Building on strengths in cognitive neuroscience and psychology, the Carney Institute for Brain Science’s study of cognition and behavior advances knowledge about the “outputs” of brain activity. Strengths include vision research, computational approaches to the study of cognition, study of the frontal lobe (what makes us human), decision making, and cognitive control. This theme serves as a vital linkage connecting knowledge of cell and circuit function to human behavior in health and disease. Key clinical applications of work under this theme include autism, ADHD, and fronto-striatal disorders.