On the hunt for Rhode Island’s rare plants: Summer program sends budding botanists into the field

Brown University students updated a census of rare plants as part of a summer internship organized by the Brown University Herbarium and the Rhode Island Natural History Survey.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — The students were not lost — but given the cryptic, outdated directions that had guided them, they had ventured far beyond the GPS point they targeted.

As part of a plant census-taking project, Brown University rising sophomores Avinav Cariens and Klara Zietlow were on the hunt for a specific rare plant at a nature preserve in Cumberland, Rhode Island. Their feet squished into the marsh as they examined the sticks and stalks around them.

That’s when Cariens spotted something “alien-like,” with tall, tubular stems sprouting from a base of feathery leaves and topped by white flowers.

“Klara and I were like, this plant looks so weird, it has to be rare,” Cariens said.

When they showed photos to their Brown faculty mentor, Rebecca Kartzinel, she identified the plant as Hottonia inflata, an aquatic species known as American featherfoil that grows on the margins of wetlands, and confirmed that it was indeed a rare plant — one of many to add to the students’ long list.

“It wasn’t what we were looking for, but it was still really cool,” said Cariens, who is concentrating in ecology, evolution and organismal biology.

As part of a botany fellows summer program, Cariens and Zietlow spent nine weeks tracking and hunting (but not gathering) rare plants. They were assigned to reference historical records of rare plants, re-find the sites when possible and record the plants’ current condition. 

The program, now in its second year, is organized by the Rhode Island Natural History Survey, a biodiversity conservation nonprofit located at the University of Rhode Island, and the Brown University Herbarium. It provides an opportunity for undergraduates pursuing careers in botany or field ecology to conduct field research while also updating records that are used for conservation, education and research and shared with state and local agencies for use in planning and permitting.

Twice a week, the Brown students met with a third fellow from the University of Rhode Island to head into Rhode Island marshes, forests, fields and swamps for meticulously planned trips. They discerned in advance which plants were flowering, Zietlow said, so they would be able to spot them. They also looked for a concentration of sites in a given area and secured permissions for visits.

They brought maps and followed directions to their plant treasures, but many times had little to go on besides a general description of the area. 

On average, they’d have a list of 10 locations for each trip. Sometimes they’d find a site where the rare plant target had not been observed in half a century; for others, a survey had been taken more recently. Sometimes they’d find nothing at all, perhaps because a beaver dam had flooded the site or because the plant population had died out.

“Not finding a plant is still important data for us, and something we carefully updated in our records,” said Zietlow, who is concentrating in Earth, climate and biology.

Checking in on rare plants

More than once, the team wished for a boat to travel along shorelines or to island sites. Instead, they learned to wear clothing and shoes that could get wet and still provide comfort while hiking or driving.

In Rhode Island, 414 species of plants have been declared by the state to be at risk of extinction, and the Rhode Island Natural History Survey has a database with information on approximately 2,400 locations known to at one point to have a rare plant present. According to the organization, there have been few if any efforts to systematically re-survey those rare plant sites to ascertain current condition or viability. As a result, many rare plant populations have gone unmonitored for decades.

“Even allowing that seasonality or other factors caused the fellows to miss some plants, it’s likely that the distribution of rare plants in Rhode Island has shrunk by nearly half during the years we were not monitoring,” said David Gregg, the executive director of the organization. “If borne out by further investigations, our lack of monitoring has hidden this substantial biodiversity ‘deficit’ from policymakers and conservation planners.”

The botany fellows are therefore providing a valuable service to the state as well as to the field of botany, said Kartzinel, the on-the-ground supervisor for the team and Brown’s Herbarium director and assistant teaching professor.

“The program is an important cross-institutional collaboration with the Rhode Island Natural History Survey that provides students firsthand experience in the workings of a conservation nonprofit and applied conservation practices with statewide implications,” Kartzinel said.

This year’s fellows visited 172 plant populations within 37 sites, rediscovering 50 populations, discovering 27 new populations (including Hottonia inflata) and marking 95 populations absent. 

Surveying rare plants

 

Brown University undergraduates take a census of Rhode Island's rare plants as part of the Botany Fellows summer program. Video by Anthony Saccoccia.

“We've had a wetland focus this summer, so we've been finding a lot of interesting wetland plants,” Zietlow said. “In fact, some of our oldest rediscoveries have been with aquatic plants, because they're more difficult to access. There have been times where we’re waist-deep in mud, which we enjoy, but which makes these plants kind of difficult to get to.”

The fellows from Brown were selected through an application process and received stipends for their work through Undergraduate Teaching and Research Awards, which support Brown students collaborating with faculty on research and teaching projects. Avinav and Zietlow share an interest in botany and a love of the outdoors, which motivated each of them to apply; both said they valued the field research experience.   

“It’s been great to experience doing what I think I want to do professionally,” Cariens said. “This type of field research was something I've been saying I want to do for a long time, but actually being able to experience has affirmed that for me. I’ve also appreciated connecting with and learning from fellow students at Brown and URI and mentors like Professor Kartzinel and the staff of the Rhode Island Natural History Survey.”

As the team prepared a poster presentation detailing their findings, Zietlow noted that she enjoyed collaborating with the Rhode Island National History Survey and appreciated the opportunity to help the organization conduct its work.

“We benefitted a lot from last year's cohort, and I think we've been able to use what we’ve learned to further develop the workflow processes,” Zietlow said. “I feel like we’ve made an important contribution, and I’m happy that the data will be passed on so that future students can jump right into this census project and continue this work.”