implementation and reporting on medium scale grants using logical frameworks; fundraising experience; excellent administration and report-writing skills; good computer skills; experience representing an organization at local and national levels; a proven history of capacity-building within an organization; strong leadership and team-building skills; a proven record of building partnerships; and public speaking and media presentation skills, as well as a good understanding of African conservation issues and how they relate to global issues.

This person should have flexibility and the ability to adapt to extreme situations; be hardworking, self-motivated, fair, and consistent; have humility and the ability to work for the overall goal rather than for personal gain; have excellent communication, with both verbal and written skills and excellent organizational skills; and empathy for wildlife conservation and animal welfare.

This position begins September 1st, 2006. Terms are dependent on duration of contract, but we expect two years at minimum, with three years preferred.

Volunteer Veterinarian

This position involves managing the veterinary program for a busy (over 100 primates of six rainforest species) rehabilitation and conservation project in southern Nigeria. Duties include management and training of primate care staff, training veterinary nurse, developing and implementing a program of training Nigerian veterinary interns (final-year students or recent graduates), training a newly employed national veterinarian, monitoring preventive medicine, following reintroduction and quarantine protocol guidelines, and coordinating veterinary activities. The position is voluntary: room, board, and a Sterling stipend are provided, as are flights (from Europe/U.K. only); minimum contract is one year, preferably two years. This is a challenging and rewarding position for anyone interested in making a contribution to primate conservation. Starting date is August 1st, 2006. Deadline for applications is June 30, 2006.

To apply for either position, send a full letter of introduction, a resume or CV, and references to Zena Tooze, Director, CERCOPAN [e-mail: zena@cercopan.org or cercopan@compuserve.com].

* * *

Address Change

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Awards Granted

The International Primatological Society is pleased to announce the winners of the 2005 Galante and Southwick Awards and Conservation Grants.  Information on these awards and application procedures can be found at: <pin.primate.wisc.edu/ips/ipsfunding.html>.

The winner of 2005 Galante Award is Inza Kone, of the Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte-d’Ivoire, and Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte-d’Ivoire.

The winners of 2005 IPS Conservation Grants are:

• Pamela Cunneyworth: Conducting a census of the rare Angolan black and white colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis palliates): Comparing populations over time in an “hyper-hot” biodiversity area.
• Ilaria Agostini: A population assessment and comparative study of two howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba and Alouatta caraya) living in sympatry.
• Tharcisse Ukizintambara: Status of L’Hoest’s monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Habitat characteristics, edge effects, intra-specific behavioral ecology and conservation.
• Kimberley Williams-Guillen: Survey and assessment of primate populations in Chococente Wildlife Refuge, Nicaragua.
• Melissa Remis: Assessing human impact on forest mammals in the Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic.

2005/2006 ABS Research Grant Results

The Animal Behavior Society received 131 completed applications this year for Student Research Grants, the E. O. Wilson Conservation Award, and Cetacean Behavior and Conservation Awards. Funds were sufficient to support 28 proposals. The E. O. Wilson Conservation Award was given at $1,000, and one Cetacean Award was funded at $500. Among the Student Research Grants, 13 were funded at $1000 and a further 13 at $500. A committee of 13 ABS members reviewed proposals; funding decisions were based on the scores and evaluations provided by these reviewers.

Among the winners were

• Sarah Benson-Amram, Michigan State University, for Social complexity and comparative general intelligence in mammalian carnivores.
• Cindy Lee Carlson, University of Chicago, for Postcopulatory sexual selection and female reproductive strategies in pigtailed macaques.
• Stacy Marie Lindshield, Iowa State University, for The black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi ornatus) in a mosaic landscape at El Zota Biological Field Station, Costa Rica.
• Kara Nuss, University of Chicago, for Behavioral and hormonal aspects of pair formation in captive Goeldi’s monkeys.

* * *

Call for Award Nominations: Fyssen Foundation 2006 Prize Fellowships

An International Prize of 50,000 Euros is awarded annually to a scientist who has conducted distinguished research in the areas supported by the Foundation. This prize was awarded in 1980 to Professor Andre Leroi-Gourhan; in 1981 to Professor William H. Thorpe; in 1982 to Professor Vernon B. Mountcastle; in 1983 to Professor Harold C. Conklin; in 1984 to R. W. Brown; in 1985 to P. Buser; in 1986 to D. Pilbeam; in 1987 to D. Premack; in 1988 to J. C. Gardin; in 1989 to P. S. Gold-man-Rakic; in 1990 to J. Goody; in 1991 to G. A. Miller; in 1992 to P. Rakic; in 1993 to L. L. Cavalli-Sforza; in 1994 to L. R. Gleitman; in 1995 to W. D. Hamilton; in 1996 to C. Renfrew; in 1997 to M. Jouvet; in 1998 to A. Walker; in 1999 to B. Berlin; in 2000 to J. Fuster; in 2001 to P. Marler; in 2002 to P. N. Johnson-Laird; in 2003 to M. I. Posner; and in 2004 to M. Tomasello. The topic for the 2006 prize: Evolution of Human Societies.

Nominations must be proposed by recognized scientists, and should include: a CV of the nominee; a list of publications; and a summary (four pages maximum) of the research work upon which the nomination is based. Nominations should be sent in 15 copies to the Secrétariat de la Fondation Fyssen, 194, rue de Rivoli, 7500l Paris, France. Deadline for receipt of nominations is October 31, 2006.

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Grants Available

The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR; <www.nidcr.nih.gov>) has posted a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), soliciting applications that will use nonhuman primate models to study the oral biology of HIV infection and the oral complications associated with AIDS. This is an exploratory/developmental award with limited funding that is designed to maximize the use of animals currently involved in ongoing studies. Studies that will increase our knowledge of the basic biology, pathogenic mechanisms, immunology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oral HIV/AIDS in simian macaque models are requested. Exploratory projects in emerging areas of importance for oral manifestations of AIDS and other acquired immunodeficiencies are of particular interest. It is expected that investigators will base their studies on recent developments in the field and will make use of the new and emerging state-of-the-art technologies.

This FOA will utilize the Exploratory/Developmental (R21) grant mechanisms. The anticipated number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year.

This is a reissue of PAS-04-066, which was previously released February 24, 2004. Applications submitted in response to this FOA must be submitted electronically through Grants.gov <www.grants.gov>, using the SF424 Research and Related (R&R) forms and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide. APPLICATIONS MAY NOT BE SUBMITTED IN PAPER FORMAT. A registration process is necessary before submission and applicants are highly encouraged to start the process at least four weeks prior to the grant submission/receipt date. Expiration date of this FOA is January 3, 2007. To download a SF424 (R&R) Application Package and SF424 (R&R) Application Guide for completing the SF424 (R&R) forms for this FOA, link to <www.grants.gov/Apply> and follow the directions provided on that Website. For further assistance, contact GrantsInfo [301-435-0714; e-mail: GrantsInfo@nih.gov].

For scientific questions, contact Mostafa Nokta, Center for Integrative Biology & Infectious Diseases, NIDCR, Bldg 45, Rm 4AN-18H, Bethesda, MD, 20892-6402 [301-594-7985; fax: 301-480-8319; e-mail: Mostafa.Nokta@nih.gov].

Developmental Psychopharmacology

A Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) requests research applications to examine the neurobiological impact of psychotherapeutic medications upon the immature brain, with particular emphasis upon mapping the precise developmental profile of physiological response to psychotropic agents used in the treatment of mental disorders in children. Responsive research includes studies in model systems, including nonhuman primates in particular, and in human populations. For detailed information, see <grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-06-379.html>.

NHP Islet/Kidney Transplantation Tolerance

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) invite new or competitive renewal applications from single institutions and consortia of institutions to participate in the Non-Human Primate Transplantation Tolerance Cooperative Study Group (NHPCSG) program. The goals of the NHPCSG are to evaluate the preclinical safety and efficacy of existing and newly developed immune tolerance induction regimens and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the induction, maintenance, and/or loss of tolerance in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of islet, kidney, heart, and lung transplantation. Currently funded NHPCSG research projects of islet and kidney transplantation tolerance models expire in FY 2007. This Request for Applications is a renewal of that portion of the program focused on NHP islet and kidney models. For details, see <grants.nih.gov/grants/ guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-06-018.html>.

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Meeting Announcements

The Twenty-Ninth Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists will be held at the Hyatt Regency in San Antonio, Texas, from August 16-19, 2006. For details, see <www.asp.org/asp2006/index.htm>.

The 9th World Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesiologists will be held from September 12-16, 2006, in Santos, a coastal city located a 1.5 hour drive from São Paulo, Brazil. See <www.cbcav.org.br/congresso>.

On September 13 and 14, 2006, Cornell University and the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare of NIH will co-sponsor “Practical Approaches to Managing Occupational Health Programs in Your Animal Facility” at the Statler Hotel in Ithaca, New York. For information about the conference and for the registration form, see <www.research.cornell.edu/care/conference.htm>.

The 34th Association of Primate Veterinarians Annual Workshop will be held in Park City, Utah, October 12-14, 2006. The registration form is available at <www.primatevets.org/workshops.asp>.

The American College of Veterinary Pathologists, along with the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, will hold their Annual Meeting December 2-6, 2006, in Tucson, Arizona. There will be six specialty groups: Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Pathology, Education, Experimental Disease, Natural Disease, and Toxicologic Pathology. For details, see <www.acvp.org/meeting> or contact Jane Shepard, 7600 Terrace Ave, Suite 203 Middleton, WI 53562 [608-833-8725].

The 2007 Animal Behavior Management Alliance Conference will take place on board the Carnival Cruise ship “Victory” January 14-21, 2007, providing a rare occasion for innovative programming and conference design. The amount of time available for educational exchange during this conference increases due to the setting, and this venue decreases the price! See <www.theabma.org/events.asp>, or contact Michelle Farmerie [412-365-2385; e-mail: Mrfarmerie@aol.com] or Nicole Begley [412-323-7235; ext. 216] for more information about the conference. The registration deadline is August 1, 2006. Abstracts are due June 28, 2006. Keynote speakers will include Anne Savage, of Disney’s Animal Kingdom, speaking on the Proyecto Titi program, and Charlene Jendry, of the Colombus Zoo and Aquarium, on the Partners in Conservation program.

The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes at Lincoln Park Zoo is proud to announce The Mind of the Chimpanzee, an international multidisciplinary conference on chimpanzee cognition, March 22-25, 2007, at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. In the tradition of the “Understanding Chimpanzees” conferences, which started in Chicago 20 years ago, “The Mind of the Chimpanzee” conference will bring together the top experts in the fields of chimpanzee cognition and conservation, as well as the “next generation” of chimpanzee researchers, in order to share new research findings, generate new collaborative research partnerships, and examine how studying chimpanzee cognition influences chimpanzee conservation. For more information, e-mail <chimpmind@lpzoo.org>, or see <www.chimpmindconference.org>.

The Laboratory Animal Welfare Training Exchange (LAWTE) Biennial Conference will be held August 8-10, 2007, in Boston, Massachusetts. The theme will be “RePLAY: Relieve Pain in Laboratory Animals...and Yourself”, featuring Dr. Paul Flecknell and AAALAC, International. For more information, see <www.lawte.org/2007_Conference_Boston.htm>.

* * *

News Briefs

Junior, patriarch of the St. Louis Zoo’s orangutan family, was euthanized Tuesday after a long struggle with arthritis. Junior was an estimated 44 years old and was one of the oldest male orangutans living in captivity. Zoo veterinarians had been treating Junior with anti-inflammatory and anti-pain medications for three years. Recently, however, Junior showed a reluctance to eat, move, or play with his two-year old daughter Rubih, once a favorite activity.

Sumatran orangutans like Junior are critically endangered. In the past decade, the wild population has been cut in half to 5,000 animals. – By Diane Toroian Keaggy, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 29

New Manager at Sweetwaters, Kenya

Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary has named Kenyan conservation biologist Martin Mulama as its manager, effective March 6, 2006. Mulama has over 15 years of experience as a senior manager within the Kenya Wildlife Services and is undertaking a PhD course in the Department of Biological Science at Moi University in Kenya. Mulama will oversee Sweetwaters’ community of 45 chimpanzees near Mount Kenya, in addition to implementing a recently adopted five-year development plan and a standard operating procedures manual. In addition, Sweetwaters is committed to creating an education facility at the sanctuary, to better inform visitors about the plight of chimpanzees in the wild and the urgent need for strong conservation measures. For more information, e-mail: <chimps@olpejetaconservancy.org>. – From a PASA e-announcement

DRC Entrusts Two Reserves to Communities

KINSHASA, Democratic Republic of Congo, April 10, 2006 (ENS) – Legally recognized community conservation took a big step forward in the Democratic Republic of Congo last week when the government handed the care and control of two large nature reserves over to local community groups. Adjacent to each other, the reserves form a globally important biodiversity site inhabited by endangered Grauer’s gorillas, eastern chimpanzees, forest elephants, and okapi.

DRC Minister of Environment Anselme Enerunga signed two new decrees that legally gazette two large nature reserves, the Tayna Nature Reserve, 900 square kilometers, and the Kisimba-Ikobo Nature Reserve, 1,370 square kilometers. Enerunga says DRC plans to increase the amount of its forested protected areas to 15 percent of the total national area. Currently, about eight percent of the country is protected. The two decrees will be accompanied by contracts in which complete management and responsibility for protecting the two reserves is ceded by the government to the local people. Local people acting as eco-rangers can be deputized by the government to bear arms to protect against poaching and the illegal wildlife trade. – © Environment News Service, 2006

Monkeys Ruin Crops in Puerto Rico

A group of angry farmers gathered in the small town of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, to talk about this year’s crops and, surprisingly, none is worried about drought or wildfires that ruined thousands of acres of last year. Rather, the farmers are worried about a much different menace –one that has laid waste to far more crops in recent years than any disease, drought or other natural disaster. The threat comes from hordes of feral monkeys –sometimes descending into fields in groups of 20 or more – that ruin thousands of acres of squash, melons and other produce.

In reaction, farmers are taking matters into their own hands and shooting the wild monkeys. That move comes weeks after the island’s Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) announced that a continuing financial crisis in San Juan made it impossible to fund a program to trap the monkeys and sell them for medical research.

“What farmers do on their own lands in their business,” said Marcos Irizarry, a squash farmer and mayor of the nearby village of Lajas. “All Puerto Rico’s government wants to do about these monkeys is talk about them,” he said. “That’s not doing anyone any good. The problem is out of control.”

Irizarry said the estimated 2,000 monkeys in southwest Puerto Rico are descendants of patas and rhesus monkeys that escaped from a nearby medical research laboratory during the 1950s and 1960s. Around that time, more than 100 monkeys were released on a tiny island in the Boqueron Forest, about a quarter-mile offshore. In the 1960s, Lajas residents told authorities about clans of monkeys entering their yards, raiding their fruit trees and even throwing large ripe fruits at dogs and other animals.

DNER officials say the monkeys should not be thought of animals that might one day be domesticated. These monkeys, officials said, are “wild animals that carry diseases and could bite.” “We urge people to stay away from them,” said Ernesto Diaz, a top administrator in the department’s San Juan office. – By Ray Quintanilla, Tribune staff reporter, April 11, 2006, © Chicago Tribune

Monkey Menace in Kendrapara, India

Kendrapara district administration has shot off an SOS to the state forest department pleading for an early end to the ongoing man-monkey conflict. The administration is worried over the growing nuisance of monkeys, leaving at least one dead and more than 200 persons injured in the last month. An assistant conservator of forest is scheduled to visit the area to assess the gravity of the situation. Later the forest department plan to find ways and means to get rid of the menace.

An infant was picked up by a male monkey and later thrown from the housetop, killing the child instantly. The monkeys, who have lately turned violent, have targeted school children, snatching edibles from the children during recess hours. Last week more than a dozen children were bitten by monkeys in two government-run primary schools in the township.

Apart from trampling crop and vegetable fields beyond redemption, the monkeys have also not spared the government offices, ransacking valuable documents.

The monkey nuisance had hogged the spotlight in 2002, when classes of a college in Tirtol area had to be suspended following a week-long spell of violence by the animals. A male monkey atop a banyan tree inside the college campus had injured more than 50 college students. That had led to thin attendance, prompting the college authorities to suspend classes.

Animal researchers believe that this behavioral change can be traced back to the loss of monkeys’ habitat and food, starting in 1999 when a cyclone caused heavy damage to trees. – Statesman News Service, April 12

Second Ohio State Chimp Dies at Texas Sanctuary

A second chimpanzee, who had been moved to a Texas animal sanctuary after Ohio State University decided to close a research center, has died, the University said April 21. The 16-year-old male, named Bobby, was found dead in his enclosure April 20. No cause of death was immediately determined.

Caretakers noticed Bobby seemed unwell April 19 and had scheduled a visit with a veterinarian for the next day, the university said. The remaining chimpanzees appear to be healthy.

Dr. Sally Boysen, the Ohio State psychology professor who had worked with the chimps for decades, has sued the university, saying the refuge is unsafe and is trying to get the animals sent elsewhere. – Akron Beacon Journal, April 24

There is much controversy about this subject. At least two Websites are making conflicting statements: <www.kermitscommunity.com> and <www.personhood.org/news/primarily_primates.html>.

Chimps Kill Tour Driver, Escape from Sanctuary

A group of chimpanzees attacked and killed a Sierra Leonean driver and seriously injured two American visitors and one Canadian at a wildlife sanctuary on Sunday, a police spokesman said. The attack occurred at the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary on the outskirts of this capital. The center, set up in 1995 to give shelter to orphaned and abandoned chimpanzees, houses nearly 70 primates in a semiwild environment. The police said a large group of chimpanzees suddenly turned on the four, biting and tearing at their clothes. The driver was employed by the reserve. The injured survivors, employees of a construction company in Sierra Leone, were taken to a hospital. – Reuters, April 24, 2006

Thirty-two chimps escaped, but they gradually came closer, and most returned, by ones and twos. By the end of April, there were 14 chimpanzees – 12 adults and two infants – still out in the forest. Police and law enforcement followed orders not to shoot any chimpanzees or other wildlife. “The support the Government of Sierra Leone has shown during this crisis is extremely encouraging,” said Tacugama founder Bala Amaresekaran. Following the escape, villagers in the surrounding area were given telephone contact numbers for Tacugama and asked to call the staff if they spotted any chimpanzees.

Amarasekaran said that he was surprised and encouraged by how quickly the sanctuary chimpanzees adapted to life in the forest – including the ability to find food and shelter – especially given how physically and emotionally damaged many of them were upon arrival at Tacugama. Nevertheless, the goal is return all of the escaped chimpanzees to the sanctuary.

As this issue of the LPN is going to press, there are six chimpanzees, including one infant, still in the forest.

Gorilla Haven Receives Second Resident

An update announcing Gorilla Haven’s second gorilla’s arrival is now up at <www.gorilla-haven.org>. Besides details of Oliver’s arrival, there’s a new Super-Super-Mom award for Zoo Atlanta’s gorilla, Kuchi, as well as information on primates in the entertainment industry. – May 17 announcement by Jane Dewar

Monkeys destroy crops in Tanzania

Thousands of monkeys are wreaking havoc on Tumbatu, an island in Tanzania’s Zanzibar archipelago, where locals have appealed for help to exterminate the simians, officials said. Increasingly, colobus monkeys are destroying farmers’ crops on the islet just north of Zanzibar’s main island of Unguja in the Indian Ocean, they said.

“Some farmers have been spending nights in their fields to protect crops from being eaten or destroyed by the monkeys,” said Zanzibar north regional commissioner Pembe Juma. “We have been providing tools to kill the monkeys, but still there are many continuing to destroy farm produce,” he said. – Sapa-Agence France-Presse June 1

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Research and Educational Opportunities

The Department of Agricultural and Animal Production and the Joint Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Xochimilco (UAM-X), Mexico, present their First Course on Wildlife Medicine, Management, and Conservation, which will take place at UAM-X from September 27 through November 22, 2006. Enrollment is open to all interested persons and is limited to 35 participants.

The course will consist of eight intensive, scholarly, theoretical sessions. We will have lectures on the following topics: Introduction to the conservation of wildlife; Nutrition and clinical nutrition; Preventive medicine and zoonoses; Management and conservation of primates, as well as of wild ungulates, wild felids, reptiles and amphibians, and marine mammals.

The purpose of the course is to offer to interested persons basic theoretical knowledge for the use, conservation, and medical treatment of wildlife specimens in their care. It is designed for students of biology and veterinary medicine, professionals and academics interested in wildlife, students studying for related careers, veterinarians in private practice, gamekeepers, animal trainers, and private collectors.

The fee for the course is 1000 pesos for professionals, 500 pesos for students. The organizing committee is Dr. Germán Mendoza Martínez (UAM-X), and Dra. Rosalía Pastor-Nieto (Ecología y Hábitat AC). For more information, contact Dra. Pastor-Nieto <baknikte@inbox.com>. For our (Spanish language) poster, see <www.brown.edu/primate/UAM.pdf>.

Ialatsara Lemur Forest Camp, Madagascar

Ialatsara, which means “good forest” in Malagasy, is a new private reserve containing six wild lemur species. Eight groups of Milne Edwards Sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi) are found here, seven of which, in primary forest, have radio identity collars. In addition, the following lemurs are naturally found here:

• Eulemur rubriventer (red-bellied lemur)
• Hapalemur griseus (Eastern lesser bamboo lemur)
• Microcebus rufus (rufus mouse lemur)
• Lepilemur microdon (small-toothed sportive lemur)
• Cheirogaleus medius (fat-tailed dwarf lemur).

This 2500-hectare reserve contains approximately 1000 hectares of primary forest and is located just 60 km north of Madagascar’s second largest city, Fianarantsoa, along the national highway, RT 7.

Ialatsara Lemur Forest Camp invites researchers, conservationists, and ecotourists to visit and work here. Facilities include comfortable permanent tents, electricity, and a small restaurant.

Currently, Jane Foltz is conducting a three-year study of Propithecus edwardsi behavior, feeding ecology, and genetics. Erik Patel is soon to begin research on P. edwardsi acoustic and chemical communication.

Contact Daniel and Bérénice Rajaona at Lemur Forest Camp, BP 09 Ialatsara, 305 Ambohimahasoa, Madagascar [e-mail: kimbaforest@mel.wanadoo.mg].

* * *

Information Requested or Available

The NIH Extramural Nexus is a bimonthly update e-mailed from the National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research. To subscribe to the NIH Extramural Nexus, send a plain text e-mail to <Listserv@list.nih.gov>, including only the words Subscribe EXTRAMURALNEXUS in the body of the message. Articles, comments, questions and suggestions may be addressed to the Editor at <ExtramuralNexus@mail.nih.gov>. The NIH Extramural Nexus reserves the right to select and edit items submitted for inclusion.

Primateforum

A new e-mail discussion list has been started, to “discuss the biology, psychology, and evolution of nonhuman and human primates.” Register at <groups.yahoo.com/group/primateforum>. discuss the biology, psychology and evolution of nonhuman and human primates

More Interesting Websites

• Fact Sheets describing how NIH research benefits the public: <www.nih.gov/about/ researchresultsforthepublic>
• The Neuroscience Gateway (free access): <www.brainatlas.org/aba>· Spuren- und Mengenelement-Gehalte in Laubfutter (Trace elements and minerals in leaves), by G. Rahmann: <orgprints.org/3221/01/3221.pdf>
• Virtual Tour and Activities. “Landscape and Life along the East African Rift: the Virunga Mountains of Rwan-da”, by Robert E. Ford: <www.wiley.com/college/ ford_test/case7/tour_home.html>
• Smithsonian Institutions “Human Origins Program”: <www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins>

* * *

Recent Books and Articles

* Gorilla Dreams: The Legacy of Dian Fossey. G. Nienaber. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2006. [Price: $29.95, hardcover; $19.95, paperback; $6, e-book, <www.thelegacyofdianfossey.com>]

* Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. T. Matsuzawa, M. Tomonaga, & M. Tanaka (Eds.). Tokyo: Springer Tokyo, Inc., 2006. [Price: $89.95]
. . . Contents: Foreword, by J. Goodall; Preface, by T. Matsuzawa.
. . . Part 1: Introduction to Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. 1. Sociocognitive development in chimpanzees: A synthesis of laboratory work and fieldwork, by T. Matsuzawa.
. . . Part 2: Behavioral and Physical Foundation. A new comparative perspective on prenatal motor behaviors: Preliminary research with four-dimensional ultrasonography, by H. Takeshita, M. Myowa-Yamakoshi, & S. Hirata; Cognitive abilities before birth: Learning and long-lasting memory in a chimpanzee fetus, by N. Kawai; Spindle neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of humans and great apes, by M. Hayashi; Descent of the larynx in chimpanzees: Mosaic and multiple-step evolution of the foundations for human speech, by T. Nishimura; Understanding the growth pattern of chimpanzees: Does it conserve the pattern of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees? By Y. Hamada & T. Udono; The application of a human personality test to chimpanzees and survey of polymorphism in genes relating to neurotransmitters and hormones, by M. Inoue-Murayama, E. Hibino, T. Matsuzawa, S. Hirata, O. Takenaka, I. Hayasaka, S. Ito, & Y. Murayama.
. . . Part 3: Communication and Mother-Infant Relationship. Evolutionary origins of the human mother-infant relationship, by T. Matsuzawa; Development of facial information processing in nonhuman primates, by M. Myowa-Yamakoshi; Development of joint attention in infant chimpanzees, by S. Okamoto-Barth & M. Tomonaga; Food sharing and referencing behavior in chimpanzee mother and infant, by A. Ueno; Development of chimpanzee social cognition in the first 2 years of life, by M. Tomonaga.
. . . Part 4: Social cognition: Imitation and Understanding Others. Chimpanzee learning and transmission of tool use to fish for honey, by S. Hirata; How and when do chimpanzees acquire the ability to imitate? by M. Myowa-Yamakoshi; Yawning: An opening into empathy? by J. R. Anderson & T. Matsuzawa; How social influences affect food neophobia in captive chimpanzees: A comparative approach, by E. Addessi & E. Visalberghi; Tactical deception and understanding of others in chimpanzees, by S. Hirata.
. . . Part 5: Conceptual Cognition. Early spontaneous categorization in primate infants – chimpanzees, humans, and Japanese macaques – with the familiarization-novelty preference task, by C. Murai; Processing of shadow information in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and human (Homo sapiens) infants, by T. Imura, M. Tomonaga, & A. Yagi; Color recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), by T. Matsuno, N. Kawai, & T. Matsuzawa; Auditory-visual crossmodal representations of species-specific vocalizations, by A. Izumi; Spontaneous categorization of natural objects in chimpanzees, by M. Tanaka; Cognitive enrichment in chimpanzees: An approach of welfare entailing an animal’s entire resources, by N. Morimura.
. . . Part 6: Tools and Culture. Cognitive development in apes and humans assessed by object manipulation, by M. Hayashi, H. Takeshita, & T. Matsuzawa; Token use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Choice, metatool, and cost, by C. Sousa & T. Matsuzawa; Behavioral repertoire of tool use in the wild chimpanzees at Bossou, by G. Ohashi; Ant dipping in chimpanzees: An example of how microecological variables, tool use, and culture reflect the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, by T. Humle; Ontogeny and cultural propagation of tool use by wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Case studies in nut cracking and leaf folding, by D. Biro, C. Sousa, & T. Matsuzawa.

* Primates in Perspective. C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. MacKinnon, M. Panger & S. K. Bearder [Eds.]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. [Price: $80; paper: $52.95]
. . . Contents: Introduction, by P. Dolhinow.
. . . Part One: Background. A brief history of primate field studies, by R. W. Sussman; Primate evolution, by W. Hartwig.
. . . Part Two: The Primates. The lorisiform primates of Asia and mainland Africa: Diversity shrouded in darkness, by A. Nekaris & S. K. Bearder; Lemuriformes, by L. Gould & M. Sauther; Tarsiiformes, by S. Gursky; Callitrichines: The role of competition in cooperatively breeding species, by L. J. Digby, S. F. Ferrari, & W. Saltzman; The cebines: Toward an explanation of variable social structure, by K. M. Jack; Sakis, uakaris, and titi monkeys: Behavioral diversity in a radiation of primate seed predators, by M. A. Norconk; Aotinae: Social monogamy in the only nocturnal haplorhines, by E. Fernandez-Duque; The atelines: Variation in ecology, behavior, and social organization, by A. Di Fiore & C. J. Campbell; The Asian colobines: Diversity among leaf-eating monkeys, by R. C. Kirkpatrick; African colobine monkeys: Patterns of between-group interaction, by P. J. Fashing; The macaques: A double-layered social organization, by B. Thierry; Baboons, mandrills, and mangabeys: Afro-papionin socioecology in a phylogenetic perspective, by C. J. Jolly; The guenons (genus Cercopithecus) and their allies: Behavioral ecology of polyspecific associations, by K. L. Enstam & L. A. Isbell; The hylobatidae: Small apes of Asia, by T. Q. Bartlett; Orangutans in perspective: Forced copulations and female mating resistance, by C. D. Knott & S. M. Kahlenberg; Gorillas: Diversity in ecology and behavior, by M. M. Robbins; Chimpanzees and bonobos: Diversity within and between species, by R. Stumpf.
. . . Part Three: Methods. Research questions, by E. Ray; Advances in the understanding of primate reproductive endocrinology, by B. L. Lasley & A. Savage; Molecular primatology, by A. Di Fiore & P. Gagneux.
. . . Part Four: Reproduction. Life history, by S. R. Leigh & G. Blomquist; Primate growth and development: A functional and evolutionary approach, by D. Bolter & A. Zihlman; Primate sexuality and reproduction, by C. J. Campbell; Reproductive cessation in female primates: Comparisons of Japanese macaques and humans, by L. M. Fedigan & M. S. M. Pavelka; Mate choice, by J. H. Manson.
. . . Part Five: Ecology. The new era of primate socioecology: Ecology and intersexual conflict, by D. Overdorff & J. Parga; Primate nutritional ecology: Feeding biology and diet at ecological and evolutionary scales, by J. E. Lambert; Conservation, by K. B. Strier; Primate seed dispersal: Linking behavioral ecology with forest community structure, by C. A. Chapman & S. E. Russo; Predation on primates: Past studies, current challenges, and directions for the future, by L. E. Miller & A. Treves; Primate locomotor behavior and ecology, by P. A. Garber.
. . . Part Six: Social Behavior and Intelligence. Social mechanisms in the control of primate aggression, by I. S. Bernstein; Social beginnings: The tapestry of infant and adult interactions, by K. C. MacKinnon; Postconflict reconciliation, by K. Arnold & F. Aureli; Social organization: Social systems and the complexities in understanding the evolution of primate behavior, by A. Fuentes; The conundrum of communication, by H. Gouzoules & S. Gouzoules; Cooperation and competition in primate social interactions, by R. W. Sussman & P. A. Garber; Social learning in monkeys and apes: Cultural animals? by C. A. Caldwell & A. Whiten; Tool use and cognition in primates, by M. Panger; Primate self-medication, by M. A. Huffman; Ethnoprimatology: Contextualizing human and nonhuman primate interactions, by L. D. Wolfe & A. Fuentes; Where we have been, where we are, and where we are going: The future of primatological research, by C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. MacKinnon, M. Panger, & S. K. Bearder.

Book Chapters

* Biology and medicine of non-human primates. Part I: Physiology and management. M. J. Linn, R. Duran-Struuck, A. K. Trivedi, L. B. Zajic, S. K. Wrobleski, A. E. Hawley, & D. D. Myers, Jr. In J. D. Reuter & M. A. Suckow (Eds.), Laboratory animal medicine and management. Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service, 2006, <www.ivis.org/advances/Reuter/ myers/chapter.asp?LA=1>.

Audiovisual Material

* Refinements in Primate Husbandry: A DVD Teaching Resource. S. Wolfensohn & P. L. Finnemore. Oxford University Veterinary Services, 2006. [Price: £16.45] See <www.nc3rs.org.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=372>.
. . . A staff-training  DVD on refinements in primate husbandry. Includes information on “a socialization program to encourage the primates to respond positively to human contact” and “some refinements to procedural techniques, such as training macaques to stand for injections.”

* Best Practice Capture, Handling and Restraint. Volume 9, Zoonoses. Animals on Film [e-mail: info@animalsonfilm.com, or see <www.animalsonfilm.com>]. [Price: AU$237, including postage]
. . . A program, consisting of a 45-minute DVD, built around interviews with experts in the field of zoonotic diseases, their risks, symptoms and methods of prevention. It includes an extremely comprehensive manual, in PDF format, detailing over 350 diseases along with their source animal hosts, vectors, symptoms and incubation periods.

* Lemurs of Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change. American Museum of Natural History, <sciencebulletins.amnh.org/bio/f/lemurs.20060401/?src=h_nc>.
. . . Includes four essays, a video, multimedia items, and resources for educators.

Field Guides

* Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). R. A. Mittermeier, W. R. Konstant, F. Hawkins, E. E. Louis, O. Langrand, J. H. Ratsimbazafy, R. Rasoloarison, J. Ganzhorn, S. Rajaobe-lina, I. Tattersall, & D. M. Meyers (Eds.). S. D. Nash (Illus.). Washington, DC: Conservation International, 2006, <www.consesrvation.org/xp/CIWEB/library/books/lemurs_madagascar.xml>. [Price: $25]
. . . This book contains extensive scientific information with chapters including: origin of lemurs; discovery and study of living lemurs; extinct lemurs; conservation of lemurs; geographic range and distribution of lemurs;ecology and behavior of lemurs; and conservation status and threats to lemurs. The guide is illustrated with over 200 drawings, photos and maps to assist in field identification. The three appendices are a) national maps depicting island topography, cities, rivers and protected areas; b) descriptions and representative photos of Madagascar’s principal terrestrial habitats; and c) listings of key sites for lemur watching. 

Magazines and Newsletters

* African Primates: The Newsletter of the Africa Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, 2002-2003, 6[1-2] [Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315-1440].
. . . Contents: Galagid taxonomy and the placement of the needle-clawed galago (Euoticus): Based on cytochrome b, 12S and 16S partial sequences, by E. Stiner & A. Turmelle; Hunting pressure on the drill Mandrillus leucophaeus in Korup Project Area, Cameroon, by C. Steiner, M. Waltert, & M. Mühlenberg; Distribution and abundance of the Roloway monkey Cercopithecus Diana roloway and other primate species in Ghana, by L. Magnuson; Zammarano’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis zammaranoi de Beaux, 1923: The forgotten monkey of Somalia, by S. Gippoliti; Decline of primate populations in the Mbaéré-Bodingué Reserve, Central African Republic, by C. Sourmail; Distribution, abundance, and biomass estimates for primates within Kahuzi-Biega lowlands and adjacent forest in eastern DRC, by J. S. Hall, L. J. T. White, E. A. Williamson, B.-I. Inogwabini, & I. Omari; The world’s top 25 most endangered primates – 2002, by W. R. Konstant, R. A. Mittermeier, T. M. Butynski, A. Eudey, J. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, & A. B. Rylands; A note on the Somali galago Galago gallarum (Thomas, 1901), by A. W. Perkin & T. M. Butynski; Galago (galagidae) body measurements and museum collections data, by T. R. Olson & L. T. Nash; Sudden decline of a community of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, by E. Greengrass; and Reproduction of three African cercopithecines in captivity in Brazil, by D. F. Gomes & J. C. Bicca-Marques.

* Community Conservation, Winter 2006, 17[1], <www.communityconservation.org/newsletter.htm>.

* The Gorilla Gazette, April, 2006. (J. Dewar, P.O. Box 210, Morganton, GA 30560 [e-mail: jdewar@gorilla-haven.org]).
. . . Contents: Zoo Atlanta: The next generation, by C. Horton; Mbeli Bai study: Research, education and training, by T. Breuer; Birth and reintroduction at Busch Gardens, by K. Arnold & C. Bennis; Bongo: The end of an era, by Apenheul Gorilla caregivers; Partners in conservation: Working together to help wildlife and local people, by C. Jendry; Ousting a silverback: Chessington’s Kumba, by I. Stewart & M. Riozzi; Eco-guard killed by poachers, by T. Sunderland; The social system of gorillas, by A. Meder; An update: Gorillas in GaiaPark, by T. ter Muelen; Gorilla retirement to the Spanish Mediterranean, by A. Mora & R. Pardo; Gorillas in Opole Zoo, Poland, by K. Kazanowski; Volunteering at CWAF, by Susan Eberth; Beginning our bachelor gorilla group, by D. Boyer & R. Moore; Mexican gorillas get a chance to breed, by F. Gual-Sill, R. Tinajero-Ayala & J. Ojeda-Chávez; The story of PASA, by D. Cress; Shanghai surprise: Gorillas as gifts? by J. Dewar; Cell phones and gorillas, by E. Ronay; Paignton Gorilla Workshop details; H.E.L.P. Congo: Hope for orphan chimpanzees, by A. Jamart & Be. Goossens; Restoring the sight of a young adult gorilla, by M. Gage & L. Bugg; Cheyenne Mountain Zoo gorillas, by H. Genter; New primate greenhouse at St. Martin La Plaine Zoo, by X. Debade; An accidental ape encounter, by Tracy Williams; and Mother-rearing: What to look for, by B. Armstrong.

* Gorilla Journal, Journal of Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe, June 2006, No. 32. German: <www.berggorilla.de/gj293.pdf>; English: <www.berggorilla.de/gj32e.pdf>; German: <www.berggorilla.de/gj30d.pdf>; French: <www.berggorilla.de/gj32f.pdf> [e-mail meder@berggorilla.org for notification of new issues].

* IPS Bulletin, February, 2006, 32[1]. [K. Leighty, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, P.O. Box 10000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830]

* Journal of Medical Primatology, 2006, 35[1]; <www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jmp/35/1>.
. . . Contents: OnlineEarly announcement, by P. A. Marx, & M. Vinding; Obituary: Jan Moor-Jankowski; Coat condition, housing condition and measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites: A non-invasive study about alopecia in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), by H. W. Steinmetz, W. Kaumanns, I. Dix, M. Heistermann, M. Fox, & F.-J. Kaup; Cloning and sequencing of the cynomolgus monkey prostate specific antigen cDNA, by D. J. Marshall, K. A. Rudnick, J. Lu, & L. A. Snyder; The ductus venosus and intrahepatic venous system in Callithrix jacchus jacchus and Macaca fascicularis fetuses, by M. Tchirikov, N. E. Schlabritz-Loutsevitch, G. B. Hubbard, S. Tardif, H. J. Schroder, & P. W. Nathanielsz; Normative nerve conductions in the tail of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), by W. A. Graham, E. Ludlage, K. Mansfield, D. Magill, & S. Nesathurai; Characterization of obesity in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in a pedigreed colony, by T. Takahashi, A. Higashino, K. Takagi, Y. Kamanaka, M. Abe, M. Morimoto, K. H. Kang, S. Goto, J. Suzuki, Y. Hamada, & T. Kageyama; Fetal ultrasonography: Biometric data from four African primate species, by O. Bourry, O. Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer, A. Blanchard, & P. Rouquet; Clinical, biochemical, and electrocardiographic aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), by R. V. Monteiro, J. Baldez, J. Dietz, A. Baker, C. V. Lisboa, & A. M. Jansen; and Book Review: Handbook of Primate Husbandry and Welfare, by Kate C. Baker.

* Journal of Medical Primatology, 2006, 35[2]; <www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jmp/35/2>.
. . . Contents: Detection and molecular characterization of foamy viruses in Central African chimpanzees of the Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Pan troglodytes vellerosus sub-species, by S. Calattini, E. Nerrienet, P. Mauclere, M.-C. Georges-Courbot, A. Saib, & A. Gessain; A non-invasive method for studying an index of pupil diameter and visual performance in the rhesus monkey, by S. J. Fairhall, C. A. Dickson, L. Scott, & P. C. Pearce; Middle cerebral artery occlusion in Macaca fascicularis: Acute and chronic stroke evolution, by H. E. D’Arceuil, M. Duggan, J. He, J. Pryor, & A. Crespigny; Widespread occurrence of antibodies against circumsporozoite protein and against blood forms of Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae in Brazilian wild monkeys, by A. M. R. de C. Duarte, M. A. L. Porto, I. Curado, R. S. Malafronte, E. H. E. Hoffmann, S. G. Oliveira, A. M. J. Silva, J. K. Kloetzel, & A. de C. Gomes; Bone ALP and OC reference standards in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas) by sex and age, by L. M. Havill, L. G. Hale, D. E. Newman, S. M. Witte, & M. C. Mahaney; and Systemic arteriopathy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), by T. Yanai, A. A. Lackner, H. Sakai, T. Masegi, & M. A. Simon.

* Journal of Medical Primatology, 2006, 35[3].
. . . Contents: Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with Streptococcus pneumoniae: A possible model for vaccine assessment, by M. T. Philipp, J. E. Purcell, D. S. Martin, W. R. Buck, G. B. Plauché, E. P. Ribka, P. DeNoel, P. Hermand, L. E. Leiva, G. J. Bagby, & S. Nelson; Uterine evaluation and gestation diagnosis in owl monkey (Aotus azarai infulatus) using the B mode ultrasound, by  F. O. B. Monteiro, M. B. de Koivisto, W. R. R. Vicente, R. de Amorim Carvalho, C. W. Whiteman, P. H. G. Castro, & C. E. Maia; Surgical bone marrow aspiration in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, by C. Llanos, G. Quintero, A. Castellanos, M. Arevalo-Herrera, & S. Herrera; Prevalence and molecular characterization of the polymerase gene of gibbon lymphocryptovirus, by P. Phakdeewirot, S. Payungporn, S. Chutinimitkul, A. Theamboonlers, & Y. Poovorawan; Analysis in non-human primates reveals that the ancestral Band 3 gene encodes Dib and the Band 3-Memphis phenotype, by A. Schawalder, K. Hue-Roye, L. Castilho, A. Chaudhuri, & M. E. Reid; Airsacculitis in fourteen juvenile southern Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii), by B. Lawson, R. Garriga, & B. M. F. Galdikas; Marmoset glutathione peroxidases: cDNA sequences, molecular evolution, and gene expression, by S. Atanasova, N. von Ahsen, C. Schlumbohm, E. Wieland, M. Oellerich, & V. Armstrong; Attempted therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee chronic HBV carrier with a high viral load, by M. T. M. Shata, W. Pfahler, B. Brotman, D.-H. Lee, N. Tricoche, K. Murthy, & A. M. Prince; and Comparison of efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin in the treatment of Strongyloides fulleborni infection in rhesus macaques, by J. P. Dufour, F. B. Cogswell, K. M. Phillippi-Falkenstein, & R. P. Boh.

* Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2006, 11[5], <www.blackwellsynergy.com/toc/tmi/11/5>.
. . . Contents include: Comparative efficacy of chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnant women and children: A meta-analysis, by G. C. Kalanda, J. Hill, F. H. Verhoeff, & B. J. Brabin; Urban malaria and anaemia in children: A cross-sectional survey in two cities of Ghana, by E. Klinkenberg, P. J. McCall, M. D. Wilson, A. O. Akoto, F. P. Amerasinghe, I. Bates, F. H. Verhoeff, G. Barnish, & M. J. Donnelly; Tolerability of amodiaquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, alone or in combination for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rwandan adults, by C. I. Fanello, C. Karema, W. van Doren, C. E. Rwagacondo, & U. D’Alessandro; The indoor use of plastic sheeting pre-impregnated with insecticide for control of malaria vectors, by A. Diabate, F. Chandre, M. Rowland, R. N’guessan, S. Duchon, K. R. Dabire, & J.-M. Hougard; The efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone and in combination with chloroquine for malaria treatment in rural eastern Sudan: The interrelation between resistance, age and gametocytogenesis, by I. E. A-Elbasit, M. I. Elbashir, I. F. Khalil, M. Alifrangis, & H. A. Giha; and Seasonal variation and high multiplicity of first Plasmodium falciparum infections in children from a holoendemic area in Ghana, West Africa, by R. Kobbe, R. Neuhoff, F. Ma