“These linked statewide databases really allowed us to take a deeper dive into this topic,” Macmadu said. “For example, by using data from the state Department of Labor and Training, we were able to correlate overdose deaths and recent job loss; using Medicaid data, we were able to correlate overdose deaths with mental health diagnosis, to the level that we could identify, say, people in their 50s with anxiety as having elevated risk.”

The findings show that overdoses increased significantly among males (who accounted for 72% of deaths in 2019 vs. 77% in 2020), people using synthetic opioids (71% vs. 76%) and occurring in personal residences (45% vs. 53%). People experiencing job loss represented a greater portion of overdose deaths (who accounted for 8% of deaths in 2019 vs. 16% in 2020), and there was an increase in overdoses in subgroups of people with mental health diagnoses.

The researchers hypothesized that men and women would be affected by overdose deaths at the same rates, said Brandon Marshall, study corresponding author and an associate professor of epidemiology at Brown’s School of Public Health.

“To see the significant increase in overdose deaths among men was surprising,” Marshall said. “I don't think we have a good explanation for that at this time, and it’s something that requires further research.”

The researchers note that differences between overdose deaths in 2020 compared to 2019 correspond to changes that occurred during the pandemic, including increased isolation, an onslaught of mental health stressors, widespread economic insecurity and the lethality of the drug supply. The new findings provide guidance for clinicians, public health officials, scientists, policymakers and others who hope to stem the tide of overdose deaths, the researchers said.

As an example, they cite the finding that a significant number of people were pronounced dead from an overdose in their personal residence.

“We already know that many people were socially and physically isolated during the early months of the pandemic,” Marshall said. “Our findings show that, as a result of the pandemic, a significant number of people are using drugs alone right now — which means there’s no bystander available to intervene or call 911. This greatly increases overdose risk.”

The researchers offer a number of recommendations to address this risk, including the strengthening of Good Samaritan law protections for those who call 911; state establishment of pilot harm reduction centers to provide a safer, supervised environment for drug use; and safely prioritizing in-person recovery services to enhance support for socially isolated individuals at high risk of overdose.

These recommendations for interventions to reduce overdose deaths will still be highly applicable to a post-pandemic world, Macmadu said. In fact, some of the changes that have been made in response to the pandemic, including audio-only telehealth consultations to begin addiction treatment with buprenorphine, will be highly beneficial even when the world opens up and returns to a new normal.

The authors said it’s notable and timely that Rhode Island recently became the first state to authorize overdose prevention sites, or “harm reduction centers” — places where people can safely use drugs under medical supervision, and where trained staff can connect them to evidence-based harm reduction strategies and programs. Creating these sites is a step in the right direction in battling the opioid epidemic, they said.

“Continued expansion of access to evidence-based treatment and harm reduction programs for people who use drugs will be critical in addressing the epidemic of overdose deaths, during a viral pandemic as well as in the future,” Macmadu said.

Contributors to this study included, among others, Kimberly Paull from the Rhode Island Executive Office of Health and Human Services and Magdalena Cerdá, an associate professor and director of the Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy at the Department of Population Health at New York University’s Grossman School of Medicine.

This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA052971 and R01DA046620); the Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) on Opioids and Overdose, funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM125507); and an Institutional Development Award from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (U54GM115677), which funds Advance Clinical and Translational Research (Advance-CTR).