While there is no formal NASA mission, the federal agency has committed to exploring the novel antenna array, referred to as “FarView” — and previously called the “Cosmic Dawn Mapper.”

“A lunar radio array … could give extraordinarily precise measurements of the early structure of the universe because the sea of neutral hydrogen from which protogalaxies formed can be directly imaged using radio waves,” reads the “NASA Astrophysics in the Next Three Decades” report.

“It’s an ambitious project,” Pober said. “This grant is just for simulation and design of a future experiment that could be on the far side of the moon.”

The ultra-long-wavelength radio telescope will need to be gigantic in order to be sensitive to long radio wavelengths. The siting on the far side of the moon would have additional advantages over earth-based telescopes by blocking noise from earth-orbiting satellites, the ionosphere, and the sun’s noise during the solar night.

“The earth will be obscured; the moon will block radio and television signals,” Pober noted. “If you can get an experiment there, it’s a fantastic place to do ultra-low frequency or ultra-long wavelength radio astronomy.”

Exploring the cosmic dark ages

The cosmic dark ages began approximately 400,000 years following the Big Bang, when the universe cooled enough to form neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. During this period, which ended when protogalaxies produced enough light to ionize the universe about a billion years after the Big Bang, the universe was enveloped by a fog of neutral hydrogen that trapped all light.

“The wavelengths stretched along with the universe as they’ve traveled to us,” Pober said, “so now we’re talking about a 20-meter wavelength that absolutely can’t make it through the earth’s atmosphere.”

Any light from this period cannot reach the earth, so the only way for humans to peer back into this period is using radio telescopes. Cosmologists currently know very little about this period, but it could hold the answers to some of science’s biggest mysteries.

No equivalent observatory exists today.

“This radio telescope will be the first of its kind at this scale and sensitivity and will open a new window (low-frequency radio) into the early universe,” NASA stated in a 2021 article on the project, “analogous to the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and the details of the CMB (cosmic microwave background) by Planck.”

Pober has no immediate plans to visit the far side of the moon. If everything goes perfectly, the project could be completed in 30 years at the earliest, he said. The project’s timescale is long, but the grant will allow Pober to make important contributions to advancing the array’s design.

The project will also tackle the logistical challenges involved in building a large array in a difficult-to-reach location.

“The first couple of radio antennas will be landing on the moon in the next couple of years as pathfinders,” Pober noted. “Those are just to show that radio astronomy can be done from the moon, but to actually do the science we want, we’ll need to have hundreds of thousands of radio antennas on the far side of the moon.

“You have to change the antenna design to make them deployable,” Pober added, “because people aren’t going to go to the far side of the moon to set them up. The deployment will need to be automated, so a lot of this grant will involve figuring out how that will work.”

The other 2021 Roman Technology Fellowship recipients were Brandon Chalifoux of the University of Arizona; Jake Connors of the National Institute of Standards and Technology at Boulder; Sona Hosseini of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Christopher Mendillo of the University of Massachusetts; and Paul Szypryt of the University of Colorado at Boulder.